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Peter Friend. Southern England
Southern England. Peter Friend
Editors
Table of Contents
Editor’s Preface
Picture Credits
Author’s Foreword and Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1 Looking at Southern England’s Landscapes. FIRST APPROACHES
MAPPING AND ANALYSING SOUTHERN ENGLAND
LANDSCAPE CHANGE
CHAPTER 2 Time, Process Southern England’s Landscapes. BEDROCK AND SURFACE BLANKET
THREE DIFFERENT TIMESCALES
THE BEDROCK TIMESCALE
LANDSCAPE MODIFICATION BY RIVERS
THE ICE AGE TIMESCALE AND LANDSCAPE MODIFICATION
THE LAST 30,000 YEARS TIMESCALE AND RECENT MODIFICATION
SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
DEVELOPMENT BY PEOPLE
CHAPTER 3 Movement of the Earth’s Surface from Within. WIDESPREAD MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
UNDERSTANDING SURFACE MOVEMENTS
Horizontal movements as part of convergence, divergence or lateral transfer
Vertical crustal movements as part of other crustal movements
Vertical changes by erosion or deposition
Vertical crustal movements resulting from loading or unloading
Vertical movements by expansion or contraction
HOW CAN LOCAL SURFACE MOVEMENTS BE DETECTED?
CHAPTER 4 The Southwest Region. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Bedrock foundations and early history. Sedimentation and surface movement before the mountain building
Crustal convergence that created the mountain belt
Granites and valuable minerals
Younger episodes. Sedimentary markers
Drainage patterns
Ice Age episodes
AREA 1: WEST CORNWALL
Landscape A: Granite areas
Landscape B: The Lizard
Landscape C: Cornish killas
AREA 2: EAST CORNWALL AND SOUTH DEVON
Landscape A: Granite areas
Landscape B: Killas and other Devonian bedrock
Landscape C: The Carboniferous Culm of Devon
Landscape D: New Red Sandstone and younger bedrock
AREA 3: NORTH DEVON AND WEST SOMERSET
Landscape A: Exmoor’s Devonian bedrock
Landscape B: The Culm (Carboniferous) bedrock area
Landscape C: New Red Sandstone and younger bedrock
Landscape D: Lundy Island
CHAPTER 5 The South Coast Region. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Bedrock movement, uplift and erosion by rivers
Modification under Ice Age conditions
Coastal shape and location
AREA 4: EAST DEVON, SOMERSET AND DORSET
Landscape A: The Brendon and Quantock Hills, Vale of Taunton and East Devon Redlands
Landscape B: The Somerset Levels and Moors and the Mid-Somerset Hills
Landscape C: The Blackdown Hills and Sidmouth to Lyme Bay
Landscape D: The Yeovil Scarplands
Landscape E: Blackmoor Vale and the Vale of Wardour
Landscape F: The Wiltshire and Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase
Landscape G: The Dorset Heaths
Landscape H: The Weymouth Lowlands and the Isle of Portland
Landscape I: South Purbeck
AREA 5: HAMPSHIRE AND THE ISLE OF WIGHT
Landscape A: The Isle of Purbeck
Landscape B: The Isle of Wight
Landscape C: The Dorset Heaths
Landscape D: The New Forest
Landscape E: The South Hampshire Lowlands and the western South Coast Plain
Landscape F: The southern Salisbury Plain, Hampshire Downs and western South Downs
Landscape G: The western outcrop area of the Wealden Greensand
Review of the landscape history
AREA 6: SUSSEX
Landscape A: The High Weald
Landscape B: The Low Weald
Landscape C: The Wealden Greensand
Landscape D: The South Downs
Landscape E: The South Coastal Plain
Landscape F: The Pevensey Levels
Review of the landscape history
AREA 7: EAST SUSSEX AND SOUTHEAST KENT
Landscape A: The High Weald
Landscape B: The Low Weald
Landscape C: The Wealden Greensand
Landscape D: The North Downs
Landscape E: The Dungeness and Romney Marshes
Review of the landscape history
CHAPTER 6 The Severn Valley Region. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
AREA 8: BRISTOL
Landscape A: The Quantock Hills and Fringes
Landscape B: The Somerset Levels and Moors and the Mid-Somerset Hills
Landscape C: The Mendip Hills
Landscape D: The Bristol and Avon Valleys and Ridges
