Оглавление
Robert Mearns Yerkes. The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior
The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior
Table of Contents
PREFACE
R. M. Y. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. LITERATURE ON THE DANCING MOUSE. CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTICS, ORIGIN, AND HISTORY
CHAPTER II. FEEDING, BREEDING, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG
CHAPTER III. BEHAVIOR: DANCE MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER IV. BEHAVIOR: EQUILIBRATION AND DIZZINESS
CHAPTER V. STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES AND BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER VI. THE SENSE OF HEARING
CHAPTER VII. THE SENSE OF SIGHT: BRIGHTNESS VISION
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX. THE SENSE OF SIGHT: COLOR VISION
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI. THE ROLE OF SIGHT IN THE DAILY LIFE OF THE DANCER
CHAPTER XII. EDUCABILITY: METHODS OF LEARNING
CHAPTER XIII. HABIT FORMATION: THE LABYRINTH HABIT
CHAPTER XIV. HABIT FORMATION: THE DISCRIMINATION METHOD
CHAPTER XV. THE EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING METHODS
CHAPTER XVI. THE DURATION OF HABITS: MEMORY AND RE-LEARNING
CHAPTER XVII. INDIVIDUAL, AGE, AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER XVIII. THE INHERITANCE OF FORMS OF BEHAVIOR
INDEX. ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE
LITERATURE ON THE DANCING MOUSE
CHAPTER I
CHARACTERISTICS, ORIGIN, AND HISTORY
CHAPTER II
FEEDING, BREEDING, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG
TABLE I
DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG. NUMBER JERKY REACT IN HAIR TEATS MOVE- EARS TO EYES PARENTS LITTER VISIBLE VISIBLE MENTS OPEN SOUND OPEN M F APPEAR
CHAPTER III
BEHAVIOR: DANCE MOVEMENTS
TABLE 2
NUMBER 9 A.M 11 A.m. 2 P.m. OF ANIMAL RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT
NUMBER 4 P.M 6 P.m. 8 P.m. OF ANIMAL RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT
TABLE 3
NUMBER OF WHIRLS TO THE RIGHT AND TO THE LEFT DURING FIVE-MINUTE INTERVALS AS DETERMINED BY COUNTS MADE AT SIX DIFFERENT HOURS, FOR EACH OF TEN FEMALE DANCERS. NUMBER 9 A.m. 11 A.m. 2 P.m. OF ANIMAL RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT
NUMBER 4 P.m. 6 P.m. 8 P.m. OF ANIMAL RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT
RIGHT LEFT MIXED WHIRLERS WHIRLERS WHIRLERS
TABLE 4
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WHIRLS TO THE RIGHT AND TO THE LEFT FOR THE SIX INTERVALS OF TABLES 2 AND 3, WITH A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ANIMALS AS RIGHT WHIRLERS, LEFT WHIRLERS, OR MIXED WHIRLERS. AVERAGE NO. AVERAGE NO. MALES AGE OF WHIRLS OF WHIRLS CHARACTERIZATION
FEMALES
CHAPTER IV
BEHAVIOR: EQUILIBRATION AND DIZZINESS
CHAPTER V
STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES AND BEHAVIOR
FUNCTION
STRUCTURE
CHAPTER VI
THE SENSE OF HEARING
TABLE 5
PERIOD OF AUDITORY REACTION IN YOUNG DANCERS
CHAPTER VII
THE SENSE OF SIGHT: BRIGHTNESS VISION
TABLE 6. BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION
TABLE 7
BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION
POSITION TEST OF CARDBOARDS RIGHT WRONG
TABLE 8. WHITE-BLACK PREFERENCE TESTS. MALES FIRST SERIES SECOND SERIES WHITE BLACK WHITE BLACK
FEMALES FIRST SERIES SECOND SERIES WHITE BLACK WHITE BLACK
TABLE 9 WHITE-BLACK TESTS
