Оглавление
Rajib Taid. Mobile Communications Systems Development
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Mobile Communications Systems Development. A Practical Introduction to System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction : Career Opportunities in Mobile Communications Networks Space
Part I Network Architectures, Standardization, Protocols, and Functions
2 Network Architectures, Standardizations Process. Introduction
2.1 Network Elements and Basic Networks Architectures
2.1.1 GSM (2G) Network Architecture
2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS‐2.5G) Network Architecture
2.1.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G) Network Architecture
2.1.4 LTE (4G) Network Architecture
2.1.5 GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G Network Elements: A Comparison
2.1.6 Circuit Switched (CS) vs Packet Switched (PS)
2.2 Mobile Communication Network Domains
2.2.1 AN Domain
2.2.2 Core Network (CN) Domain
2.2.3 Network Domains and Its Elements
2.2.4 Example: End‐to‐End Mobile Network Information Flow
2.2.5 Example: GSM MO Call
2.3 Mobile Communications Systems Evolutions
2.3.1 Evolutions of Air Interface
2.3.2 Evolutions of 3GPP Networks Architectures
2.4 Mobile Communications Network System Engineering
2.4.1 Mobility Management
2.4.2 Air Interface Management
2.4.3 Subscribers and Services Management
2.4.4 Security Management
2.4.5 Network Maintenance
2.5 Standardizations of Mobile Communications Networks. 2.5.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
2.5.2 3GPP Working Groups
2.5.3 3GPP Technical Specification and Technical Report
2.5.4 Stages of a 3GPP Technical Specification
2.5.5 Release Number of 3GPP Technical Specification
2.5.6 3GPP Technical Specification Numbering Nomenclature
2.5.7 Vocabulary of 3GPP Specifications
2.5.8 Examples in a 3GPP Technical Specification
2.5.9 Standardization of Technical Specifications by 3GPP
2.5.10 Scope of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS)
2.5.11 3GPP TS for General Description of a Protocol Layer
2.5.12 3GPP TS Drafting Rules: Deriving Requirements
2.5.13 Download 3GPP Technical Specifications
2.5.14 3GPP Change Requests
2.5.15 Learnings from 3GPP Meetings TDocs
2.6 3GPP Releases and Its Features
Chapter Summary
3 Protocols, Interfaces, and Architectures. Introduction
3.1 Protocol Interface and Its Stack
3.1.1 Physical Interface
3.1.2 Logical Interface
Example 3.1 GSM E1 Physical Interface
Example 3.2 Mobile Communications Networks and Their Physical Air Interface
Example 3.3 LTE/EPC S1 Logical Interface and 5G NG Logical Interface
Example 3.4 LTE Logical Interfaces with the Same Protocol Stack
3.1.3 Logical Interfaces’ Names and Their Protocol Stack
3.1.4 Examples of Logical Interface and Its Protocol Layers
3.2 Classifications of Protocol Layers
3.2.1 Control Plane or Signaling Protocols
3.2.2 User Plane Protocols
Example 3.5 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Protocol
Example 3.6 GPRS Tunneling Protocol
3.3 Grouping of UMTS, LTE, and 5G Air Interface Protocol Layers
3.3.1 Access Stratum (AS): UMTS UE – UTRAN; LTE UE – E‐UTRAN;5G UE ‐ NG‐RAN
Example 3.7 LTE AS Layer: Radio Resource Connection Establishment Procedure
3.3.2 Non‐Access Stratum: UMTS UE – CN, LTE UE – EPC; 5G UE‐Core
Example 3.8 LTE/EPS NAS Layer: EPS Mobility Management Layer Procedure
Example 3.9 5G NAS Layer: 5G Session Management Layer Procedure
3.4 Initialization of a Logical Interface
Example 3.10 LTE/EPS S1‐AP (eNodeB‐MME) Logical Interface Initialization
3.5 Protocol Layer Termination
3.6 Protocol Sublayers
