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Paul Robbins. Political Ecology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Critical Introductions to Geography
Political Ecology. A Critical Introduction
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Goals of the Text
The Rest of the Book
Chapter 1 Political versus Apolitical Ecologies
What is Political Ecology?
Challenging apolitical ecologies
Ecoscarcity and the limits to growth
Other apolitical ecologies: diffusion, valuation, and modernization
Common assumptions and modes of explanation
Five Dominant Narratives in Political Ecology
Big questions and theses
The degradation and marginalization thesis
The conservation and control thesis
The environmental conflict and exclusion thesis
The environmental subjects and identity thesis
Political objects and actors thesis
The target of explanation
Chapter 2 A Tree with Deep Roots
The Determinist Context
A political ecological alternative
The Building Blocks
Critical approaches in early human–environment research
Early scientific critics: Humboldt, Reclus, Wallace, and Sommerville
Critical environmental pragmatism
From sewer socialism to mitigating floods: hazards research
Box 2.1 Jane Addams' Twenty Years at Hull House: Progressive‐Era Urban Political Ecology
The nature of society: cultural ecology
Historicism, landscape, and culture: Carl Sauer
Box 2.2 Cultural Ecology as Political Ecology in Judith Carney's Black Rice
Julian Steward: a positivist alternative
System, function, and human life: mature cultural ecology
Box 2.3 Robert McC. Netting's Smallholders, Householders: Big Things in Small Places
Beyond land and water: the boundaries of cultural ecology
The limits of progressive contextualization
Chapter 3 The Critical Tools
Common Property Theory
Marxist Political Economy
Historical materialism
Box 3.1 The Intellectual Politics of Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism
Dependency, accumulation, and degradation
Lessons from a broadly defined political economy
Box 3.2 Balancing Theory and Practice in Blaikie's Political Economy of Soil Erosion
The Producer is the Agent of History: Peasant Studies
Chayanov and the peasant producer
Scott and the moral economy
Feminist Political Ecology
Breaking Open the Household: Feminist Development Studies
New Feminist Political Ecologies
Performativity and intersectionality
Everyday and emotional political ecologies
The ubiquity of feminist ecologies
Critical environmental history
Whose History and Science? Postcolonial Studies and Power/Knowledge
Power/knowledge
Critical science and ethics
Emerging Concerns: Cities, Subjects, and Objects
The urban graft
Urban metabolism
Environmental justice
Governmentality and the Creation of Subjects
Objects, Actor‐networks, and the Problem of Materiality
Symmetry: networks and companions
Towards Political Ecology
Note
Chapter 4 Political Ecology Emerges
Political Ecology is not a Theory or a Method
Political Ecology is a Community of Practice
Political Ecology is the Quality of a Text
Winning and Losing
Chains of explanation
Box 4.1 The Cautious Political Ecologist: Harold Brookfield and Land Degradation and Society
Human–Non‐Human Dialectics
Starting from, or Ending in, a Contradiction
Box 4.2 The Paradoxes of Feel‐Good Consumption in Guthman's Agrarian Dreams
Claims about the State of Nature and Claims about Claims about the State of Nature
The Power of Political Ecology: The Hatchet and the Seed
The hatchet: political ecology as critique
The seed: political ecology as equity and sustainability research
Chapter 5 Challenges in Ecology
The Focus on Human Impact
Defining and Measuring Degradation
Loss of natural productivity
Box 5.1 Political Ecologies of Surprise in Hecht's “Social Life of Forests”
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of usefulness
Socio‐environmental destruction: creating or shifting risk ecology
Limits of Degradation: Variability, State‐and‐Transition and Ecological Novelty
Variability of ecological systems
Box 5.2 Knowledge, Power, and Hydrology in Rebecca Lave's Fields and Streams
State and transition
Ecological novelty
Methodological Imperatives in Political Analysis of Environmental Change
From destruction to production
Chapter 6 Challenges in Social Construction
Why Bother to Argue that Nature (or Forests or Land Degradation …) is Constructed?
