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Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger. The History of Psychological Warfare
The History of Psychological Warfare
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART ONE. DEFINITION AND HISTORY
CHAPTER 1. Historic Examples of Psychological Warfare
The Understanding Of Psychological Warfare
The Use Of Panic By Gideon
Field Propaganda Of The Athenians And The Han
Emphasis on Ideology
The Black Propaganda Of Genghis Khan
The Blindness Of John Milton
Other Instances From History
The American Revolution
Boers And Burmese
CHAPTER 2. The Function of Psychological Warfare
Psychological Warfare as a Branch of Psychology
Psychological Warfare as a Part of War
Ideology
Education
Salesmanship
Psychological Warfare and Public Relations
Psychological Warfare and Morale Services
Related Civilian Activities
CHAPTER 3. Definition of Psychological Warfare
Broad and Narrow Definitions
Warfare Psychologically Waged
Propaganda: Definitions
CHAPTER 4. The Limitations of Psychological Warfare
Political Limitations of Psychological Warfare
Definition of the Enemy
Promises
Security Limitations
Security Procedures
Media Limitations
Maximum Performance of Personnel
Counterpropaganda
CHAPTER 5. Psychological Warfare in World War I
The British Effort
The German Failure In Propaganda
The Creel Committee
General Pershing's Headquarters
The Bolshevik and Chinese Revolutions
CHAPTER 6. Psychological Warfare in World War II
The Pre-Belligerent Stages
German Accomplishments
The British-German Radio War
Black Propaganda
American Operations: OWI and OSS
The Lessons
Qualifications for Psychological Warfare
Effects of American Operations
Soviet Experience
Japanese Developments
Chinese Uses
PART TWO. ANALYSIS, INTELLIGENCE, AND ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION
CHAPTER 7. Propaganda Analysis
Monitoring
Printed Materials
Radio
Monitoring by a Single Individual
Identification: Propaganda vs. Truth
The Stasm Formula
Complete Breakdown of a Single Propaganda Item
Identification of Enemy Plans and Situations
Estimating the Enemy's Propaganda Situation
Propanal as a Source of Military Intelligence
CHAPTER 8. Propaganda Intelligence
News as Intelligence
The Need for Timeliness
Opinion Analysis
Profile of Opinion
Interrogation
Specificity
CHAPTER 9. Estimate of the Situation
Definiteness of the Goal
The Propaganda Man
The Attribution of Motive
A Written Estimate of the Situation
The Question of Choice
Allied Operations
Estimate of One's Own Capacity
PART THREE. PLANNING AND OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 10. Organization for Psychological Warfare
National Propaganda Organizations
American Psychological Warfare Agencies
The Joho Kyoku
Theater Psychological Warfare
Field Operations
CHAPTER 11. Plans and Planning
Needs of the Operator: Materials and Guidance
Pre-Belligerent Planning
Psychological Warfare Plans
Strategic and Consolidation Plans
Contingency Plans
CHAPTER 12. Operations for Civilians
Short-wave Radio
Standard-wave
Communication Through the Mails
Leaflets
Pamphlets
Subversive Operations
Motion Pictures
CHAPTER 13. Operations Against Troops
Morale Operations
News Leaflets
Tactical Defensive Psychological Warfare
Role of Small-Unit Commanders
Field Liaison
Mechanics of Liaison
Radio Support
Air Support
Leaflet-Discharging Weapons
Contingencies of the Future
Surrender Leaflets
Other Action Leaflets
Loudspeaker Units
PART FOUR. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE AFTER WORLD WAR II
CHAPTER 14. The "Cold War" and Seven Small Wars
Recognition and Delay
New Interpretations of Policy and Propaganda
Communist and Anti-Communist Psychological Events
The Cold War
Nature of the Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
The Cold War and the Actual Fighting
The Cold War and the Home Front
Alternatives to Victory and Defeat
The End of the Cold War
The Seven Small Wars
The Special Case of China
PsyWar in the Indonesian-Dutch War
The Philippine War Against the Huks
Indochina and Political Warfare
Malaya and the MRLA
The Right to Join
Propaganda Techniques in the Seven Wars
CHAPTER 15. Strategic International Information Operations
Demobilization and Remobilization
Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs
Other U.S. Facilities
Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia
The Psychological Strategy Board
William Jackson Report
Operations Coordinating Board
Limitations of the American Originators
War and Unanimity
The Propaganda of Friendship
CHAPTER 16. Research, Development, and the Future
The Meaning of War
Research into Tension
Revolutionary Possibilities in Psychology
National Research and Development Programs
Developmental Research in PsyWar
Operations Research in Korea
Philosophy and Propaganda Development
Literary Contributions
The Social Sciences
Psychology and Related Sciences
Projection and Research
Communist Developments
Private PsyWar and Covert Techniques
The Future of Psychological Warfare
APPENDIX. Military PsyWar Operations, 1950–53
Organization of Field Operational Units
Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Group
Loudspeaker and Leaflet Company
Psychological Warfare Center
Psychological Warfare Staff, FEC
Psychological Warfare Staff, EUSAK
Radio Operations
Leaflet Operations
Loudspeaker Operations
Results of Military PsyWar Operations
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