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Paul Robbins. Environment and Society
Critical Introductions to Geography
Environment and Society. A Critical Introduction
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Guide
Pages
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction The View from a Human-Made Wild
Chapter Menu
What is This Book?
The Authors’ Points of View
References
2 Population and Scarcity
Chapter Menu
A Booming China or a Busting One?
Box 2.1 1Environmental Solution? The One-Child Policy
The Problem of Exponential Growth
Actual Population Growth
Population, Development, and Environment Impact
Carrying Capacity and the Ecological Footprint
The Other Side of the Coin: Population and Innovation
Limits to Population: An Effect Rather than a Cause?
Development and Demographic Transition
Women’s Rights, Education, Autonomy, and Fertility Behavior
The Potential Violence and Injustice of Population-centered Thinking
Thinking with Population
Questions for Review
Exercise 2.1 What Is Your Ecological Footprint?
Exercise 2.2 Where are Fertility Rates High? Why?
Exercise 2.3 Too Few People?
References
Suggested Reading
3 Markets and Commodities
Chapter Menu
The Bet
Sustaining Environmental Goods: The Market Response Model
Box 3.1 1Environmental Solution? Insurance Addresses Climate Change
Managing Environmental Bads: The Coase Theorem
Market Failure
Market-Based Solutions to Environmental Problems
Green Taxes
Trading and Banking Environmental “Bads”
Green Consumption
Beyond Market Failure: Gaps between Nature and Economy
Non-market Values
Money and Nature
The Crisis of Equity: Turning Economic Injustice into Environmental Injustice?
Thinking with Markets
Questions for Review
Exercise 3.1 The Price of Green Consumption
Exercise 3.2 Marketing Green Technology
Exercise 3.3 Thinking Economically
References
Suggested Reading
4 Institutions and “The Commons”
Chapter Menu
Controlling Carbon?
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
The Tragedy of the Commons
The Evidence and Logic of Collective Action
Box 4.1 1Environmental Solution? The Montreal Protocol
Crafting Sustainable Environmental Institutions
Boundaries
Proportionality
Collective Choice
Monitoring
Sanctions
Conflict Resolution
Autonomy
Ingenious Flowing Commons: Irrigation
Wildlife Commons: Collective Management through Hunting
The Biggest Commons: Global Climate
Are All Commoners Equal? Does Scale Matter?
Thinking with Institutions
Questions for Review
Exercise 4.1 Enclosure and Technology
Exercise 4.2 Are Commons Overexploited Everywhere?
Exercise 4.3 Institutions Nearby
References
Suggested Reading
5 Environmental Ethics
Chapter Menu
The Price of Cheap Meat
Improving Nature: From Biblical Tradition to John Locke
Gifford Pinchot vs. John Muir in Yosemite, California
Aldo Leopold and “The Land Ethic”
Liberation for Animals!
Box 5.1 1Environmental Solution? Endangered Species Act
CAFOs and Climate Change: Now that You Know, What Should You Do?
Holism and Other Pitfalls
Thinking with Ethics
Questions for Review
Exercise 5.1 Pass the Bacon (or don’t)
Exercise 5.2 Animals in Medical and Commercial Research and Testing
Exercise 5.3 The Land Ethic
References
Suggested Reading
6 Risks and Technology
Chapter Menu
The Bt Cotton Revolution
Environments as Hazard
Decisions as Risk
Environmental Conditions as Uncertainty
The Problem of Risk Perception
Box 6.1 1Environmental Solution? Ecomodernism
Making Informed Decisions: Risk Communication
Risk as Culture
Beyond Risk: The Political Economy of Hazards
Control of Decisions – The Political Economy of Environmental Justice
Constraints on Decisions – The Political Economy of the Range of Choice
Control of Information – The Political Economy of Information
Thinking with Risk and Technology
Questions for Review
Exercise 6.1 Evaluating Risk
Exercise 6.2 Labeling Risk
Exercise 6.3 Mapping Risk
References
Suggested Reading
7 Political Economy
Chapter Menu
The Contradictions of COVID-19
Labor, Accumulation, and Crisis
Labor
Accumulation
Contradiction and Crisis
The Second Contradiction
Production of Nature
Global Capitalism and the Ecology of Uneven Development
Social Reproduction and Nature
Box 7.1 1Environmental Solution? Joint and Several Liability
Environments and Economism
Thinking with Political Economy
Questions for Review
Exercise 7.1 Is Waste Accidental?