TABLE 10 WHITE-BLACK TESTS
TABLE 11
TABLE 12. POSITION OF WHITE CARDBOARDS FOR A SET OF 150 TESTS. SERIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHAPTER VIII
TABLE 13. GRAY DISCRIMINATION
GRAYS NOS. 10 GRAYS NOS. 20 AND 20 AND 15 SERIES DATE DATE NO. 10 NO. 2 NO. 10 NO. 15 (RIGHT) (WRONG) (RIGHT) (WRONG)
TABLE 14
DATE NUMBER STANDARD VARIABLE DIFFERENCE % OF ERRORS OF TESTS LIGHT LIGHT
CHAPTER IX
THE SENSE OF SIGHT: COLOR VISION
TABLE 15
ORANGE-BLUE TESTS, WITH FOOD-BOX. MOUSE A MOUSE B SERIES DATE 1904 RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (ORANGE) (BLUE) (ORANGE) (BLUE)
TOTALS 177 123 153 147
TABLE 16. YELLOW-RED TESTS
TABLE 17
LIGHT BLUE-ORANGE TESTS IN COLOR DISCRIMINATION BOX. SERIES DATE NO. 2 NO. 3 1906 RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (LIGHT (ORANGE) (LIGHT (ORANGE) BLUE) BLUE)
TABLE 18
LIGHT BLUE-ORANGE
TEST CONDITION RIGHT WRONG
CHAPTER X
TABLE 22
GREEN-BLUE TESTS
TABLE 23
GREEN-BLUE TESTS
TABLE 24
GREEN-RED TESTS
NO. 151 NO. 152 SERIES DATE CONDITIONS RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (GREEN) (RED) (GREEN) (RED)
TABLE 24—CONTINUED
SERIES DATE CONDITIONS RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (GREEN) (RED) (GREEN) (RED)
TABLE 25
GREEN-RED TESTS
TABLE 26
GREEN-RED TESTS
SERIES DATE BRIGHTNESS RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG VALUES (GREEN) (RED) (GREEN) (RED)
TABLE 26—CONTINUED. NO. 2 NO. 5. SERIES DATE BRIGHTNESS VALUES RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (GREEN) (RED) (GREEN) (RED)
TABLE 27 BLUE-GREEN TESTS. NO. 2 NO. 5. SERIES DATE BRIGHTNESS VALUES RIGHT WRONG RIGHT WRONG (BLUE) (GREEN) (BLUE) (GREEN)
TABLE 27—CONTINUED
TABLE 28 BLUE-RED TESTS
TABLE 29
CHAPTER XI
THE ROLE OF SIGHT IN THE DAILY LIFE OF THE DANCER
TABLE 30
VISUAL FORM TESTS
TABLE 31. THE ROLE OF SIGHT
NO. 7 NO. 998
TABLE 32
LABYRINTH-B EXPERIMENTS
TABLE 33. THE ROLE OF SIGHT, TOUCH, AND SMELL IN LABYRINTH EXPERIMENTS
TEST CONDITION ERRORS CONDITION ERRORS
TABLE 34. ROLE OF SIGHT, TOUCH, AND SMELL IN LABYRINTH EXPERIMENTS. II. IV. TRAINING TESTS SMOKED I. NO OF TESTS BEFORE III. PAPER ON MALES PRELIMINARY CORRECT LABYRINTH FLOOR TEST. _____________________ MOVED. NO OF TIMES ERRORS FIRST TIME FIVE TIMES ERRORS BEFORE COR- RECT TWICE
AVERAGES 11.2 5.7 14.5 .3 10.8. FEMALES
AVERAGES 9.2 5.5 12.5 .3 9.5. V. DARKNESS VI. MALES LABYRINTH VII. ERRORS IN NO. OF TESTS WASHED. DARKNESS. FIRST TEST BEFORE COR'CT ERRORS ERRORS
FEMALES
CHAPTER XII
EDUCABILITY: METHODS OF LEARNING
TABLE 35
LADDER CLIMBING TEST
CHAPTER XIII
HABIT FORMATION: THE LABYRINTH HABIT
TABLE 36
RESULTS OF LABYRINTH A TESTS WITH DANCERS
TABLE 37
RESULTS OF LABYRINTH A TESTS WITH COMMON MICE. GREY MOUSE WHITE MOUSE TEST T E T E
TABLE 38
RESULTS OF LABYRINTH-B EXPERIMENTS, WITH TWENTY DANCERS. MALES FEMALES. NO. OF NO. OF FIRST NO. OF LAST OF NO. OF NO. OF FIRST NO. OF LAST OF MOUSE CORRECT FIVE CORRECT MOUSE CORRECT FIVE CORRECT TEST TESTS TEST TESTS
AV. 7.0 19.3 AV. 6.2 15.6
TABLE 39
RESULTS OF LABYRINTH-C EXPERIMENTS, WITH TWENTY DANCERS. MALES FEMALES. NO. OF NO. OF FIRST NO. OF NO. OF FIRST MOUSE CORRECT TEST MOUSE CORRECT TEST
AV. 18.7 AV. 13.8
TABLE 40
RESULTS OF LABYRINTH-D EXPERIMENTS, WITH TWENTY DANCERS. MALES FEMALES. NO. OF NO. OF FIRST NO. OF LAST OF NO. OF NO. OF FIRST NO. OF LAST OF MOUSE CORRECT TWO CORRECT MOUSE CORRECT TWO CORRECT TEST TESTS TEST TESTS
CHAPTER XIV
