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Robert Foley Andrew. How to Succeed in Medical Research
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
How to Succeed in Medical Research. A Practical Guide
Foreword
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 How to get involved in research. 1.1 Why do research?
1.2 What can I become involved in?
1.3 Different types of research. 1.3.1 Case report
1.3.2 Case series
1.3.3 Commentary
1.3.4 Interesting approach
1.3.5 Letter
Case Study 1.1 Letter to the editor [1]
1.3.6 Collaborative
Case Study 1.2 MIMIC collaborative study [3]
Case Study 1.3 Prostate cancer research collaborative
Case Study 1.4 Learning outcomes in surgery collaborative [4]
1.3.7 Case–control study and cohort study
1.3.8 Randomised controlled trial
1.3.9 Systematic review and meta‐analysis
1.4 Clinical vs laboratory
1.5 Getting ideas for research
Case Study 1.5 Identifying areas for research
References
Chapter 2 Conducting a study. 2.1 How to find a research project
2.1.1 Use your interests
2.1.2 Speak to your colleagues
2.1.3 Meeting your potential mentor
2.1.4 Research programmes
Case Study 2.1 University college dublin student summer research
2.1.5 Is this the right project for me?
2.2 How to approach a mentor
Case Study 2.2 The direct approach
Case Study 2.3 The indirect approach
2.3 Planning your study. 2.3.1 Defining a research question
Case Study 2.4 Acoustic neuroma study
Case Study 2.5 Prostate cancer biomarkers
2.3.2 Literature search and literature review
2.3.3 Study design
2.3.4 Analysis plan
Case Study 2.6 Analysis plan
2.3.5 Sample size
Case Study 2.7 Surgical learning activities
2.3.6 How to write a research proposal
2.3.7 Ethical approval
2.3.8 Other considerations. 2.3.8.1 Timelines
2.3.8.2 Motivation
2.3.8.3 Speak to the previous researcher
2.3.8.4 Grant applications
Case Study 2.8 Grant application
2.4 Data collection
2.4.1 Plan
2.4.2 Where is the data?
2.4.3 Practical aspects
2.4.4 Time
2.4.5 Storage and safety
Chapter 3 Literature review and critical appraisal
3.1 Literature review
3.2 Search terms
Case Study 3.1 Medical electives study
3.2.1 Tips for search terms
3.3 Where to search
3.4 How to search
3.5 Critical appraisal
3.5.1 Bias
3.5.1.1 Selection bias
3.5.1.2 Performance bias
3.5.1.3 Recall bias
3.5.1.4 Attrition bias
3.5.1.5 Reporting bias
3.5.1.6 Nonresponse bias
3.5.2 Confounding factors
3.5.3 Validity
3.5.3.1 Internal validity
3.5.3.2 External validity
3.5.4 Models of critical appraisal
3.5.5 Notes on critical appraisal
Case Study 3.2 Critical appraisal of a paper
Chapter 4 Ethics and the ethical application. 4.1 What is medical ethics and why is it important?
4.2 Main ethical considerations in medical research
4.2.1 Honesty
4.2.2 Objectivity
4.2.3 Carefulness
4.2.4 Openness
4.2.5 Respect for intellectual property
4.2.6 Confidentiality
4.2.7 Responsible mentoring
4.2.8 Respect for colleagues and personal conduct
4.2.9 Social responsibility
4.2.10 Competence
4.2.11 Legality
4.2.12 Animal care
4.2.13 Human subjects protection
4.2.14 Informed consent
4.3 Practical ethical applications
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
4.4 Dealing with conflicts in ethics
4.4.1 Identify and recognise the ethical conflict
4.4.2 Seek alternative courses of action
4.4.3 Seek help or advice
4.4.4 Decide on a definite course of action
4.5 Ethical applications
Chapter 5 Analysing your data
5.1 What I need to know and how to find it
Case Study 5.1 Learning statistics
5.2 Variables
5.2.1 Categorical variables
5.2.2 Continuous variables
5.2.3 Describing a continuous variable
5.2.4 Displaying your variables
5.2.5 Normal distribution
5.2.6 Paired or unpaired data
5.3 Analysis of categorical and continuous variables in two groups
5.3.1 The p‐value
Case Study 5.2 Analysing and displaying your data
5.4 Sensitivity and specificity
5.4.1 Sensitivity
5.4.2 Specificity
5.4.3 Interpretation
5.5 Positive predictive value and negative predictive value
5.6 Receiver operating characteristic curves
5.6.1 95% confidence intervals
Case Study 5.3 Comparing two variables with ROC curves
5.7 Logistic regression analysis
Case Study 5.4 Logistic regression
5.8 Other types of analysis
5.8.1 Comparing two continuous variables
5.8.2 Comparing three or more groups
5.8.3 Inter‐observer variability
5.8.4 Time to event data
5.9 How to present your results
Case Study 5.5 Radar chart
5.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Conferences and presentations: the next step in the research journey
6.1 Types of conferences
6.2 Prices and prizes
Case Study 6.1 Conferences
6.3 Abstract submission
6.4 Title
6.5 Introduction
6.6 Methods
6.7 Results
6.8 Conclusion
Case Study 6.2 Abstract 1. Title
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Case Study 6.3 Abstract 2. Title
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Case Study 6.4 Abstract 3
Title
Introduction
Case report
Conclusion
6.9 Poster presentation. 6.9.1 Poster design
6.9.2 Poster presentation sessions
6.10 Podium presentation
Chapter 7 Writing a paper
7.1 Title
Case Study 7.1 Title
7.2 Abstract
Case Study 7.2 Abstract
Objectives
Patients and methods
Results
Conclusion
7.3 Introduction
7.4 Methods
7.5 Results
7.6 Discussion
7.7 Conclusion
7.8 References
7.9 Sending to seniors for review
Reference
Chapter 8 How to get published. 8.1 Which journal?