Exercise 7.2 Commodity Analysis
Exercise 7.3 Identifying and Explaining Crises
References
Suggested Reading
8 Social Construction of Nature
Chapter Menu
The Blank Spot on the Map
So You Say It’s “Natural?”
The Social Construction of New World Natures
Environmental Discourse
The Discourse of North African Desertification
Wilderness: A Troublesome Discourse
The Limits of Constructivism: Science, Relativism, and the Very Material World
What about Science?
The Threat of Relativism
Constructivism in a Material World
Box 8.1 1Environmental Solution? Preserving “Alien” Species in Wild Horse Conservation
Thinking with Construction
Questions for Review
Exercise 8.1 Analysis of Energy Discourses
Exercise 8.2 What is Obesity?
Exercise 8.3 What is Sustainable about Sustainable Agriculture?
References
Suggested Reading
9 Feminism and the Environment
Chapter Menu
Gender and Environment
From Earth as Woman to Ecofeminism
Feminist Approaches to Economies and Nature
From Hysterical Housewives to Care Labor: Social Reproduction and Nature
Making Alternatives Visible: Diverse Economies
Feminist Approaches to Knowledge and the Environment
Beyond One Point of View: Standpoint Theory and Situated Knowledges
Studying up for Environmental Data Justice
Box 9.1 Environmental Solution? Adorable plastic sensors and feminist marine science
When Ice is Not Just Ice: Feminism and Natural Science
Thinking with Feminism and the Environment
Questions for Review
Exercises. Exercise 9.1 Supporting Women in Conservation
Exercise 9.2 Community Economies and Environments
Exercise 9.3 Feminist Marine Science
References
Suggested Reading
10 Racialized Environments
Chapter Menu
Structural Environmental Racism
Environmental Justice
Settler Colonialism
Infrastructural Poverty
Asserting Indigenous Environmental Sovereignty
Box 10.1 1Solution? Treatment as State (or Sovereign) under the Clean Water Act
Whiteness and Nature
Thinking with Racialized Environments
Questions for Review
Exercises. Exercises 10.1
Exercise 10.2
Exercise 10.3
References
Suggested Reading
11 Carbon Dioxide
Chapter Menu
Stuck in Pittsburgh Traffic
A Short History of CO 2
The Changing CO 2 Content of the Atmosphere
From Carbon Loading to Climate Change
The Puzzle of Carbon Dioxide
Institutions: Climate Free-Riders and Carbon Cooperation
The Carbon Prisoner’s Dilemma
Overcoming Barriers through Flexibility: Climate Treaties
Beyond Kyoto: The Paris Agreement as New Model?
Box 11.1 1Environmental Solution? Geoengineering
Markets: Trading More Gases, Buying Less Carbon
Consumer Choice: Green Carbon Consumption
Producer-driven Climate Control: Carbon Markets and Cap and Trade
Political Economy: Who Killed the Atmosphere?
Green Consumption is Still Consumption
Critique of Carbon Trading and Other Markets
The Carbon Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 11.1 The Ethics of CO 2
Exercise 11.2 Can You Do Better than the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?
Exercise 11.3 Should Cities Think about Climate Change?
References
Suggested Reading
12 Trees
Chapter Menu
Chained to a Tree in Berkeley, California
A Short History of Trees
Trees and Civilization: A Complex Relationship
Climax, Disturbance, and Secondary Succession
How Much Forest is There Now?