Debates and motivations
Box 6.1 Diana Davis' Arid Lands as a Path to Empowerment
Hard and soft constructivism
“Radical” constructivism
“Soft” constructivism
“Barstool” Biologists and “Hysterical Housewives”: Attacking and Defending Local Environmental Knowledge
Eliciting environmental construction
Talk and text: construction in discourse
Categories and taxonomies
Spatial knowledge and construction
Narratives of ecological process and change
Genealogies of representation: environmental history
Box 6.2 Vanishing Natives and Other Colonial Tricks in Braun's “Buried Epistemologies”
Methodological Issues in Political Analysis of Environmental Construction
From Production to Co‐Production
Chapter 7 Challenges in Explanation
Meetings in the Forest
The Challenge of Land Change Science
What is land change science?
Lessons for political ecology
Limits and incompatibilities of this approach
The Challenge of Causal Explanation
Lessons for political ecology
Limits and incompatibilities of the approach
Towards a Dialogue in Co‐Production
Chapter 8 Degradation and Marginalization
The Argument
Degradation and reversibility
Accumulation and declining margins
The Evidence
Soil degradation and cotton production in West Africa
Amazonian deforestation
Migrant farm labor in the United States
Box 8.1 Embodying Degradation in Seth Holmes' Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies
Evaluating the Thesis
Box 8.2 Where Development is Degradation in Stephanie Kane's Where the River Meets the Sea
Research Example: Common Property Disorders in Rajasthan
Eliciting rules of use
Recording environmental practices and response to authority
Determining ecological outcomes
Chapter 9 Conservation and Control
The Argument
Coercion, governmentality, and internalization of state rule
Disintegration of moral economy
The constructed character of natural wilderness
Territorialization of conservation space
The Evidence
New England fisheries conservation
Fire in Madagascar
Box 9.1 Christian Kull's Isle of Fire and the Stubborn Persistence of Politically Useful Ideas
Evaluating the Thesis
Riven bureaucracies and efficacious species
Box 9.2 Conservation Pushback to Beymer‐Farris and Bassett in the Rufiji Delta
Truth and reconciliation in conservation
In the Field: The Biogeography of Power in the Aravalli
A classic case of conservation and control?
Establishing historical patterns of access
Understanding contemporary land uses and enclosure impacts
Tracking unintended consequences
Chapter 10 Environmental Conflict
The Argument
Social structure as differential environmental access and responsibility
Property institutions as politically partial constructions
Box 10.1 The Naked Violence of the Law in David Correia's Properties of Violence
Environmental development and classed, gendered, raced imaginaries
The Evidence
Agricultural development in the Gambia
Gambia and the gendered land/labor nexus
Land conflict in the US west
Evaluating the Thesis
Stock characters and standard scripts
Research Example: Gendered Landscapes and Resource Bottlenecks in the Thar
Determining differential land uses and rights
Tracking changes in availability
Evaluating divergent impacts
Chapter 11 Environmental Subjects and Identities
The Argument
Moral economies and peasant resistance
Environmental hegemony and interpellation
Box 11.1 Who is the Jailer in Arun Agrawal's Environmentality?
The Evidence
Mayan identity and ecology
Box 11.2 Entering the Aporias of Joel Wainwright's Decolonizing Development
Andean livelihood movements
Modernization and identity
Evaluating the Thesis
Making identity by making a living
Box 11.3 Meet the New Boss … in Tania Murray Li's The Will to Improve
Are environmental subjects democratic ones?
In the Field: “Lawn People” as Environmental Subjects in the United States
Chapter 12 Political Objects and Actors
Box 12.1 The Rotten Implications of Fresh Food in Susanne Freidberg's Fresh
The Argument
Collaborators: dynamic actor networks
Insurgents: uncooperative materiality
The Evidence
Agricultural biotechnology
First the seed
Genetic networks of surprise
Bear conservation
Evaluating the Thesis
What counts as evidence of non‐human agency?
The banality of the obviously material
In the Field: Do Mosquitoes Manage Bureaucracies?
Chapter 13 Political Ecologies of the Future?
Less is More: Degrowth
More is Less: Modernist Ecosocialism
Neither More nor Less: The Shadows of Utopia and Dystopia
In the Meantime …
Bibliography
Index
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