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Pierre Rosanvallon. The Populist Century
Table of Contents
Guide
Pages
The Populist Century. History, Theory, Critique
Copyright Page
INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTUALIZING POPULISM
A reality to be theorized
The anatomy of populism
The three histories of populism
On critiques of populism
The alternative
Notes
1 A CONCEPTION OF “THE PEOPLE”: THE PEOPLE AS ONE BODY
From class to people
Them and us
The power of a word
Notes
2 A THEORY OF DEMOCRACY: DIRECT, POLARIZED, IMMEDIATE
The cult of referendums and the apologia for direct democracy
Democracy polarized
Immediate expression by the people
Notes
3 A MODE OF REPRESENTATION: A LEADER EMBODYING THE PEOPLE
The Latin American precedent
The leader as an organ of the people’s body
Notes
4 A POLITICS AND A PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS: NATIONAL PROTECTIONISM
The return of political will
A conception of justice and equality
Protectionism as an instrument of security
Notes
5 A REGIME OF PASSIONS AND EMOTIONS
The factors underlying the “return of the emotions”
Status-related emotions
Intellect-related emotions
Action-related emotions
Is there a populist personality?
Notes
6 THE UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF POPULISMS
Diffuse populism
Regimes and movements
“Left” and “right” populisms
Notes
1 HISTORY OF POPULIST MOMENTS I: CAESARISM AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN FRANCE
The theory of the plebiscite
One man embodying the people and the people as one body
Democratic polarization
On the Caesarian critique of parties
A “democratic” vision for limiting freedom of the press
Notes
2 HISTORY OF POPULIST MOMENTS II: THE YEARS 1890–1914
The panacea of referendums
The rise of national protectionism
Populism aborted
Notes
3 HISTORY OF POPULIST MOMENTS III: THE LATIN AMERICAN LABORATORY
Gaitán: a foundational figure
The Peronist regime
On the characterization of Latin American populism
Notes
4 CONCEPTUAL HISTORY: POPULISM AS A DEMOCRATIC FORM
Structuring aporia I: the unlocatable people
Structuring aporia II: the ambiguities of representative democracy
Structuring aporia III: the avatars of impersonality
Structuring aporia IV: defining the regime of equality
Limit forms of democracy: the three families
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1 THE ISSUE OF REFERENDUMS
The dissolution of the notion of responsibility
The difference between decision and will
Deliberation relegated to second place
A propensity for the irreversible
Silence about the normative impact of referendums
The paradoxical diminishment of democracy by referendums
Responding to the democratic expectations that underlie the idea of the referendum
Notes
2 POLARIZED DEMOCRACY VS. PLURALIZED DEMOCRACY
Democratic fiction and the horizon of unanimity
New paths for expressing the general will
The power of anyone
The power of no one
Of institutions that are democratic and not merely liberal
Notes
3 FROM AN IMAGINARY PEOPLE TO A CONSTRUCTABLE DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
From the imaginary society to the real society
The 1 percent
Populist peoples and democratic societies
Notes
4 THE HORIZON OF DEMOCRATORSHIP: THE ISSUE OF IRREVERSIBILITY
The philosophy and politics of irreversibility
Polarization and politicization of institutions
Epistemology and morality of generalized politicization
Notes
CONCLUSION: THE SPIRIT OF AN ALTERNATIVE
Notes
ANNEX: HISTORY OF THE WORD “POPULISM” Russian populism
American populism in the 1890s
Populism in literature
Notes
WORKS CITED
INDEX
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Отрывок из книги
Pierre Rosanvallon
Translated by Catherine Porter
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The term first appeared in the 1870s in the context of Russian populism, a movement of intellectuals and young people from well-to-do and even aristocratic backgrounds who were critical of projects for Western-style modernization of the country and sought to “go down to the people,” as they put it. They saw the traditions of agrarian communities and village assemblies as possible starting points for building a new society. The idea was that, in Russia, the peasantry would be the force for renewal, fulfilling the role the proletariat was expected to play in the West. This approach, which could be called “top-down populism,” never mobilized the popular masses themselves. Nevertheless, it left a significant legacy, for some of the great figures in Russian anarchism and Marxism took their first steps as militants in that movement.
A decade later, it was in America that a People’s Party, whose supporters were commonly labeled populists, saw the light of day. This movement for the most part mobilized the world of small farmers on the Great Plains who were on the warpath against the big railroad companies and the big banks to which they had become indebted. The movement met with a certain degree of success in the early 1890s, but it never managed to reach a national audience, despite its resonant denunciation of corruption in politics and its call for a more direct democracy. (These themes were beginning to emerge everywhere in the country; they eventually gave rise to the Progressive Movement, which succeeded in developing a whole set of political reforms – the organization of primaries, the possibility of recalling elected officials, the recourse to referendums by popular initiative – that would be implemented in the Western states.) The People’s Party was an authentic popular movement, but it remained confined to a geographically circumscribed agricultural world; it failed to extend its appeal to working-class voters. None of the American populists appears to have been aware, moreover, of the earlier use of the term in Russia.
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