HABIT FORMATION: THE DISCRIMINATION METHOD
TABLE 41
WHITE BLACK DISCRIMINATION TESTS. NUMBER OF ERRORS IN THE VARIOUS SERIES. MALES FEMALES. AVERAGES AVERAGES GENERAL AVERAGES AVERAGES GENERAL AVERAGES SERIES FOR 5, FOR 5, AVERAGES FOR 5, FOR 5, AVERAGES FOR ALL 10 TESTS 20 TESTS FOR 10 10 TESTS 20 TESTS FOR 10 (20) MALES PER DAY PER DAY PER DAY PER DAY AND FEMALES
CHAPTER XV
THE EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING METHODS
TABLE 42
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING. WHITE-BLACK TESTS AT THE RATE OF 2 OR 5 PER DAY. MALES FEMALES SETS 80 82 84 86 88 AV. 73 79 83 85 89 AV. OF 10. A 5 5 4 8 5 5.4 5 6 7 7 6 6.2 B 5 3 6 5 6 5.0 7 5 7 6 7 6.4
TABLE 43
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING. WHITE-BLACK TESTS AT THE RATE OF 10 PER DAY. MALES FEMALES SETS 210 220 230 410 420 AV. 215 225 235 415 425 AV. OF 10. A 6 5 6 6 6 5.8 8 4 4 8 5 5.8 B 6 8 8 5 1 5.6 8 7 6 6 2 5.8
TABLE 44
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING. WHITE-BLACK TESTS AT THE RATE OF 20 PER DAY. MALES FEMALES SETS 72 74 208 240 402 AV. 217 230 245 403 407 AV. OF 10. A 4 6 7 7 6 6.0 5 4 7 7 6 5.8 B 6 4 6 8 7 6.2 7 3 5 8 5 5.6
TABLE 45
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING. WHITE-BLACK TESTS AT THE RATE OF 100 OR MORE PER DAY
A 5 5 6 5.3 B 5 3 7 5.0
TABLE 46
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING
SETS OF 10 2 OR 5 TESTS 10 TESTS 20 TESTS 100 OR MORE PER DAY PER DAY PER DAY TESTS PER DAY. A 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.3 B 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.0
METHOD INDEX OF MODIFIABILITY (EFFICIENCY)
TABLE 47
EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING
CHAPTER XVI
THE DURATION OF HABITS: MEMORY AND RE-LEARNING
TABLE 48
MEASUREMENTS OF THE DURATION OF A HABIT
ERRORS NO. AGE NAME OF TEST REST FIRST FIRST SECOND INTERVAL CHOICE SERIES SERIES
TABLE 49
WHITE-BLACK TRAINING. TEN TESTS PER DAY
A 6 5 6 6 6 5.8 5 4 5 4 3 4.2 B 6 8 8 5 1 5.6 8 4 5 4 6 5.4
TABLE 50
WHITE-BLACK TRAINING. TEN TESTS PER DAY
INDICES OF MODIFIABILITY. LEARNING RE-LEARNING
TABLE 51
THE INFLUENCE OF ONE LABYRINTH HABIT UPON THE FORMATION OF ANOTHER LABYRINTH B LABYRINTH C LABYRINTH D NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF NO. FIRST COR- LAST OF FIRST COR- LAST OF FIRST COR- LAST OF RECT TEST FIVE COR- RECT TEST FIVE COR- RECT TEST FIVE COR- RECT TESTS RECT TESTS RECT TESTS
AV. 8.2 17.3 7.0 18.8 5.0 9.2. LABYRINTH C LABYRINTH B LABYRINTH D
AV. 19.7 26.5 5.0 18.2 5.7 8.3
CHAPTER XVII
INDIVIDUAL, AGE, AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR
TABLE 52
SERIES MALES FEMALES
NO. 76 NO. 78 AV. NO. 75 NO. 77 AV. GENERAL AV. A 7 7 7.0 4 8 6.0 6.50 B 8 6 7.0 6 5 5.5 6.25
CHAPTER XVIII
THE INHERITANCE OF FORMS OF BEHAVIOR
RIGHT WHIRLERS LEFT WHIRLERS MIXED WHIRLERS TOTAL
INDIVIDUALS OF THE 200 LINE
MALES FEMALES
INDIVIDUALS OF THE 400 LINE. MALES FEMALES
INDIVIDUALS OF THE 200 LINE
RIGHT WHIRLERS LEFT WHIRLERS MIXED WHIRLERS TOTAL
INDIVIDUALS OF THE 400 LINE
RIGHT WHIRLERS LEFT WHIRLERS MIXED WHIRLERS TOTAL
INDIVIDUALS OF MIXED DESCENT
THE INHERITANCE OF INDIVIDUALLY ACQUIRED FORMS OF BEHAVIOR
TABLE 53
THE INHERITANCE OF THE HABIT OF WHITE-BLACK DISCRIMINATION
MALES FEMALES. SERIES FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- GENERA- TION TION TION TION TION TION TION TION
A 6 5 6 7 8 4 4 7 B 6 8 8 8 8 7 6 5
INDEX
