Оглавление
Robert E. Blankenship. Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
Introduction to the third edition
Acknowledgements
About the companion website
Chapter 1 The basic principles of photosynthetic energy storage. 1.1 What is photosynthesis?
1.2 Photosynthesis is a solar energy storage process
1.3 Where photosynthesis takes place
1.4 The four phases of energy storage in photosynthesis
1.4.1 Antennas and energy transfer processes
1.4.2 Primary electron transfer in reaction centers
1.4.3 Stabilization by secondary reactions
1.4.4 Synthesis and export of stable products
References
Chapter 2 Photosynthetic organisms and organelles. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of life
2.2.1 Nomenclature
2.3 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
2.4 Metabolic patterns among living things
2.5 Phototrophic prokaryotes
2.5.1 Purple bacteria
2.5.2 Green sulfur bacteria
2.5.3 Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs
2.5.4 Heliobacteria
2.5.5 Chloracidobacteria
2.5.6 Gemmatimonadetes
2.5.7 Cyanobacteria
2.6 Photosynthetic eukaryotes
2.6.1 Algae
2.6.2 Plants
References
Chapter 3 History and early development of photosynthesis
3.1 Van Helmont and the willow tree
3.2 Carl Scheele, Joseph Priestley, and the discovery of oxygen
3.3 Ingenhousz and the role of light in photosynthesis
3.4 Senebier and the role of carbon dioxide
3.5 De Saussure and the participation of water
3.6 The equation of photosynthesis
3.6.1 The balanced equation for photosynthesis
3.7 Early mechanistic ideas of photosynthesis
3.7.1 Van Niel and the redox nature of photosynthesis
3.7.2 The Hill reaction: separation of oxidation and reduction reactions
3.8 The Emerson and Arnold experiments
3.9 The controversy over the quantum requirement of photosynthesis
3.10 The red drop and the Emerson enhancement effect
3.11 Antagonistic effects
3.12 Early formulations of the Z scheme for photosynthesis
3.13 ATP formation
3.14 Carbon fixation
References
Chapter 4 Photosynthetic pigments: structure and spectroscopy
4.1 Chemical structures and distribution of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls
4.1.1 Chlorophyll a
4.1.2 Chlorophyll b
4.1.3 Chlorophyll c
4.1.4 Chlorophyll d
4.1.5 Chlorophyll e
4.1.6 Chlorophyll f
4.1.7 Bacteriochlorophyll a
4.1.8 Bacteriochlorophyll b
4.1.9 Bacteriochlorophylls c, d, e, and f
4.1.10 Bacteriochlorophyll g
4.2 Pheophytins and bacteriopheophytins
4.3 Chlorophyll biosynthesis
4.4 Spectroscopic properties of chlorophylls
4.5 Carotenoids
4.6 Bilins
References
Chapter 5 Antenna complexes and energy transfer processes. 5.1 General concepts of antennas and a bit of history
5.2 Why antennas?
5.3 Classes of antennas
5.4 Physical principles of antenna function
5.4.1 The funnel concept
5.4.2 Fluorescence analysis of antenna organization
5.4.3 Fluorescence excitation spectra – direct evidence for energy transfer
5.4.4 Förster theory of energy transfer
5.4.5 Exciton coupling
5.4.6 Relation of Förster transfer to exciton coupling
5.4.7 Quantum coherence effects in antenna systems
5.4.8 Trapping models – coupling of antennas to a reaction center
5.5 Structure and function of selected antenna complexes
5.5.1 Purple bacterial LH2 and LH1
5.5.2 Kinetics of energy transfer and trapping in purple bacteria
5.5.3 The LHCII complex from plants and algae
5.5.4 Phycobilisomes
5.5.5 Peridinin–chlorophyll protein
5.5.6 Chlorosome and FMO protein
5.6 Regulation of antennas
5.6.1 State transitions
5.6.2 Nonphotochemical quenching and the xanthophyll cycle
References
Chapter 6 Reaction centers and electron transport pathways in anoxygenic phototrophs
6.1 Basic principles of reaction center structure and function
6.2 Development of the reaction center concept
6.3 Purple bacterial reaction centers. 6.3.1 Structural features of purple bacterial membranes and reaction centers
6.3.2 Kinetics and pathways of electron transfer within purple bacterial reaction centers
6.4 Theoretical analysis of biological electron transfer reactions
6.5 Quinone reductions, the role of the Fe and pathways of proton uptake
6.6 Organization of electron transfer pathways
6.7 Completing the cycle – the cytochrome bc1 complex
6.7.1 The mechanism of electron and proton transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex
6.8 Membrane organization in purple bacteria
6.8.1 Other electron transport pathways in purple bacteria
6.9 Electron transport in other anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
References
Chapter 7 Reaction centers and electron transfer pathways in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms
7.1 Spatial distribution of electron transport components in thylakoids of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms
7.2 Noncyclic electron flow in oxygenic organisms
7.3 Photosystem II overall electron transfer pathway
7.4 Photosystem II forms a dimeric supercomplex in the thylakoid membrane
7.5 The oxygen‐evolving complex and the mechanism of water oxidation by Photosystem II
7.6 The structure and function of the cytochrome b6f complex
7.7 Plastocyanin donates electrons to Photosystem I
7.8 Photosystem I structure and electron transfer pathway
7.9 Ferredoxin and ferredoxin‐NADP reductase complete the noncyclic electron transport chain
7.9.1 Other roles of ferredoxin and cyclic electron transfer around Photosystem I
References
Chapter 8 Chemiosmotic coupling and ATP synthesis
8.1 Chemical aspects of ATP and the phosphoanhydride bonds
8.2 Historical perspective on ATP synthesis
