Digital Universe

Digital Universe
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An illuminating examination of the benefits and drawbacks of global, digital communication  In this newly revised Second Edition of  Digital Universe: The Global Telecommunication Revolution , journalism and digital telecommunication expert Peter B. Seel delivers a fascinating and insightful exploration of digital communication technologies and their substantial effects on contemporary life. This book traces the evolution of digital information and communication tools used around the world, from undersea telegraph cables to the newest mobile phones.  Digital Universe  introduces readers to important inventors, scientists, artists, and thinkers in its discussions of the history and socio-cultural effects of technology adoption. It offers an accessible tour of the global digital universe and provides new perspectives and critical observations on mediated human communication. The book also includes:  A thorough introduction to digital communication, the internet, and the origins of the world wide web Comprehensive explorations of telecommunication and media convergence, including the profound effects of the adoption of wired and wireless technologies worldwide Practical discussions of internet control, cyberculture, and dystopian views – including online censorship, the loss of personal privacy, surveillance capitalism, increasing data hacks, and cyberwarfare The book introduces an original concept, the Tao of Technology, that encourages readers to adopt an enhanced worldview of informed ambivalence toward the diffusion of new telecommunication technologies A new chapter on artificial intelligence (A.I.) explores its application in global telecommunication and examines the biases introduced by its creators In-depth examinations of new technologies, including alternative digital realities such as virtual and augmented realties, and their potential effects on the future of digital communication Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in journalism, technical communication, speech communication, technology history, sociology, anthropology, computer information systems, and education; it provides the latest data on innovations in telecommunication. The second edition of  Digital Universe: The Global Telecommunication Revolution  will be an invaluable resource for anyone with an interest in the evolution of the internet, new telecommunication technologies, communication privacy and surveillance, the rise of social media, and the consequences of the diffusion of information and communication technologies.

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Peter B. Seel. Digital Universe

Digital Universe. The Global Telecommunication Revolution

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

Preface

Acknowledgments

Key Terms and Abbreviations

1 Immersion in the Digital Universe

The Social Media Universe

Polarization and Division in the Digital Universe

Navigating This Text

A Few Closing Thoughts about Cybernetics

Notes

2 The Future of Moore’s Law in the Digital Universe

The Prediction

Implications for Computing and the Digital Universe

Technological Determinism

The Social Construction of Technology

The Future of Moore’s Law

Notes

3 Critical Perspectives

Tweets, Texts, Alerts, and the Age of Interruption

Jacques Ellul’s Critique of Technology

The Tao of Digital Technology – Yin and Yang

Our Digital Future

Negotiating the Role of Technology in Modern Life

Notes

4 Origins of the Internet. Beginnings

DARPA’s Information Processing Technology Office

Paul Baran and the Survivable Communications Network

Development of the ARPANET

Licklider to Taylor to Roberts at ARPA

Building the ARPANET

The Father of All Demos47

Notes

5 Internet Evolution

Part 1 – From ARPANET to Internet

The Development of TCP/IP

The Emergence of the Personal Computer

Internet Growth in the 1980s

Notes

6 The Web. The First Web of Information

Vannevar Bush and the Creation of Memex

Ted Nelson’s Dream of Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart’s oN-Line System

