Оглавление
Robert F. Pennell. Ancient Rome : from the earliest times down to 476 A. D
Ancient Rome : from the earliest times down to 476 A. D
Table of Contents
PREFACE
ANCIENT ROME
CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY
CHAPTER II. THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF ITALY
CHAPTER III. THE ROMANS AND THEIR EARLY GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER IV. THE EARLY GROWTH AND INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME
CHAPTER V. THE DYNASTY OF THE TARQUINS
CHAPTER VI. THE CONSULS AND TRIBUNES
CHAPTER VII. THE COMITIA TRIBUTA AND THE AGRARIAN LAWS
CHAPTER VIII. THE CONTEST OF THE PLEBEIANS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
CHAPTER IX. EXTERNAL HISTORY
CHAPTER X. WARS WITH PYRRHUS (281–272)
CHAPTER XI. DIVISIONS OF THE ROMAN TERRITORY.—NOTED MEN OF THE PERIOD
CHAPTER XII. FOREIGN CONQUEST
CHAPTER XIII. ROME AND CARTHAGE BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS
CHAPTER XIV. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR.—FROM THE PASSAGE OF THE PYRENEES TO THE BATTLE OF CANNAE. (218–216.)
CHAPTER XV. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR.-FROM CANNAE TO THE BATTLE OF ZAMA
CHAPTER XVI. ROME IN THE EAST
CHAPTER XVII. THE SYRIAN WAR
CHAPTER XVIII. CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA AND GREECE. (171–146.)
CHAPTER XIX. THE THIRD PUNIC WAR, AND FALL OF CARTHAGE
CHAPTER XX. ROME AND SPAIN.-THE NUMANTINE AND SERVILE WARS. (206–132.)
CHAPTER XXI. INTERNAL HISTORY.—THE GRACCHI
CHAPTER XXII. EXTERNAL HISTORY.—PERGAMUM.—JUGURTHINE WAR (118–104)
CHAPTER XXIII. THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES.—POLITICAL QUARRELS
CHAPTER XXIV. INTERNAL HISTORY.-THE SOCIAL WAR (90–88)
CHAPTER XXV. MARIUS AND SULLA.-CINNA
CHAPTER XXVI. SERTORIUS.—SPARTACUS.—LUCULLUS.—POMPEY AND CRASSUS
CHAPTER XXVII. CAESAR.—CICERO.—VERRES
CHAPTER XXVIII. TROUBLES AT ROME.—CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE
CHAPTER XXIX. THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
CHAPTER XXX. CAESAR'S CAMPAIGNS IN GAUL
CHAPTER XXXI. CLODIUS AND MILO.—DEATH OF CRASSUS
CHAPTER XXXII. CAESAR'S STRUGGLE WITH POMPEY.—BATTLE OF PHARSALIA
CHAPTER XXXIII. CAESAR'S OPERATIONS IN EGYPT, ASIA, AFRICA, AND SPAIN
CHAPTER XXXIV. MURDER OF CAESAR
CHAPTER XXXV. THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE.—PHILIPPI AND ACTIUM
CHAPTER XXXVI. AUGUSTUS (30 B.C.-14 A.D.)
CHAPTER XXXVII. THE AUGUSTAN AGE
CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE JULIAN AND CLAUDIAN EMPERORS
TIBERIUS (14–37 A.D.)
CHAPTER XXXIX. THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS
VESPASIAN (69–79)
CHAPTER XL. THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS
NERVA (96–98)
CHAPTER XLI. PERIOD OF MILITARY DESPOTISM.—DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE
COMMODUS (180–192)
CHAPTER XLII. INVASIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BARBARIANS
CHAPTER XLIII. ROMAN LITERATURE
PLAUTUS (254–184)
CHAPTER XLIV. ROMAN ROADS.—PROVINCES
CHAPTER XLV
CHAPTER XLVI. HOUSES, CUSTOMS, INSTITUTIONS, ETC
CHAPTER XLVII. PUBLIC BUILDINGS, SQUARES, ETC
CHAPTER XLVIII. COLONIES.—THE CALENDAR.—RELIGION
CHAPTER XLIX. THE ROMAN ARMY IN CAESAR'S TIME
CHAPTER L. LEGENDARY ROME
CHRONOLOGY
SPECIMEN EXAMINATION PAPERS
HARVARD COLLEGE
1887
YALE COLLEGE
EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
INDEX
Отрывок из книги
Robert F. Pennell
Published by Good Press, 2019
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The wars in which the Romans had been engaged, during the century preceding the establishment of the Republic, had impoverished the state and crippled its commerce. This was felt by all classes, but especially by the small landed plebeians whose fields had been devastated. They were obliged to mortgage their property to pay the taxes, and, when unable to meet the demands of their creditors, according to the laws they could be imprisoned, or even put to death.
The rich land-owners, on the other hand, increased their wealth by "farming" the public revenues; i.e. the state would let out to them, for a stipulated sum, the privilege of collecting all import and other duties. These, in turn (called in later times Publicans), would extort all they could from the tax-payers, thus enriching themselves unlawfully. So the hard times, the oppression of the tax-gatherer, and the unjust law about debt, made the condition of the poor unendurable.
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