8.3 Quantitative formulationof proton motive force
8.4 Nomenclature and cellular location of ATP synthase
8.5 Structure of ATP synthase
8.6 The mechanism of chemiosmotic coupling
References
Chapter 9 Carbon metabolism
9.1 The Calvin–Benson cycle is the primary photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway
9.1.1 The three phases of the Calvin–Benson cycle are carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
9.1.2 Rubisco is the carboxylation enzyme
9.1.3 Details of the other Calvin–Benson cycle reactions
9.1.4 The stoichiometry and efficiency of the Calvin–Benson cycle reactions
9.1.5 The Calvin–Benson cycle is regulated by disulfide reduction of key enzymes and ion movements
9.2 Photorespiration is a wasteful competitive process to carboxylation
9.3 The C4 carbon cycle minimizes photorespiration
9.4 Crassulacean acid metabolism avoids water loss in plants
9.5 Algae and cyanobacteria actively concentrate CO2
9.6 Sucrose and starch synthesis
9.7 Other carbon fixation pathways in anoxygenic phototrophs
References
Chapter 10 Genetics, assembly, and regulation of photosynthetic systems
10.1 Gene organization in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
10.2 Gene expression and regulation of purple photosynthetic bacteria
10.3 Gene organization in cyanobacteria
10.4 Chloroplast genomes
10.5 Pathways and mechanisms of protein import and targeting in chloroplasts
10.6 Gene regulation and the assembly of photosynthetic complexes in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
10.7 The regulation of oligomeric protein stoichiometry
10.8 Assembly, photodamage, and repair of Photosystem II
References
Chapter 11 The use of chlorophyll fluorescence to probe photosynthesis
11.1 The time course of chlorophyll fluorescence
11.2 The use of fluorescence to determine the quantum yield of Photosystem II
11.3 Fluorescence detection of nonphotochemical quenching
11.4 The physical basis of variable fluorescence
References
Chapter 12 Origin and evolution of photosynthesis. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Early history of the Earth
12.3 Origin and early evolution of life
12.4 Geological evidence for life and photosynthesis
12.5 The nature of the earliest photosynthetic systems
12.6 The origin and evolution of metabolic pathways with special reference to chlorophyll biosynthesis
12.7 Origin and evolution of photosynthetic pigments
12.8 Evolutionary relationships among reaction centers and other electron transport components
12.9 Do all photosynthetic reaction centers derive from a common ancestor?
12.10 The origin of linked photosystems and oxygen evolution
12.11 Origin of the oxygen‐evolving complex and the transition to oxygenic photosynthesis
12.12 Antenna systems have multiple evolutionary origins
12.13 Endosymbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts
12.14 Most types of algae are the result of secondary endosymbiosis
12.15 Following endosymbiosis, many genes were transferred to the nucleus, and proteins were reimported to the chloroplast
12.16 Evolution of carbon metabolism pathways
References
Chapter 13 Bioenergy applications and artificial photosynthesis. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Solar energy conversion
13.3 What is the efficiency of natural photosynthesis?
13.3.1 Different types of efficiency of photosynthesis
13.4 Calculation of the energy storage efficiency of oxygenic photosynthesis
13.5 Why is the efficiency of photosynthesis so low?
13.6 How might the efficiency of photosynthesis be improved?
13.7 Artificial photosynthesis
13.7.1 Artificial photosynthetic systems that mimic reaction centers
13.7.2 Artificial antenna systems
13.7.3 Artificial water‐splitting systems
13.7.4 Semiconductor‐based artificial photosynthetic systems
13.7.5 Multiple junction artificial photosynthetic systems
13.7.6 Concluding thoughts on artificial photosynthesis
References
Appendix 1 Light, energy, and kinetics
A.1 Light
A.2 Thermodynamics
A.2.1 Thermodynamic functions: work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy
A.2.2 The first law of thermodynamics
A.2.3 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
A.2.4 Gibbs free energy
A.2.5 Chemical potentials and equilibrium constants
A.3 Boltzmann distribution
A.4 Electrochemistry: reduction–oxidation reactions
A.4.1 Measurement of midpoint potentials
A.5 Chemical kinetics
A.5.1 First‐order kinetics
A.5.2 Parallel first‐order reactions
A.5.3 Sequential first‐order reactions
A.5.4 Temperature dependence of reaction rates
A.6 Quantum versus classical mechanics
A.7 Quantum mechanics – the basic ideas
A.7.1 Quantum mechanical formalism
A.7.2 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
A.8 Molecular energy levels and spectroscopy. A.8.1 Absorption and fluorescence
A.8.2 Molecular potential energy curves
A.8.3 Harmonic oscillator
A.8.4 Molecular electronic energy levels: singlets and triplets
A.8.5 Electronic transitions
A.8.6 Absorption intensity, oscillator strength, and transition dipole moments
A.8.7 Einstein coefficients
A.8.8 Fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime
A.9 Practical aspects of spectroscopy. A.9.1 Beer–Lambert law of absorption
A.9.2 Absorption measurements
A.9.3 Difference spectroscopy and flash photolysis
A.9.4 Fluorescence measurements
A.9.5 Fluorescence lifetime measurements
A.9.6 Fluorescence polarization and anisotropy
A.10 Photochemistry
A.10.1 Excited state redox potentials
References
Further reading
Further advanced reading
Index
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