3.7 Protocol Conversion
3.8 Working Model of a 3GPP Protocol Layer: Services and Functions
Example 3.11 Functions of LTE Air Interface RLC Layer
3.9 General Protocol Model Between RAN and CN (UMTS, LTE, 5G)
3.10 Multiple Transport Networks, Protocols, and Physical Layer Interfaces
Example 3.12 Multiple Transport Networks for UMTS Iu Interface
Example 3.13 GPRS Gb‐Interface Multiple Physical Layer Interfaces
3.11 How to Identify and Understand Protocol Architectures
3.11.1 Identifying a Logical Interface, Protocol Stack, and Its Layers
Example 3.14 GSM Circuit‐Switched BSS and Air Interface Layer 3 Technical Specifications
3.11.2 Identification of Technical Requirements Using Interface Name
3.12 Protocol Layer Procedures over CN Interfaces
3.12.1 Similar Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces
Example 3.15 LTE/EPS: PS Domain NAS Transport Messages
3.12.2 Specific Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces
Chapter Summary
4 Encoding and Decoding of Messages. Introduction
4.1 Description and Encoding/Decoding of Air Interface Messages
4.1.1 Encoding/Decoding: Air Interface Layer 3 Messages
Example 4.1 Illustration of LTE/EPS NAS MM Layer Message
Example 4.2 Illustration of LTE/EPS NAS SM Layer Message
Example 4.3 Illustration of Encoding and Transmissions of Layer 3/NAS Layer Message
4.1.2 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: RLC Protocol
4.1.3 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: MAC Protocol
4.1.4 CSN.1 Encoding/Decoding: GPRS Layer 2 Protocol (RLC/MAC)
4.1.5 ASN.1 Encoding/Decoding: UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR Layer 3 Protocol
4.1.6 Direct/Indirect Encoding Method
Example 4.4 LTE and 5G NR Air Interface RRC Layers: RRC Connection/Setup Request ASN.1 Message
4.1.7 Segmented Messages over the Air Interface
4.1.8 Piggybacking a Signaling Message
Example 4.5 Piggybacking of GSM Air Interface Complete Layer 3 Information Using SCCP
Example 4.6 Piggybacking Using LTE or 5G NAS Layer Signaling Message
Example 4.7 Piggybacking GTPv2 Control Plane Messages
4.2 Encoding/Decoding of Signaling Messages: RAN and CN
Example 4.8 LTE NAS Layer: Downlink NAS Transport: MME to eNodeB
Chapter Summary
5 Network Elements : Identities and Its Addressing. Introduction
5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities
5.2 Permanent Identities
5.3 Temporary Identities Assigned by CN
5.3.1 GSM System Temporary Identities
5.3.2 GPRS System Temporary Identities
5.3.3 LTE/EPS System Temporary Identities
Example 5.1 Network Identities of LTE Network Elements
Example 5.2 LTE/EPS Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity (GUTI)
Example 5.3 LTE Physical Layer Cell Identity (PCI)
5.4 Temporary Identities Assigned by RAN: RNTI
5.5 Usages of Network Identities
5.6 Native and Mapped Network Identities
Example 5.4 GPRS MS Identity: Mapping an NRI and TLLI into a P‐TMSI
Example 5.5 UE Identity Mapping due to the Intersystem Change from GERAN/UTRAN to E‐UTRAN
5.7 LTE UE Application Protocol Identity
Chapter Summary
6 Interworking and Interoperations of Mobile Communications Networks. Introduction
6.1 Requirements and Types of Interworking
6.2 Interworking Through Enhanced Network Elements
6.2.1 Interworking for Voice Call Through IMS: VoLTE
6.2.1.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
6.2.1.2 UE Registration and Authentication
Example 6.1 Illustration: UE Registration and VoLTE Call over IMS
6.2.2 Interworking for VoLTE Call Through LTE/EPS: SRVCC
6.2.3 Interworking for Voice Call Through LTE/EPS: CSFB
Example 6.2 CSFB: LTE UE Fall‐back to CS domain for voice call