8.1.1 The scope and readership of the journal
8.1.2 Indexing
8.1.3 Impact factor
8.1.4 Open access publication
Case Study 8.1 Selecting a journal for submission
8.2 Authorship
8.3 Getting your paper ready for the journal
8.4 Dealing with reviewer comments
Case Study 8.2 Response to reviewers
Reviewer 1: Comments to the author
Response to reviewer 1
Reviewer 2: Comments to the author
Response to reviewer 2
Reviewer 3: Comments to the author
Response to reviewer 3
8.5 Dealing with rejection
Case Study 8.3 Acoustic neuroma paper submission [4]
References
Chapter 9 Writing a case report
9.1 How to begin
9.1.1 Why this particular case?
9.1.2 Is it the most efficient use of my time?
9.1.3 Does it need to be written?
Case Study 9.1 Should I write this case report?
9.2 Preparing to write the case report. 9.2.1 Case notes
9.2.2 Patient consent
Case Study 9.2 Consent for case reports
9.2.3 Images
9.2.3.1 Clinical photographs
9.2.3.2 Radiological studies
9.2.3.3 Histology slides
9.2.4 Data protection
9.3 Writing the case report
9.3.1 Introduction
Case Study 9.3 Introduction
9.3.2 Case presentation
Case Study 9.4 The case presentation
9.3.3 Discussion
Case Study 9.5 Discussion
9.3.4 Conclusion
Case Study 9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Basic laboratory research. 10.1 Introduction to laboratory research and translational research
10.2 Basic research versus clinical research
10.3 Laboratory hierarchy
10.4 Day to day of working in the lab
10.4.1 Documentation
10.4.2 Lab meetings
10.4.3 Lab upkeep
10.4.4 Reading
Case Study 10.1 Troubleshooting experiments
10.5 How to choose your lab
Chapter 11 Expanding your horizons in research
11.1 Research elective
Case Study 11.1 Neurological research elective
11.2 Intercalated research degree
Case Study 11.2 Intercalated master of science
11.3 Postgraduate diplomas/certificates
Case Study 11.3 Graduate certificate in mathematics and statistics
11.4 Postgraduate degree
Case Study 11.4 Master’s in surgery
Case Study 11.5 Undertaking a PhD
Chapter 12 Teaching. 12.1 How to get involved in teaching
12.2 Teaching as an undergraduate student
Case Study 12.1 University teaching – the early years
Case Study 12.2 University teaching – the later years
12.3 Teaching as a postgraduate student
Case Study 12.3 Teaching as a postgraduate
12.4 Teaching at work
Case Study 12.4 Teaching in the workplace
Case Study 12.5 Informal teaching on the wards
12.5 Planning a lesson
12.5.1 The audience
12.5.2 The objectives
Case Study 12.6 Teaching in clinical practice
12.6 Getting the most out of your teaching
12.6.1 Feedback
12.6.2 Research
12.7 Running a teaching course
12.8 How to set up a novel teaching course
Case Study 12.7 Medical elective suitcase
12.9 How to run an established course
Chapter 13 Conducting an audit. 13.1 What is clinical audit?
13.1.1 Audit cycle
13.1.2 Benefits of audit
13.1.3 Levels of audit
13.2 Conducting an audit
13.2.1 Topic choice
13.2.1.1 What are you interested in?
13.2.1.2 What is not working for you and/or your patients?
13.2.1.3 Follow the money
13.2.1.4 Ask your seniors for suggestions
13.2.1.5 Take on an audit someone else has started
13.2.1.6 Contact the audit department
Case Study 13.1 Surgical drain usage
13.2.2 Audit criteria
Case Study 13.2 Outpatient clinic audit
13.2.3 Data collection
13.2.3.1 Amount of data/duration
13.2.3.2 Specificity of data
13.2.3.3 Retrospective versus prospective
13.2.4 Results comparison
13.2.5 Feedback and discussion
13.2.6 Change implementation
13.2.7 Closing the loop and maintaining change
Case Study 13.3 Medical management of miscarriage audit
Chapter 14 Portfolio/CV. 14.1 Keeping a portfolio
Case Study 14.1 Audit Section
Case Study 14.2 Academic Courses Section
14.2 Curriculum vitae (CV)
Case Study 14.3 Publications Within Your CV
Chapter 15 Maintaining a good balance
15.1 Stress and burnout
15.1.1 Take a timeout
15.1.2 Focus on the positives
15.1.3 Realise that you are not perfect
15.1.4 Mindfulness meditation and self‐compassion meditation
15.1.5 Breaks
15.1.6 Stress log
Case Study 15.1 Burnout in the workplace
15.2 Improving your mindset to promote resilience
15.2.1 Mindset
Case Study 15.2 A growth mindset
15.3 Other methods for resilience
15.3.1 Passion projects
Case Study 15.3 AfroEights
15.3.2 Health
15.3.3 Relationships
15.4 Practical tips
15.4.1 Organise
15.4.2 Be realistic
15.4.3 Seek help
15.4.4 Decompress
15.4.5 Socialise
References
Index
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