Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain

Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain
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What pushed Blunt, Burgess, Cairncross, Maclean and Philby into Soviet hands?With access to recently released papers and other neglected documents, this sharp analysis of the intelligence world examines how and why these men and others betrayed their country and what this cost Britain and its allies.Enemies Within is a new history of the influence of Moscow on Britain told through the stories of those who chose to spy for the Soviet Union. It also challenges entrenched assumptions about abused trust, corruption and Establishment cover-ups that began with the Cambridge Five and the disappearance of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean on the night boat to Saint-Malo in 1951.In a book that is as intellectually thrilling as it is entertaining and illuminating, Richard Davenport-Hines traces the bonds between individuals, networks and organisations over generations to offer a study of character, both individual and institutional. At its core lie the operative traits of boarding schools, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the Intelligence Division, Foreign Office, MI5, MI6 and Moscow Centre.Davenport-Hines tells many stories of espionage, counter-espionage and treachery. With its vast scope, ambition and scholarship, Enemies Within charts how the undermining of authority, the rejection of expertise and the suspicion of educational advantages began, and how these have transformed the social and political temper of modern Britain.

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Richard Davenport-Hines. Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain

Copyright

Dedication

Epigraph

Author’s Note

Glossary

Illustration Credits

Aims

CHAPTER 1. The Moscow Apparatus

Tsarist Russia

Leninist Russia

Stalinist Russia

The Great Illegals

Soviet espionage in foreign missions

The political culture of everlasting distrust

CHAPTER 2. The Intelligence Division

Pre-Victorian espionage

Victorian espionage

Edwardian espionage

CHAPTER 3. The Whitehall Frame of Mind. The age of intelligence

The Flapper Vote

Security Service staffing

Office cultures and manly trust

CHAPTER 4. The Vigilance Detectives

The uprising of the Metropolitan Police

Norman Ewer of the Daily Herald

George Slocombe in Paris

The Zinoviev letter and the ARCOS raid

MI5 investigates the Ewer–Hayes network

CHAPTER 5. The Cipher Spies

The Communications Department

Ernest Oldham

Hans Pieck and John King

Walter Krivitsky

CHAPTER 6. The Blueprint Spies. Industrial mobilization and espionage

Propaganda against armaments manufacturers

MI5 watch Wilfrid Vernon

MI5 watch Percy Glading

The trial of Glading

CHAPTER 7. The Little Clans. School influences stronger than parental examples

Kim Philby at Westminster

Donald Maclean at Gresham’s

Guy Burgess at Eton and Dartmouth

Anthony Blunt at Marlborough

CHAPTER 8. The Cambridge Cell. Undergraduates in the 1920s

Marxist converts after the 1931 crisis

Oxford compared to Cambridge

Stamping out the bourgeoisie

CHAPTER 9. The Vienna Comrades. Red Vienna

Anti-fascist activism

Philby’s recruitment as an agent

CHAPTER 10. The Ring of Five. The induction of Philby, Maclean and Burgess

David Footman and Dick White

The recruitment of Blunt and Cairncross

Maclean in Paris

Philby in Spain: Burgess in Section D

Goronwy Rees at All Souls

CHAPTER 11. The People’s War. Emergency recruitment

The United States

Security Service vetting

Wartime London

‘Better Communism than Nazism’

‘Softening the oaken heart of England’

CHAPTER 12. The Desk Officers. Modrzhinskaya in Moscow

Philby at SIS

Maclean in London and Washington

Burgess desk-hopping

Blunt in MI5

Cairncross hooks BOSS

CHAPTER 13. The Atomic Spies. Alan Nunn May

Klaus Fuchs

Harwell and Semipalatinsk

CHAPTER 14. The Cold War. Dictaphones behind the wainscots?

Contending priorities for MI5

Anglo-American attitudes

A seizure in Istanbul

CHAPTER 15. The Alcoholic Panic. Philby’s dry martinis

Burgess’s dégringolade

Maclean’s breakdowns

The VENONA crisis

CHAPTER 16. The Missing Diplomats ‘All agog about the two Missing Diplomats’

‘As if evidence were the test of truth!’

States of denial

CHAPTER 17. The Establishment. Subversive rumours

William Marshall

‘The Third Man’

George Blake

Class McCarthyism

CHAPTER 18. The Brotherhood of Perverted Men. The Cadogan committee

‘Friends in high places’

John Vassall

Charles Fletcher-Cooke

CHAPTER 19. The Exiles. Burgess and Maclean in Moscow

Philby in Beirut

Bestsellers

Oleg Lyalin in London

CHAPTER 20. The Mole Hunts. Colonel Grace-Groundling-Marchpole

Robin Zaehner and Stuart Hampshire

Anthony Blunt and Andrew Boyle

‘Only out for the money’

Maurice Oldfield and Chapman Pincher

Envoi

Picture Section

NOTES. Chapter 1: The Moscow Apparatus

Chapter 2: The Intelligence Division

Chapter 3: The Whitehall Frame of Mind

Chapter 4: The Vigilance Detectives

Chapter 5: The Cipher Spies

Chapter 6: The Blueprint Spies

Chapter 7: The Little Clans

Chapter 8: The Cambridge Cell

Chapter 9: The Vienna Comrades

Chapter 10: The Ring of Five

Chapter 11: The People’s War

Chapter 12: The Desk Officers

Chapter 13: The Atomic Spies

Chapter 14: The Cold War

Chapter 15: The Alcoholic Panic

Chapter 16: The Missing Diplomats

Chapter 17: The Establishment

Chapter 18: The Brotherhood of Perverted Men

Chapter 19: The Exiles

Chapter 20: The Mole Hunts

Envoi

Index

Acknowledgements

About the Author

Also by Richard Davenport-Hines

About the Publisher

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With love for † Rory Benet Allan

With gratitude to the Warden and Fellows of All Souls

.....

Maclean in Paris

Philby in Spain: Burgess in Section D

.....

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