The Future of Trees
Box 12.1 1Environmental Solution? Shade-Grown Coffee
The Puzzle of Trees
Population and Markets: The Forest Transition Theory
Limits of the U-curve Model
Political Economy: Accumulation and Deforestation
Deforestation as Uneven Development
Gender, Trees, and Power: Feminist Insights into Forests
Women, Social Reproduction, and Deforestation
Alternative Economies: Thinking Outside Political Economy
Ethics, Justice, and Equity: Should Trees Have Standing?
What Is It for Something to Have Rights?
What Would the Rights of Trees Look Like?
The Tree Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 12.1 Trees and Institutions
Exercise 12.2 Are Forests Productive or Reproductive Resources?
Exercise 12.3 Appreciating Trees
References
Suggested Reading
13 Wolves
Chapter Menu
Wolves, Be Wary Where You Tread
A Short History of Wolves
The Ecological Role of the Wolf
Three Centuries of Slaughter: Wolf Eradication in the United States
The Puzzle of Wolves
Box 13.1 1Environmental Solution? Wildlife Friendly Beef and Wool
Ethics: Rewilding and Wolves
Wanted: An Ecocentric Ethic of Sustainability
Rewilding, Part I: The Ethical Dimension
Rewilding, Part II: How to Get from Here to There
Wary of the Wild: Ecocentrism and Democracy
Institutions: Stakeholder Management
Public Participation in Resource Management
Stakeholders in Minnesota Wolf Conservation
Evaluating the Results
Feminism: Of Wolves and Masculinity
Man as Righteous Hunter, Wolf as Evil Hunter
Wolves Save the Wilderness, but for Whom?
The Wolf Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 13.1 Wolf Conservation and Human Population Growth
Exercise 13.2 Wolf Hunting in Alaska
Exercise 13.3 Gender and Racial Bias in Conservation Science
References
Suggested Reading
14 Uranium
Chapter Menu
Promise and Peril in Post-Nuclear Worlds
A Short History of Uranium
Probing into Nature’s Atomic Secrets
The Manhattan Project and the Power of Nuclear Technology
The Nuclear Fuel Chain
Box 14.1 1Environmental Solution? Energy-Efficient Buildings
The Puzzle of Uranium
Risk and Hazards: Debating the Fate of High-Level Radioactive Waste
High-Level Radioactive Waste: Hazardous for a Long, Long Time
Yucca Mountain and Risk-assessment Site Selection
Critiques of the Yucca Mountain Risk Assessment
Ecomoderns Chime in
Race: Environmental Justice and the Navajo Nation
Laboring in Navajo Mines
Cancer Comes to the Navajo Reservation
Social Construction: Discourses at Work in Australia
Terra Nullius: The British Settlement of a Peopled, but “Unowned” Land
Development in the Northern Territory
Kakadu National Park: Saving a (Socially Constructed) Wilderness
The Uranium Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 14.1 Debating the Future of Nuclear Power
Exercise 14.2 Deep Geological Storage of High-Level Waste: A Comparative Analysis
Exercise 14.3 Uranium Mining in the Global South
References
Suggested Reading
15 Tuna
Chapter Menu
Big Trouble for Big Tuna
A Short History of Tuna
Box 15.1 1Environmental Solution? Plant-based Meat
Bluefin Tuna: From Horse Mackerel to Ranched Sushi
The Eastern Tropical Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Fishery
The Puzzle of Tuna
Markets and Commodities: Eco-Labels to the Rescue?
Attempts at Solutions through Legislation
Consumer Activists to the Rescue
Dolphin-Safe, or Unfair Protection?
Political Economy: Re-regulating Fishery Economies
Geopolitics of Tuna
From a Fordist to a Post-Fordist Fishery
Post-Fordist Regulation: The Marine Stewardship Council
Ethics: Saving Animals, Conserving Species
Rights for “Noble Creatures”: The Case against Dolphin-Setting
Can a Rights Victory Produce an Ecological Defeat?