Example 6.3 LTE Voice Call Through GSM Network and CSFB Feature
6.3 Interworking Through Legacy Network Elements
6.4 Interworking Between LTE/EPS and 5G Systems
6.5 Interoperations of Networks: LTE/EPS Roaming
6.5.1 Roaming Through Interoperations of Enhanced Networks Elements
6.5.2 Roaming Through Interoperations of Legacy Networks Elements
6.6 UE Mode of Operation
Example 6.4 UE usage setting and voice domain preference during LTE/EPS Attach Procedure
Example 6.5 UE usage setting and voice domain preference during LTE/EPS Attach Procedure with IMS
6.7 Function of E‐UTRAN in a VoLTE Call
Chapter Summary
7 Load Balancing and Network Sharing. Introduction
7.1 Core Network Elements Load Balancing
7.1.1 Identification of NAS Node: NRI and Its Source
7.1.2 NAS Node Selection Function
Example 7.1 Typical LTE/EPC MME Selection and Allocation for Load Balancing Using the WRR Method
7.2 Network Sharing
7.2.1 GSM/GPRS/LTE RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature
7.2.2 5G NG‐RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature (Release 16)
Chapter Summary
8 Packets Encapsulations and Their Routing. Introduction
8.1 User Data Packets Encapsulations
8.1.1 Packets Encapsulations at the CN and RAN
8.1.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol ( GTP)
8.1.1.2 GTP Functions
8.1.1.3 GTP User Plane PDU: G‐PDU
8.1.1.4 GTP Control Plane PDU
8.1.1.5 Example: GTP and Packet Encapsulations at LTE EPC
8.1.2 Packet Encapsulations over Air Interface
8.2 IP Packet Routing in Mobile Communications Networks
8.3 IP Header Compression and Decompression
Example 8.1 IPv4 Header Compression for VoIP Calls
Chapter Summary
9 Security Features in Mobile Communications Networks. Introduction
9.1 A Brief on the Security Architecture: Features and Mechanisms
9.2 Security Features and Its Mechanisms
9.3 GSM Security Procedures
9.4 UMTS, LTE, and 5G: AS and NAS Layer Security Procedures
Example 9.1 LTE/EPS Security Features Activation for AS and NAS Layers
9.5 Security Contexts
9.6 Security Interworking
Chapter Summary
Part II Operations and Maintenances
10 Alarms and Faults Managements. Introduction
10.1 Network Elements Alarm and Its Classifications
10.2 Sources of Abnormal Events and Alarms
10.3 Identifying Sources of Alarms from 3GPP TSs
10.3.1 Abnormal Conditions
10.3.2 Protocol Layer Error Handling
10.3.3 Abnormal Conditions Due to Local Errors
10.4 Design and Implementation of an Alarm Management System
10.4.1 Design and Components of an Alarm
10.4.2 Alarm Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
10.4.3 Alarm Database
10.5 Alarm Due to Protocol Error
10.5.1 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Description
10.6 Alarm Due to Abnormal Conditions
10.6.1 Normal Scenario
10.6.2 Abnormal Scenario
10.6.3 Sample Alarm Description
10.6.4 Sample Alarm Generation
10.6.5 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Generation
10.7 How to Troubleshoot Protocol Error Using the Alarm Data
Chapter Summary
11 Performance Measurements and Optimizations of Mobile Communications Networks. Introduction
11.1 Counters for Performance Measurements and Optimizations
Example 11.1 Counters to Store GSM Circuit‐Switched Voice Call Processing Events
11.2 Performance and Optimizations Management System
Example 11.2 Resources Allocation: GSM RR Layer Counters
Example 11.3 Resources Allocation: LTE Air Interface Modulation and Coding Scheme Allocation Counters
Example 11.4 5G NAS Layer Procedure: Registration Request Procedure Counters
11.3 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 11.3.1 What Is a KPI?
