An Account of Denmark
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Robert Molesworth. An Account of Denmark
CONTENTS
THE THOMAS HOLLIS LIBRARY
INTRODUCTION
Robert Molesworth and Gothic Liberty
The Life
The Ideas
The History and Reception of the Texts
EDITORIAL APPARATUS
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS. Editions, Translations, and Extracts, 1694–1789
English Editions
European Editions1
TEXTUAL POLICY
Italics
Spelling and Footnotes
LIST OF SOURCES
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AN. ACCOUNT. OF. Denmark. AS. It was in the Year 1692
THE CONTENTS
THE PREFACE
CHAPTER I. Of the Territories belonging to the King of Denmark, and their Situation
CHAPTER II. Of Denmark in particular, and the Island of Zealand
CHAPTER III. Of the Sound
CHAPTER IV. Of the other Islands, and Jutland
CHAPTER V. Of the Rest of the King of Denmark’s Countries
CHAPTER VI. Of Their Form of Government
CHAPTER VII. The Manner How the Kingdom of Denmark Became Hereditary and Absolute
CHAPTER VIII. The Condition, Customs, and Temper of the People
CHAPTER IX. Of the Revenue
CHAPTER X. Of the Army, Fleet, and Fortresses
Fortresses Belonging to the King of Denmark
CHAPTER XI. Of the Court
CHAPTER XII. The Disposition and Inclinations of the King of Denmark towards his Neighbours
CHAPTER XIII. The manner of dispossessing, and restoring the Duke of Holstein Gottorp
CHAPTER XIV. The Interests of Denmark in relation to other Princes
CHAPTER XV. Of the Laws, Courts of Justice, etc
CHAPTER XVI. The State of Religion, of the Clergy, and Learning, etc
The Conclusion
Franco-Gallia: OR, AN. ACCOUNT. OF THE. Ancient Free State. OF. FRANCE,
THE PREFACE TO THE READER1
The Bookseller to the Reader2
THE TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE3
INDEX OF THE CHAPTERS
A SHORT EXTRACT OF THE LIFE OF FRANCIS HOTOMAN, Taken out of Monsieur Bayle’ s Historical Dictionary and other Authors
Explication of the Roman Names mention’d by Hotoman
THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE
CHAPTER I. The State of Gaul, before it was reduced into a Province by the Romans
CHAPTER II. Probable Conjectures concerning the ancient Language of the Gauls
CHAPTER III. The State of Gaul, after it was reduced into the Form of a Province by the Romans
CHAPTER IV. Of the Original of the Franks; who having possessed themselves of Gallia, changed its Name into that of Francia, or Francogallia
CHAPTER V. Of the Name of the Franks, and their sundry Excursions; and what time they first began to establish a Kingdom in Gallia
CHAPTER VI. Whether the Kingdom of Francogallia was hereditary or elective; and the manner of making its Kings
CHAPTER VII. What Rule was observ’d concerning the Inheritance of the deceased King, when he left more Children than one
CHAPTER VIII. Of the Salick Law, and what Right Women had in the King’s their Father’s Inheritance
CHAPTER IX. Of the Right of Wearing a large Head of Hair peculiar to the Royal Family
CHAPTER X. The Form and Constitution of the Francogallican Government
CHAPTER XI. Of the Sacred Authority of the Publick Council; and what Affairs were wont to be transacted therein
CHAPTER XII. Of the Kingly Officers, commonly call’d Mayors of the Palace
CHAPTER XIII. Whether Pipin was created King by the Pope or by the Authority of the Francogallican Council
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Constable, and Peers of France
CHAPTER XV. Of the continued Authority and Power of the Sacred Council, during the Reign of the Carolingian Family
CHAPTER XVI. Of the Capetian Race, and the Manner of its obtaining the Kingdom of Francogallia
CHAPTER XVII. Of the uninterrupted Authority of the Publick Council during the Capetian Race
CHAPTER XVIII. Of the Remarkable Authority of the Council against Lewis the Eleventh
CHAPTER XIX. Of the Authority of the Assembly of the States concerning the most important Affairs of Religion97
CHAPTER XX. Whether Women are not as much debarred (by the Francogallican Law) from the Administration, as from the Inheritance of the Kingdom
CHAPTER XXI. Of the Juridical Parliaments in France
SOME. CONSIDERATIONS. FOR THE. Promoting of Agriculture, AND. EMPLOYING. THE. POOR
To The Gentlemen of the Honourable House of Commons of Ireland
Some Considerations for the Promoting of Agriculture, Etc
APPENDIX 1. Selected Sources Cited in Francogallia
LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
APPENDIX 2. Ordonnance pour les Rangs du Royaume de Danemarck
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
NOTES
Introduction
Editorial Apparatus
Bibliographical Descriptions
An Account of Denmark
The Preface
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XII
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
An Account of the Ancient Free State of France. The Preface To The Reader
The Translator’s Preface
A Short Extract Of The Life Of Francis Hotoman
The Author’s Preface
Chapter I
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XIV
Chapter XIX
Chapter XX
Chapter XXI
Some Considerations for the Promoting of Agriculture
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An Account
of Denmark
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Whig political thought in Molesworth’s time was a complex mixture of contract, resistance, and ancient constitution—in effect a blend of history and theory. A common assumption underpinning this complexity was that liberty had premodern origins: “I conceive the original of the subject’s libertie was by those our forefathers brought out of Germany.”48 For many, the Saxon origin of such Gothic liberty was “a matter of fact” for opponents of such historical assumptions like the Tory Brady, this was “meer Romance.”49 The source most commonly associated with this account was Tacitus’s Germania, which represented a primitive Gothic honor and simplicity against a vision of Roman urban luxury and moral torpor. As one commentator noted in 1689, “some have sent us to Tacitus and as far as Germany to learn our English Constitution.” The assumption promulgated by Molesworth was neatly summarized and shared even by court Whig John Oldmixon in 1724: “no nation has preserv’d their Gothic constitution better than the English.”50 Written in the 1690s and 1700s in the context of the Hanoverian succession, Molesworth’s defense of an anglia libera, prompted by a Tacitean reading of Frankish liberty, provided a British readership with a non-Roman and anti-Gallic source of constitutional legitimacy.51
The political context for Molesworth’s contributions was not simply domestic but European: internally the war against popery and arbitrary power in the guise of Tory Jacobitism was rendered more complex by the threat of Louis XIV’s foreign policy. The fragility of the Revolution settlement and, especially after 1700, the insecurity of the succession of the Hanoverian line meant that Molesworth’s polemic against Danish absolutism was a stalking horse for the indictment of latent tyranny at home and practical despotism abroad. The lamentation for the loss of Danish freedom was tuned to English, French, and Dutch ears. Great attention was paid to the preparation of the many French editions of the Account. The inclusion of maps and emblematic frontispieces representing Danish liberty is evidence of this concern to ensure an engaged readership. Later French editions also included useful indices drawing the attention of the reader to significant themes: for example, “Absolus. Les Princes n’ont pû acquerir legitiment le droit d’être absolus” “Governement Anglois, trop parfait pour recevoir aucun amendement” and “Prêtres, ont beaucoup contributé à render le gouvernement de la Russie et de la Muscovie tirannique” “Les païsans de la Zelande y sont aussi esclaves que les negres dans les Barbades.”52 It is clear that the Huguenot diaspora of the 1690s would have valued the anti-absolutist thrust of the Account; what is more significant is that twenty years after its initial publication (alongside the edition of Francogallia) French audiences found it a useful resource for engaging with the Ludovicean regime.53 Certainly in the decade of 1710 the reception of the two works connected with the nobilaire and parlementaire resistance in France especially associated with the so-called Burgundian circle coordinated by Boulainvilliers. The nature of the Gothic constitution described in Hotman’s work and the Account set some of the key terms of political debate.54 The Francogallian constitution with its emphasis on the role of an ancient and virtuous aristocracy was a useful polemical weapon against Louis XIV’s conception of monarchy.55
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