The Tuna Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 15.1 Eco-Labeling and Certification
Exercise 15.2 Contemporary Commercial Fishing (and Overfishing)
Exercise 15.3 Sustainable Seafood Shopping
References
Suggested Reading
16 Lawns
Chapter Menu
How Much Do People Love Lawns?
A Short History of Lawns
Turfgrasses as Part of Human Economic History
The Chemical Revolution
The Explosion of Lawns
The Puzzle of Lawns
Risk and Chemical Decision-Making
Is Chemical Use Irrational or Uninformed?
Chemicals as Economically (or Socially) Rational
Social Construction: Good Lawns Mean Good People
Social and Ecological Anxiety
Political Economy: The Chemical Tail Wags the Turfgrass Dog
Pressures on the Lawn Chemical Commodity Chain
Box 16.1 1Environmental Solution? Organic Lawn Inputs
Marketing Strategies: Manufacturing Demand
The Lawn Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 16.1 What Is a “Weed”?
Exercise 16.2 The War over Pesticides
Exercise 16.3 Responsibility for Environments: Do Objects Make You a Subject?
References
Suggested Reading
17 Bottled Water
Chapter Menu
A Tale of Two Bottles
A Short History of Bottled Water
Environmental Impacts of Bottled Water
Box 17.1 1Environmental Solution? A Circular Economy for PET Plastics?
The Puzzle of Bottled Water
Population: Bottling for Scarcity?
Who Drinks Bottled Water?
Risk and Technology: Health and Safety in a Bottle?
Risk Assessment: Is Bottled Water “Healthy” or “Less Risky”?
Risk Perception and the Limits of Risk Communication in Water Quality
Political Economy: Manufacturing Demand on an Enclosed Commons
The Rise of the Water Commodity
Bottled Accumulation: Selling Back Nature
Bottled Overproduction: Producing Demand
Racialized Environments: The Burden of Bottled Water in the United States
Bottled Water and Racialized Economies
Bottled Water as Environmental Injustice
The Bottled Water Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 17.1 Thinking with Life Cycle Assessment
Exercise 17.2 Social Construction of Bottled Water
Exercise 17.3 A Bottled Water Taste Test
References
Suggested Reading
18 French Fries
Chapter Menu
Getting Your French Fry Fix
A Short History of the Fry
What a Long, Strange Trip it’s Been: Cultivation and Use of Solanum Tuberosum, from the New World, to the Old, and Back Again
The Advent of the Fry and the American Century
The Demands of the Russet Burbank and Contemporary Frozen French Fry Production
The Puzzle of French Fries
Feminist Approaches: The Body Politics of French Fries
Social Reproduction
Political Economy and Racialized Environments: Have it Your Way?
You Want What We Say You Want – Marketing and Food Choices
“It Was French Fries, French Fries and French Fries and French Fries”: The Racialized Geography of Fast Food
Box 18.1 1Environmental Solution? Fighting Food Apartheid and Growing Food Sovereignty
We Need More Fries!!!
Ethics: Protecting or Engineering Potato Heritage?
Agrodiversity
Rescuing Diversity: Back to the Future?
Biotechnology
The French Fry Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 18.1 The “Right” Food Choice?
Exercise 18.2 Market Solutions for Agrodiversity?
Exercise 18.3 What Makes French Fries So Cheap?
References
Suggested Reading
19 E-Waste
Chapter Menu
Digital Divides
A Short History of E-Waste
A World of TV Viewers?
Personal Computers and Mobile Phones
E-Waste and Markets: From Externality to Commodity
Pollution Havens
Recycling E-Wastes
Box 19.1 Environmental Solution? The E-Stewards Program
The Political Economy of E-Waste
E-Waste Distribution
E-Waste and Racialized Environments
The E-Waste Puzzle
Questions for Review
Exercise 19.1 The Secret Life of Cell Phones
Exercise 19.2 What Does Your School (or Company) Do with E-Waste?
Exercise 19.3 What Do We Really Know About Waste Flows?
References
Suggested Reading
Glossary
Index
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