Example 11.5 LTE/EPS ATTACH Procedure: KPI and Measurement Counters
Example 11.6 KPI for Mobile Originating (MO) GSM Call Flow
11.3.2 KPI Domains
11.3.3 KPI for Signaling or Control Plane
11.3.4 KPI for User or Data Plane
Example 11.7 LTE Air Interface Layer 2: RLC Layer and User Application Throughput Counters
11.3.5 KPI Categories
11.3.6 KPI Evaluation Steps
11.3.7 Troubleshooting and Improving KPI
11.3.8 Components of a KPI Definition
Chapter Summary
12 Troubleshooting of Mobile Communications Networks Issues. Introduction
12.1 Air Interface‐Related Issues
12.1.1 Drive Test, Data Collection, and Its Analysis
12.2 Debugging Issues with IP‐Based Logical Interface
12.2.1 IP Protocol Analyzer
12.2.2 Network/Application Throughput Issue
12.2.3 Switch Port Mirroring
12.3 Conformance Testing Issues
12.3.1 Example: Mobile Device (MS)/User Equipment (UE) Conformance Test
12.3.2 Example: Location Area Update Request
12.4 Interoperability Testing (IOT) Issues
12.5 Interworking Issues
12.6 Importance of Log/Traces and Its Collections
12.7 Steps for Troubleshooting
Chapter Summary
Part III Mobile Communications Systems Development
13 Core Software Development Fundamentals. Introduction
13.1 A Brief on Software Development Fundamentals
13.1.1 Requirements Phase
13.1.2 Design
13.1.3 Implementation
13.1.4 Integration and Testing
13.1.5 Operation and Maintenance
13.2 Hardware Platforms: Embedded System, Linux Versus PC
13.2.1 System Development Using Embedded System Board
13.2.2 System Development Using Multicore Hardware Platform
13.2.2.1 What Is a Core?
13.2.2.2 Network Element Development Using Multicore Platform
13.2.2.3 Runtime Choices of Multicore Processor
13.2.2.4 Software Programming Model for Multicore Processor
13.3 Selecting Software Platforms and Features
13.3.1 Selecting Available Data/Logical Structures
13.3.1.1 Advanced Data Structures
13.3.1.2 How Data Structure Affects the Application’s Performance
13.3.2 Selecting an Operating System Services/Facilities
13.3.2.1 Advance Features of Operating System: IPC
13.4 Software Simulators for a Mobile Communications Network
13.5 Software Root Causes and Their Debugging
13.5.1 Incorrect Usages of Software Library System Calls/APIs
13.5.2 Incorrect Usages of System Resources
13.5.3 Bad Software Programming Practices
13.6 Static Code Analysis of Software
13.7 Software Architecture and Software Organization
Example 13.1 GSM RR Allocation and Management (RRM) and Its Object Model
13.8 System and Software Requirements Analysis
13.9 Software Quality: Reliability, Scalability, and Availability
13.9.1 Reliability
13.9.2 Scalability
13.9.3 Availability
Chapter Summary
14 Protocols, Protocol Stack Developments, and Testing. Introduction
14.1 Components of a 3GPP Protocol TS
14.2 3GPP Protocol Layer Structured Procedure Description
14.3 Protocol Layer Communications
14.3.1 Layer‐to‐Layer Communication Using Service Primitives
14.3.2 Layer‐to‐Layer Communication: SAP
Example 14.1 SAPs Used in the GSM System
14.3.3 Peer‐to‐Peer Layer Communication: PDU and Service Data Unit (SDU)
14.3.4 Types of PDU
14.3.5 Formats of PDU
14.4 Air Interface Message Format: Signaling Layer 3. 14.4.1 A Brief on the Air Interface Layer 3 Protocol Stack
14.4.2 Classification of Layer 3 Messages
14.4.3 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Signaling Message Format
14.4.4 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Protocol Discriminator
14.4.5 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Skip Indicator