The Development of the Web

Mosaic, AOL, and the Growth of the Web

Web 2.0 and the Architecture of Participation

Facebook as a Case Study

Notes

7 Telecommunication and the “Flat” World “What Hath God Wrought.”

The Atlantic Cable

Communication, Empire, and Harold Innis

Evolution of the Flat World

Notes

8 Wired and Wireless Technologies

A Telephonic Love Affair

Wired Is Not Tired

The Diffusion of Broadband Internet Access

The Global Mobile Phone Revolution

The Future of Global Wireless Telephony

The Evolution of AT&T

Notes

9 Digital Media Convergence. Convergence

Analog to Digital

Xerox’s PARC

Atoms and Bits – Benefits to Digitization

Five Digital Attributes

Notes

10 The Public and Private Internet

Internet Management and Governance

Privatization of the US Internet in the 1990s

The International Struggle Over Internet Governance

The Day that Jon Postel Seized Control of the Top-Level Domains

ICANN as the Middle Path

The Internet as a Medium of Democratic Communication

The Social Embeddedness of the Internet

Notes

11 Censorship and Global Cyberculture

Censoring the Internet

Internet Censorship in Iran

The Great Firewall of China

The US Government and WikiLeaks

Cyberwarfare in the Digital Universe

Information and Communication Technology Use in the Global Village

Notes

12 Privacy and Surveillance

Privacy and the Digital Universe

Citizenfour

Privacy and Population

Changing Public Perceptions of Privacy

Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation

The Online Privacy Continuum

The Surveillance Society

Face Recognition as a Surveillance Tool

The Invisible Databases

Surveillance Capitalism

The Cambridge Analytica Case

Notes

13 Artificial Intelligence and Telecommunication

Artificial Intelligence and Life in the Cloud

The Future of the Cloud

Augmented Human Intelligence

The Turing Test

Artificial Intelligence

Future AI Applications

Predictions of Superhuman Intelligence

Critical Perspectives on the Singularity

AI Ethics

Implications for AI and the Future of Telecommunication

AI and the Future of Humanity

Notes

14 Alternative Digital Realties

Distance Education as Augmented Reality

The Sensorama and Morton Heilig

The State of Digital Reality

Sketchpad and Computer Graphics

Virtual Reality

From ArchMac to Google Earth

Video Games as Virtual Worlds

Two Early Virtual Worlds: Second Life and World of Warcraft

Minecraft

The Rise of E-Sports and League of Legends

Augmented Reality

Notes

15 The Future of the Digital Universe

The Future of the Internet of Things

The Future of Cyberwarfare

A Humanistic Perspective on the Digital Future

Notes

Index

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Peter B. Seel Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado

Second Edition

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Part IV begins with Chapter 10’s focus on the battles over public and private control of the internet. The role of e-commerce is studied in the context of this struggle for control over the past 20 years. In Chapter 11 we examine global cyberculture and the role of digital telecommunication in fostering this new culture. The perspectives of media critic Marshall McLuhan are examined in light of what he called the electronically connected “global village.” Digital divide issues are studied in terms of disparities in access to these digital services in various parts of the world. The emergence of global social networks is an outgrowth of the bonds formed by early pioneers on the internet that transcended space and time. However, there are attempts by some governments to limit free access to the internet and these are examined in the context of national priorities that promote censorship and the construction of intentional barriers to the free flow of information. Chapter 12 deals with the “dark side” of the internet. It examines online privacy issues and the threats to personal privacy and data security posed by hackers, surveillance, and facial recognition.

The final section – Part V – is focused on the evolution of new telecommunication and digital technologies that will affect global societies in the coming decades. Chapter 13 explores the topics of artificial intelligence and machine learning and how they will affect telecommunication in the latter part of the twenty-first century. The proliferation of AI-enhanced smart devices and the Internet of Things will be examined from a telecommunication perspective. Chapter 14 examines the creation of virtual worlds that humans can inhabit through participation in online games. Digital games have come of age in the past two decades and have achieved a remarkable level of realism that makes active participation compelling. The chapter will also examine new applications of immersive augmented realities that superimpose computer-generated images over related scenes in the material world. The book concludes with Chapter 15 which provides several perspectives on the future of the digital universe. The immediate future is bright as Moore’s law drives down the cost of digital tools while greatly improving their power and our access to them. As the digital divide shrinks, more humans will have access to these tools to connect and work with others. Some future scenarios are utopian – that humans will co-evolve with technology and adopt the best aspects of artificial intelligence and memory. Others are dystopian – that machine intelligence will eventually surpass that of humans and our role in the future may be that of maintenance staff for the robotic world. The reality will likely be somewhere between these polar visions. Why spend time thinking about these futures? Each of you will spend your lifetime living there, so giving some critical thought to these scenarios may be instructive. I hope you enjoy this journey through the digital universe as a virtual road map for connected life in the decades ahead.

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