The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3
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Robert Vane Russell. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3
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Gadaria
1. General notice
2. Subdivisions
3. Marriage customs
4. Religion and funeral rites
5. Social customs
6. Goats and sheep
7. Blanket-weaving
8. Sanctity of wool
Gadba
1. Description and structure of the tribe
2. Marriage
3. Religious beliefs and festivals
4. Disposal of the dead
5. Occupation and mode of living
Gānda
1. Distribution and origin
2. Caste subdivisions
3. Marriage
4. Religion
5. Occupation and social status
Gandhmāli
Gārpagāri
1. Origin of the caste
2. Marriage
3. Religion
4. Occupation
5. Social status
Gauria
Ghasia
1. Description of the caste
2. Subcastes
3. Exogamous sections
4. Marriage
5. Religion and superstitions
6. Occupation
7. Social customs
8. Ghasias and Kāyasths
Ghosi
Golar
Gond
(a) Origin and History
1. Numbers and distribution
2. Gondwāna
3. Derivation of name and origin of the Gonds
4. History of the Gonds
5. Mythica traditions. Story of Lingo
6. Legend of the creation
7. Creation of the Gonds and their imprisonment by Mahādeo
8. The birth and history of Lingo
9. Death and resurrection of Lingo
10. He releases the Gonds shut up in the cave and constitutes the tribe
(b) Tribal Subdivisions
11. Subcastes
12. Exogamy
13. Totemism
14. Connection of totemism with the gods
(c) Marriage Customs
15. Prohibitions on intermarriage, and unions of relations
16. Irregular marriages
17. Marriage. Arrangement of matches
18. The marriage ceremony
19. Wedding expenditure
20. Special customs
21. Taking omens
22. Marriage by capture. Weeping and hiding
23. Serving for a wife
24. Widow remarriage
25. Divorce
26. Polygamy
(d) Birth and Pregnancy
27. Menstruation
28. Superstitions about pregnancy and childbirth
29. Procedure at a birth
30. Names
31. Superstitions about children
(e) Funeral Rites
32. Disposal of the dead
33. Funeral ceremony
34. Mourning and offerings to the dead
35. Memorial stones to the dead
36. House abandoned after a death
37. Bringing back the soul
38. The dead absorbed in Bura Deo
39. Belief in a future life
(f) Religion
40. Nature of the Gond religion. The gods
41. Tribal gods, and their place of residence
42. Household gods
43. Nāg Deo
44. Nārāyan Deo
45. Bura Deo
46. Charms and magic
47. Omens
48. Agricultural superstitions
49. Magical or religious observances in fishing and hunting
50. Witchcraft
51. Human sacrifice.76
52. Cannibalism
53. Festivals. The new crops
54. The Holi festival
55. The Meghnāth swinging rite
56. The Karma and other rites
(g) Appearance and Character, and Social Rules and Customs
57. Physical type
58. Character
59. Shyness and ignorance
60. Villages and houses
61. Clothes and ornaments
62. Ear-piercing
63. Hair
64. Bathing and washing clothes
65. Tattooing
66. Special system of tattooing
67. Branding
68. Food
69. Liquor
70. Admission of outsiders and sexual morality
71. Common sleeping-houses
72. Methods of greeting and observances between relatives
73. The caste panchāyat and social offences
74. Caste penalty feasts
75. Special purification ceremony
76. Dancing
77. Songs
78. Language
(h) Occupation
79. Cultivation
80. Patch cultivation
81. Hunting: traps for animals
Gond-Gowāri
Gondhali
Gopāl
Gosain
1. Names for the Gosains
2. The ten orders
3. Initiation
4. Dress
5. Methods of begging and greetings
6. The Dandis
7. The Rāwanvansis
8. Monasteries
9. The fighting Gosains
10. Burial
11. Sexual indulgence
12. Missionary work
13. The Gosain caste
Gowāri
1. Origin of the caste
2. Subcastes
3. Totemism and exogamy
4. Marriage customs
5. Funeral rites
6. Religion
7. Caste rules and the panchāyat
8. Social customs
Gūjar
1. Historical notice of the caste
2. The Gūjars and the Khazars
3. Predatory character of the Gūjars in northern India
4. Subdivisions
5. Marriage
6. Disposal of the dead
7. Religion
8. Character
Gurao
1. Origin of the caste
2. Internal structure
3. Marriage and ceremonies of adolescence
4. Birth customs
5. The sacred thread
6. Funeral customs
7. Social position
8. The Jain Guraos
Halba
1. Traditions of the caste
2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandāra
3. Internal structure: subcastes
4. Exogamous sections
5. Theory of the origin of the caste
6. Marriage
7. Importance of the sister’s son
8. The wedding ceremony
9. Going-away ceremony
10. Widow-marriage and divorce
11. Religion
12. Disposal of the dead
13. Propitiating the spirits of those who have died a violent death
14. Impurity of women
15. Childbirth
16. Names
17. Social status
18. Caste panchāyat
19. Dress
20. Tattooing
21. Occupation
Halwai
Hatkar
1. Derivation and historical notice
2. The Gauli Hatkar’s reverence for cattle
3. Funeral rites
4. Exogamous groups
Hijra
Holia
Injhwār