14.4.6 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Transaction Identifier
Example 14.2 GPRS MM (GMM) Air Interface Layer 3 Message: DETACH REQUEST
14.4.7 Layer 3 Protocol Header: LTE/EPS Bearer Identity
14.4.8 Layer 3 Protocol Header: 5GSM PDU Session Identity
14.4.9 Constructing a Layer 3 Message
Example 14.3 Generic C/C++ Functions for Encoding and Decoding of Protocol Information
14.4.10 Security Protected LTE/EPS and 5G NAS Layer MM Messages
14.4.11 Layer 3 Protocol Layer's Message Dump
14.5 Air Interface Message Format: Layer 2
Example 14.4 GSM Layer 3 Call Control “Connect” Message
14.6 RAN – CN Signaling Messages
14.6.1 Protocol Layer Elementary Procedure
Example 14.5 Handover Preparation EP and its Messages
14.6.2 Types and Classes of EPs
14.6.3 EPs Code
14.6.4 Criticality of IE
14.6.5 Types of Protocol Errors and Its Handling
14.6.6 Choices of Triggering Message
14.6.7 Message Type
14.6.8 Message Description
14.6.9 Example: LTE/EPS S1 Interface: S1 Setup Procedure
14.7 Modes of Operation of a Protocol Layer
Example 14.6 Illustrative C‐Pre‐processor Definition: RLC Layer Modes of Operation
14.8 Example of a Protocol Primitive and PDU Definition
Example 14.7 Illustrative C‐Structure Definition of a Primitive
14.9 Example of a Protocol Layer Frame Header Definition
14.10 Examples of System Parameters
14.11 Examples of Protocol Information Elements and Its Identifier
Example 14.9 Illustrative C‐pre‐processor Definitions of Timer, Counter, and System Variables
Example 14.10 Illustrative C‐Pre‐processor Definitions: IEs And IEIs
14.12 3GPP Release Specific Changes Implementation
Example 14.11 Illustrative C‐Pre‐processor Definition of 3GPP GSM RR Message Types
14.13 Examples of Protocol Messages Types
14.14 Protocol Layer Timer Handling
Example 14.12 Air Interface GSM CM Layer 3 System Timer
14.15 Protocol Layer Development Using State Machine
14.16 Protocol Layer Development Using Message Passing
Example 14.13 Protocol Layer Communication Using IPC
14.17 Protocol Layer Data and its Types
14.18 Protocol Layer Control and Configuration
Example 14.14 Modulation Index and Transport Block Index Definition for PDSCH
Example 14.15 Transport Block Index and Size Definition for 1.4 MHz System Bandwidth with Six Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs)
Example 14.16 Protocol Layer Configurations in LTE E‐UTRAN and 5G NG‐RAN
14.19 Protocol Context Information
Example 14.17 Protocol Events for Creation and Usages of Context Information
14.20 Protocol Layer Message Padding
14.21 Device Driver Development
Example 14.18 Device Driver for Processing of GSM E1 Physical Interface Frames
14.22 Guidelines for Protocol Stack/Layer Development
14.23 Software Profiling, Tools and Performance Improvement
14.24 Protocol Stack Testing and Validation
Example 14.19 Network Elements Performance Testing and Validation Through Software Simulator
Chapter Summary
15 Deriving Requirements Specifications from a TS. Introduction
15.1 3GPP Protocol Layer Procedures
15.1.1 LTE UE Mode of Operation Requirements
15.1.2 LTE UE ATTACH Procedure Requirements
15.1.3 LTE UE DETACH Procedure Requirements
15.1.4 LTE UE Tracking Area Update Procedure Requirements
15.2 3GPP System Feature Development Requirements
15.2.1 Identification of System/Network Elements Interfaces Changes
15.2.2 Identifications of Impacts on Performance
15.2.3 Identifications of Impacts on Feature Management
15.2.4 Identification of Interworking Requirements with Existing Features
15.2.5 Charging and Accounting Aspects
