Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy

Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy
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A powerful biography of Spain’s great king, Juan Carlos, by the pre-eminent writer on 20th-century Spanish history.There are two central mysteries in the life of Juan Carlos, one personal, the other political.The first is the apparent serenity with which he accepted that his father had surrendered him, to all intents and purposes, into the safekeeping of the Franco regime. In any normal family, this would have been considered a kind of cruelty or, at the very least, baleful negligence. But a royal family can never be normal, and the decision to send the young Juan Carlos away from Spain was governed by a certain ‘superior’ dynastic logic.The second mystery lies in how a prince raised in a family with the strictest authoritarian traditions, who was obliged to conform to the Francoist norms during his youth and educated to be a cornerstone of the plans for the reinforcement of the dictatorship, eventually sided so emphatically and courageously with democratic principles.Paul Preston – perhaps the greatest living commentator on modern Spain – has set out to address these mysteries, and in so doing has written the definitive biography of King Juan Carlos. He tackles the king’s turbulent relationship with his father, his cloistered education, his bravery in defending Spain’s infant democracy after Franco’s death and his immense hard work in consolidating parliamentary democracy in Spain. The resulting biography is both rigorous and riveting, its vibrant prose doing justice to its vibrant subject. It is a book fit for a king.

Оглавление

Paul Preston. Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy

JUAN CARLOS

PAUL PRESTON

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE In Search of a Lost Crown 1931–1948

CHAPTER TWO A Pawn Sacrificed 1949–1955

CHAPTER THREE The Tribulations of a Young Soldier1955–1960

CHAPTER FOUR A Life Under Surveillance 1960–1966

CHAPTER FIVE The Winning Post in Sight1967–1969

CHAPTER SIX Under Suspicion1969–1974

CHAPTER SEVEN Taking Over1974–1976

CHAPTER EIGHT The Gamble1976–1977

CHAPTER NINE More Responsibility, Less Power:the Crown and Golpismo 1977–1980

CHAPTER TEN Fighting for Democracy1980–1981

CHAPTER ELEVEN Living in the Long Shadow of Success1981–2002

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES. ONE: In Search of a Lost Crown

TWO: A Pawn Sacrificed

THREE: The Tribulations of a Young Soldier

FOUR: A Life Under Surveillance

FIVE: The Winning Post in Sight

SIX: Under Suspicion

SEVEN: Taking Over

EIGHT: The Gamble

NINE: More Responsibility, Less Power: the Crown and Golpismo

TEN: Fighting for Democracy

ELEVEN: Living in the Long Shadow of Success

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

About the Author

Praise

Also by the Author

Copyright

About the Publisher

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A People’s King

Title Page

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On 2 February 1946, Don Juan and his wife moved to the fashionable but sleepy seaside resort of Estoril, west of Lisbon. An area of splendid mansions built for the millionaire bankers and shipbuilders of the nearby capital, its silent isolation was disturbed only by the click of chips falling in the casinos. The eight-year-old Juan Carlos, to his considerable distress, was left behind in Switzerland, where he was by now being educated by the Marian fathers in Fribourg. For the first two months in Portugal, his family lived in Villa Papoila, loaned by the Marqués de Pelayo, later moving in March 1946 to the larger Villa Bel Ver. They stayed there until the autumn of 1947 when they moved to Casa da Rocha, until finally in February 1949, they established their residence at Villa Giralda. In 1946, for many of Don Juan’s supporters, his proximity to Spain seemed to shorten the distance that separated him from the throne. His mere presence in the Iberian Peninsula set off a wave of monarchist enthusiasm. The Spanish Foreign Ministry was inundated with requests for visas as senior monarchists set off to pay their respects.74

Franco’s Ambassador to Portugal, his brother Nicolás, quickly established a superficially cordial relationship with Don Juan. However, when Nicolás suggested he drive him to Madrid for a secret meeting with the Caudillo, Gil Robles, Don Juan’s senior adviser, was adamant: ‘Your Majesty cannot go and see Generalísimo Franco on Spanish soil since he would be going there as a subject.’75 Indeed, it had been the expectation of tension with Franco that had led Don Juan to decide that it was better for Juan Carlos to remain in Switzerland. The wisdom of his decision was underlined when the Caudillo lashed out in response to the publication on 13 February 1946 of a letter welcoming Don Juan to the Peninsula, signed by 458 prominent establishment figures. Franco reacted as if he was faced with a mutiny by subordinates rather than an attempt to accelerate a process to which he had publicly committed himself. He told a cabinet meeting on 15 February, ‘This is a declaration of war, they must be crushed like worms.’ In an astonishing phrase, he declared, ‘the regime must defend itself and bite back deeply.’ He relented only after Martín Artajo, General Dávila and others had pointed out the damaging international repercussions of such a move. He then went through the list of signatories, specifying the best ways of punishing each of them, by the withdrawal of passports, tax inspections or dismissal from their posts.76

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