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Reginald Crundall Punnett. Mimicry in Butterflies
Mimicry in Butterflies
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER II. MIMICRY—BATESIAN AND MÜLLERIAN
CHAPTER III. OLD-WORLD MIMICS
CHAPTER IV. NEW-WORLD MIMICS
CHAPTER V. SOME CRITICISMS
(1) That the imitative species occur in the same area and occupy the very same station as the imitated
(2) That the imitators are always the more defenceless
(3) That the imitators are always less numerous in individuals
(4) That the imitators differ from the bulk of their allies
CHAPTER VI "MIMICRY RINGS"
CHAPTER VII. THE CASE OF PAPILIO POLYTES
CHAPTER VIII. THE CASE OF PAPILIO POLYTES (cont.)
CHAPTER IX. THE ENEMIES OF BUTTERFLIES
CHAPTER X. MIMICRY AND VARIATION
CHAPTER XI. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
LIST OF PAPILIONINE MIMICS
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. SELECTION FROM THE GENERAL CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE MANUALS OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. Editors: P. Giles, Litt.D., and A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S. Cloth, 1s net each; leather, 2s. 6d. net each
Cambridge University Press C. F. Clay, Manager: Fetter Lane, London. NOTES
Отрывок из книги
Reginald Crundall Punnett
Published by Good Press, 2019
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The common Danais chrysippus (Pl. IV, fig. 1), found in this region, has been described as probably the most abundant butterfly in the world, and serves as a model for several species belonging to different groups. It and its mimics will, however, be described in more detail later on. Mention must also be made of the striking case of the Danaid, Caduga tytia and its Papilionine mimic P. agestor from Sikkim (Pl. II, figs. 2 and 3). In both species the fore wings are pale blue broken by black; while the hind wings are pale with a deep outer border of rusty red. Not only in colour but also in shape the swallow-tail bears a remarkable resemblance to the Danaid. C. tytia is also mimicked by a rare Nymphaline Neptis imitans, which exhibits the same striking colour scheme so very different from that of most of its allies.
No less remarkable are some of the cases in which the Euploeines serve as models. E. rhadamanthus, for example, is mimicked by the scarce Papilio mendax, and a glance at Figs. 8 and 9 on Plate II shews how well this butterfly deserves its name. Euploea rhadamanthus also serves as a model for one of the several forms of female of the Nymphaline species Euripus halitherses. In some Euploeines the sexes are different in appearance—a somewhat unusual thing among butterflies serving as models in cases of mimetic resemblance. Such a difference is found in Euploea mulciber, the male being predominantly brown with a beautiful deep blue suffusion, while the female is a rather lighter insect with less of the blue suffusion and with hind wings streaked with lighter markings (Pl. II, figs. 4 and 5). It is interesting to find that Elymnias malelas, a Satyrid which mimics this species, shews a similar difference in the two sexes (Pl. II, figs. 6 and 7).
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