15.3 Example Feature: Radio Access Network Sharing
15.3.1 Effects on Network Elements
15.3.2 Effects on Logical Interfaces
15.3.3 Selection of Core Network Operator: PLMN Id
15.4 Example: Interworking/Interoperations
15.4.1 Circuit‐Switched Fall Back (CSFB)
15.4.2 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
15.5 3GPP System Feature and High‐Level Design
Chapter Summary
Part IV 5G System and Network
16 5G Network: Use Cases and Architecture. Introduction
16.1 5G System (5GS) Use Cases
16.1.1 Enablers and Key Principles of 5GS Use Cases
16.1.2 Other Enablers in 5G System
16.2 Support of Legacy Services by 5G System
16.3 5G System Network Architecture
16.3.1 3GPP Access Architecture
16.3.2 Non‐3GPP Access Architecture
16.4 5G System NG–RAN/gNB Logical Architecture
16.5 5GC System Architecture Elements
16.6 5G System Deployment Solutions
16.6.1 E–UTRA–NR Dual Connectivity (EN–DC) for NSA Deployment
Example 16.1 Usages of Message Containers in ENDC
16.7 5G System and LTE/EPS Interworking
16.7.1 RAN‐Level Interworking
16.7.2 Core Network (CN) Level Interworking: N26 Interface
16.7.2.1 Single Registration Mode with N26 Interface
16.7.2.2 Dual Registration Mode: Without N26 Interface
16.8 5G System Native and Mapped Network Identities
16.8.1 Mobility Area Identifiers
16.8.2 UE/Subscriber Permanent Identifiers
16.8.3 Core Network Identifiers
16.8.4 RAN Identifiers
16.8.5 Core Network Temporary Identities
16.9 5G System Network Slicing
16.9.1 Identities for a Network Slice
16.9.2 Impacts of Network Slicing Feature
16.10 Management and Orchestration (MANO) of 5G Network
16.11 5G System Security
16.11.1 UE Authentication Frameworks and Methods
16.11.2 Primary Authentication and Secondary Authentication
16.11.3 Key Hierarchy and Authentication Vector
16.11.4 New Security Requirements in 5G System
16.11.5 Subscriber Identities/Privacy Protection
Chapter Summary
17 Introduction to GSM, UMTS, and LTE Systems Air Interface. Introduction
17.1 Air Interfaces Protocol Architectures
17.2 Protocol Sublayers
17.3 Control Plane and User Plane Protocols
17.4 Protocols Domains Classifications
17.5 Access Stratum and Non‐access Stratum
17.6 Message Formats
17.7 Security Over the Air Interface
17.8 Piggybacking for Reduction of Signaling Overhead
17.8.1 Examples Piggybacking of Signaling Messages
18 5G NR Air Interface: Control Plane Protocols. Introduction
18.1 NR Control Plane Protocol Layers
18.2 Session Management (5G SM) Layer
18.2.1 Procedures of 5G SM Layer
18.2.2 PDU Session Types
18.2.3 PDU Session and Service Continuity (SSC)
18.2.4 PDU Sessions for Network Slices
18.2.5 Session Management (SM) Layer States
18.3 Quality of Service (5G QoS)
18.3.1 LTE/EPS QoS Model: EPS Bearer
18.3.2 5GS QoS Model: QoS Flow
18.3.3 GTP‐U Plane Tunnel for PDU Session
18.3.4 Service Data Flow and PCC Rule
18.3.5 Binding of Service Data Flow
18.3.6 QoS Profile and QFI
18.3.7 QoS Rule and QRI
18.3.8 Mapping QoS Flow to Data Radio Bearer
18.3.9 Downlink Data Flow Through GTP‐U Plane Tunnels
18.4 Mobility Management (5G MM) Layer. 18.4.1 Mobility Area Concepts and Identifiers
18.4.2 Requirements of Mobility Management Functions
18.4.3 Functions and Procedures of 5G MM Layer
18.4.4 Mobility Management Layer States
18.4.5 Connection Management (CM) and Service Request
18.4.6 Mobility Pattern of UE
18.5 RRC Layer
18.5.1 Functions and Procedures of RRC Layer
18.5.2 System Information (SI) Broadcast
18.5.3 RRC Layer States
18.5.4 RRC INACTIVE State
18.5.5 Mobility of UE
18.5.5.1 UE Mobility in RRC IDLE State