Landscape E: The Severn Vale
Landscape F: The Cotswolds
AREA 9: THE COTSWOLDS AND THE MIDDLE SEVERN
Landscape A: Carboniferous and earlier bedrock
Landscape B: New Red Sandstone bedrock
Landscape C: Jurassic bedrock
(1) The Rhaetic (labelled R on Figs 151 and 168)
(2) The Marlstone Rock Bed (labelled M on Figs 151 and 168)
(3) The Northampton Sand (labelled N on Figs 151 and 168)
(4) The Middle Jurassic oolitic limestones (labelled O on Figs 151 and 168)
(5) The Portlandian (labelled P on Figs 151 and 168)
Landscape D: Early Cretaceous bedrock
Younger drainage and erosion patterns
Drainage to the Severn Estuary
Drainage towards the Wash on the east coast
Drainage towards the Thames and the southeast coast
CHAPTER 7 London and the Thames Valley Region. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Modification under Ice Age conditions
Coastlines and sea-level rise
AREA 10: THE COTSWOLDS TO READING
Landscape A: The Cotswold Hills of Middle Jurassic limestone
Landscape B: The Mudstone Lowlands of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous bedrock
.Landscape C: The Downs of Late Cretaceous Chalk
Landscape D: The Kennet Valley with Early Tertiary bedrock
AREA 11: LONDON
Landscape A: The Vale of Aylesbury
Landscape B: The Wealden margin
Landscape C: The Chiltern Hills
Landscape D: The North Downs, Hog’s Back and Greensand
Landscape E: The Thames Valley and the London hills
Landscape F: The Thames Basin Western Heaths
Landscape G: The Hertfordshire Plateau
AREA 12: THE THAMES ESTUARY
Landscape A: The Northern Weald
Landscape B: The North Downs and Isle of Thanet
Landscape C: The Thames and tributary estuaries
Landscape D: South Essex and the Northern Thames Basin
CHAPTER 8 The East Anglia Region. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Bedrock structure and early history
Surface blanket and more recent history
East Anglia’s flatness
AREA 13: NORTHAMPTON TO CAMBRIDGE
Landscape A: Jurassic limestone hills
Landscape B: Clay-Greensand-Gault belt
Landscape C: Chalk hills and valleys
Landscape D: Bishop’s Stortford Clay hills
Landscape E: The Fen edge
AREA 14: SUFFOLK AND NORTH ESSEX
Landscape A: The Fen-edge Claylands (Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous)
Landscape B: The Chalk Hills (Late Cretaceous)
Landscape C: The Essex Claylands (Early Tertiary)
Landscape D: Suffolk Coast and Heaths (Late Tertiary)
AREA 15: LEICESTER TO THE FENS
Landscape A: Triassic bedrock and the River Trent
Landscape B: Jurassic hills and valleys
Landscape C: The Fens
Landscape D: Early Cretaceous Fenland foothills
AREA 16: NORFOLK
Landscape A: Late Jurassic mudstones of the Fens
Landscape B: Early Cretaceous foothills
Landscape C: North Norfolk coast and the Late Cretaceous Chalk hills
Landscape D: Late Tertiary Crag hills and the Broads
CHAPTER 9 The Making of Southern England
EPISODE 1: THE VARISCAN MOUNTAIN BUILDING
EPISODE 2: THE SOUTHEAST ENGLAND BASIN
A: Lower New Red Sandstone level
B: Middle Jurassic level
C: Late Cretaceous Chalk level
EPISODE 3: RIVER EROSION, FREEZING CLIMATES AND SEA-LEVEL MOVEMENTS
THE SHAPE, FORM AND LOCATION OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND. What has given Southern England its 100-km-scale inland landscape features?
What has given the coastline of Southern England its 100-km-scale location and shape?
Why is Southern England where it is?
Further Reading
SOURCES (REGIONAL GUIDES, LOCAL GUIDES, BOOKS AND MAPS)
CHAPTERS 1–3, GENERAL INTRODUCTION
General coverage of Southern England
Geological maps
Detailed stratigraphic reviews across Southern England
British Geological Survey Regional Guides
CHAPTER 4, THE SOUTHWEST REGION
CHAPTER 5, THE SOUTH COAST REGION
CHAPTER 6, THE SEVERN VALLEY REGION
CHAPTER 7, LONDON AND THE THAMES VALLEY REGION
CHAPTER 8, THE EAST ANGLIA REGION
CHAPTER 9, THE MAKING OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND
Index
The New Naturalist Library
About the Author
Copyright
About the Publisher