18.5.5.2 UE Mobility in RRC INACTIVE State
18.5.5.3 UE Mobility in RRC CONNECTED State
18.5.6 Admission Control
Chapter Summary
19 5G NR Air Interface: User Plane Protocols. Introduction
19.1 NR User Plane Protocol Layers
19.2 SDAP Layer
19.3 PDCP Layer
19.4 RLC Layer
19.5 MAC Layer
19.5.1 Functions and Procedures
19.5.2 Scheduling Procedure
19.5.3 Random Access Procedure
19.5.4 Error Correction Through HARQ Procedure
19.5.5 Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) Procedure
19.5.6 Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure
19.5.7 Low Latency in the NR Due to Configured Scheduling
19.5.8 MAC Layer PDU and Header Structures
19.5.9 How MAC Layer Ensures Low‐Latency Requirements
19.5.10 Channel Structures in NR
19.6 Physical Layer
19.6.1 Principles of Transmissions and Its Directions
19.6.2 Physical Layer Functions, Procedures, and Services
19.6.3 OFDM Symbol
19.6.4 NR Frame and Slot Format
19.6.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS)/Numerologies (μ)
19.6.4.2 Slots per NR Frame and Subframe
19.6.4.3 Slot Formats in TDD Mode
19.6.4.4 Dynamic TDD
19.6.5 Resource Grid and Resource Block
19.6.5.1 Control Resource Set (CORESET)
19.6.5.2 Common Resource Blocks (CRB)
19.6.5.3 Physical Resource Block (PRB)
19.6.5.4 Virtual Resource Block (VRB)
19.6.5.5 Interleaved and Non‐interleaved PRB Allocation
19.6.5.6 PRB Bundling and VRB to PRB Mapping
19.6.5.7 Reference Point “A”
19.6.6 Channel and Transmission Bandwidths
19.6.7 Bandwidth Part (BWP)
19.6.7.1 Types of BWP
19.6.7.2 BWP Configuration
19.6.7.3 BWP Switching and Associated Delay
19.6.8 NR Resource Allocations
19.6.8.1 Frequency Domain Resource Allocation for FDD Transmission
Example 19.1 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment for PDSCH Reception with Resource Allocation Type 0 and Unequal RBs
Example 19.2 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment for PDSCH with Resource Allocation Type 0 and Equal RB
Example 19.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment for PDSCH Reception with Resource Allocation Type 1 and SCS: 15 kHz
Example 19.4 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment for PDSCH with Resource Allocation Type 1 and SCS: 30 kHz
19.6.8.2 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for FDD Transmission
Example 19.5 Default Resource Allocation in the Time Domain (FDD mode) for PDSCH Reception with Different Subcarrier Spacings for PDCCH and PDSCH
Example 19.6 Default Resource Allocation in the Time Domain (FDD) for PDSCH Reception with the Same SCS for PDCCH and PDSCH
Example 19.7 RRC Signaling‐Based Time‐Domain Resource Allocation, for FDD Mode, with Different SCS for PDCCH and PDSCH
19.6.8.3 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for TDD
19.6.9 Transport Channels and Their Processing Chain
19.6.9.1 CRC Calculation and its Attachment to a Transport Block
19.6.9.2 Code Block Segmentation
19.6.9.3 Channel Encoding with LDPC
19.6.9.4 Rate Matching and Concatenation
19.6.9.5 Multiplexing of UL‐SCH Data and Uplink Control Information
19.6.9.6 LDPC Encoding Examples
Example 19.8 Construction of Parity Check Matrix
Example 19.9 Graph Representation of Parity Check Matric of LDPC Code
19.6.10 Physical Channels and Their Processing Chain. 19.6.10.1 Physical Channels
19.6.10.2 Channel Mappings
19.6.10.3 Multiple Physical Antenna Transmissions
19.6.10.4 Physical Channel Processing Chain
19.6.10.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Example 19.10 UE Decoding of PDCCH from a UE‐Specific Search Space
19.6.10.6 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Information (UCI)
19.6.11 Code Block Group‐Based Transmissions and Receptions
19.6.12 Physical Signals
19.6.12.1 Reference Signals Transmitted as Part of Physical Channels
19.6.12.2 Sounding Reference Signals
19.6.13 Downlink Synchronization
19.6.14 Millimeter Wave Transmission, Beamforming, and Its Management
● Reference Signals for Beam Management
19.6.15 Cell‐Level Radio Link Monitoring (RLM)
19.6.16 RRM Measurements for UE Mobility
19.6.16.1 RRM Measurement Signals and Their Quantities
19.6.16.2 RRM Measurements Framework
19.6.16.3 Overall RRM Process
Example 19.11 Intra‐/Inter‐Frequency NR and Inter‐RAT DL Signal‐Level Measurements by Mobile Device with Multiple SIMs
19.6.17 Channel State Information (CSI)
19.6.18 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs)
19.6.19 Link Adaptation Procedure
19.6.20 Random Access (RACH) Procedure
Example 19.12 Consider the Calculation of the Duration of CP and Preamble Sequence for the Preamble Format 3 with SCS 5 kHz
Example 19.13 Calculation of OFDM Symbol Locations for RACH Preamble Occasions Within a PRACH Subframe and its Timeslots
19.6.21 NR Radio Resources Management (RRM) Procedure
Example 19.14 Association of NR SS blocks to different RACH occasions
19.6.22 UE Transmit Power Control
19.6.22.1 Types of Power Control Procedure in NR
19.6.22.2 UE Transmit Power Determination Procedure in NR
19.6.23 Effect of Physical Layer on Data Throughputs
Chapter Summary
20 5G Core Network Architecture. Introduction
20.1 Control Plane and User Plane Separation – CUPS
20.1.1 Impacts of CUPS Feature
20.1.2 CUPS in the LTE/EPC Network
20.1.3 CUPS Feature in 5G Core Network
20.2 Service‐Based Architecture (SBA)
20.2.1 Network Functions and Its Instances
20.2.2 Network Functions (NFs) and Their Services Interfaces
20.2.3 5G System Architecture with NF
20.2.4 Network Functions and Their Services and Operations
20.2.5 Network Functions Services Framework
20.2.6 Services API for Network Functions
Example 20.1 NF Registration with NRF Using HTTP PUT Method
Example 20.2 Retrieval of a Profile of an NF Instance from NRF Using HTTP GET Method
Example 20.3 Deregistration of an NF Instance from NRF Using HTTP DELETE Method
Example 20.4 Discovery of a Network Function Instance from NRF Using HTTP GET Method
Example 20.5 UE Context Transfer Request from Source to Target AMF
20.2.7 Network Function Selection
20.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
Chapter Summary
21 5G System: Low‐level Design. Introduction
21.1 Design of 5GC Service Interface and Its Operations
21.2 Design of 5GC NF Service Interface Using UML and C++ Class Diagram
21.3 Usages of C++ Standard Template Library (STL)
21.4 Software Architecture for 5G System
21.4.1 NG‐RAN Logical Nodes Software Architecture
Example 21.1 Radio Network (RNW) Resources Sizing and Cores Allocation
21.4.2 5GC Software Architecture
21.5 Data Types Used in 5GC SBI Communications
Chapter Summary
22 3GPP Release 16 and Beyond. Introduction
22.1 5GS Enhancements as Part of Release 16
22.2 5GS New Features as Part of Release 16
22.3 3GPP Release 17
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself! Introductions
A.1 5G Mobile Communications and Systems Concepts
A.2 Software Program Development Exercises
A.2.1 Generic Utility and Re‐Useable Software
A.2.2 5G System Protocol Layer Development
References
Further Readings
Index. a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
z
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