1. Origin of the caste
2. Subdivisions
3. Marriage and other customs
4. Occupation and social status
Jādam
Jādua
Jangam
Jāt
1. Theories of the origin of the caste
2. Sir D. Ibbetson’s description of the caste
3. Are the Jāts and Rājpūts distinct?
4. The position of the Jāt in the Punjab
5. Social status of the Jāts
6. Brāhmanical legend of origin
7. The Jāts in the Central Provinces
8. Marriage customs
9. Funeral rites
10. The Paida ceremony
11. Customs at birth
12. Religion
13. Social customs
14. Occupation
Jhādi Telenga
1. General notice
2. Exogamous divisions
3. Admission of outsiders
4. Marriage
5. Religion
6. Names
7. Magical devices
8. Occupation
Jogi
1. The Yoga philosophy
2. Abstraction of the senses or autohypnotism
3. Breathing through either nostril
4. Self-torture of the Jogis
5. Resort to them for oracles
6. Divisions of the order
7. Hair and clothes
8. Burial
9. Festivals
10. Caste subdivisions
11. Begging
12. Other occupations
13. Swindling practices
14. Proverbs about Jogis
Joshi
1. The village priest and astrologer
2. The apparent path of the sun. The ecliptic or zodiac
3. Inclination of the ecliptic to the equator
4. The orbits of the moon and planets
5. The signs of the zodiac
6. The Sankrānts
7. The nakshatras or constellations of the moon’s path
8. The revolution of the moon
9. The days of the week
10. The lunar year
11. Intercalary months
12. Superstitions about numbers
13. The Hindu months
14. The solar nakshatras
15. Lunar fortnights and days
16. Divisions of the day
17. The Joshi’s calculations
18. Personal names
19. Terminations of names
20. Women’s names
21. Special names and bad names
Julāha
Kachera
1. Origin of the caste
2. Exogamous groups
3. Social customs
4. Occupation
Kāchhi
1. General notice
2. Subdivisions
3. Marriage customs
4. Childbirth
5. Ear-piercing
6. Disposal of the dead
Kadera
1. Historical notice
2. Subdivisions
3. Social customs
4. Religion and occupation
Kahār
1. Origin and statistics
2. The doli or palanquin
3. Female bearers
4. Indoor servants
Kaikāri
1. Origin and traditions
2. Marriage
3. Religion
4. Social customs and position
5. Occupation
Kalanga
1. Origin
2. Subdivisions
3. Marriage
4. Social position
Kalār
1. Strength of the caste
2. Internal structure
3. Dandsena Kalārs in Chhattīsgarh
4. Social customs
5. Liquor held divine in Vedic times
6. Subsequent prohibition of alcohol
7. Spirits habitually drunk in ancient times
8. Drunkenness and divine inspiration
9. Sanctity of liquor among the Gonds and other castes
10. Drugs also considered divine
11. Opium and gānja
12. Tobacco
13. Customs in connection with drinking
Kamār299
1. Origin and traditions
2. Subdivisions and marriage
3. The sister’s son
4. Menstruation
5. Birth customs
6. Death and inheritance
7. Religious beliefs
8. Veneration of iron and liquor
9. Social customs and caste penalties
10. Tattooing
11. Hair
12. Occupation and manner of life
13. Their skill with bows and arrows
Kanjar
1. Derivation of the Kanjars from the Doms
2. The Kanjars and the Gipsies
3. The Thugs derived from the Kanjars
4. The Doms
5. The criminal Kanjars
6. The Kūnchband Kanjars
7. Marriage and religion
8. Social customs
9. Industrial arts
Kāpewār
Karan
Kasai
1. General notice of the caste
2. The cattle-slaughtering industry
3. Muhammadan rite of zibah or halāl
4. Animism
5. Animal-gods. The domestic animals
6. Other animals
7. Animals worshipped in India
8. The sacrificial meal
9. Primitive basis of kinship
10. The bond of food
11. The blood-feud
12. Taking food together and hospitality
13. The Roman sacra
14. The Hindu caste-feasts
15. Sacrifice of the camel
16. The joint sacrifice
17. Animal sacrifices in Greece
18. The Passover
19. Sanctity of domestic animals
20. Sacrificial slaughter for food
21. Animal fights
22. The sacrificial method of killing
23. Animal sacrifices in Indian ritual
Kasār
1. Distribution and origin of the caste
2. Internal structure
3. Social customs
4. Occupation
Kasbi
1. General notice
2. Girls dedicated to temples
3. Music and dancing
4. Education of courtesans
5. Caste customs
6. First pregnancy
7. Different classes of women
8. Dancing and singing
Katia
1. General notice
2. Subcastes and exogamous groups
3. Marriage customs
4. Funeral rites
5. Social rules
Kawar417
1. Tribal legend
2. Tribal subdivisions
3. Exogamous groups
4. Betrothal and marriage
5. Other customs connected with marriage
6. Childbirth
7. Disposal of the dead
8. Laying spirits
9. Religion
10. Magic and witchcraft
11. Dress
12. Occupation and social rules
Kāyasth
1. General notice and legend of origin
2. The origin of the caste
3. The rise of the Kāyasths under foreign rulers
4. The original profession of the Kāyasths
5. The caste an offshoot from Brāhmans
6. The success of the Kāyasths and their present position
7. Subcastes
8. Exogamy
9. Marriage customs
10. Marriage songs
11. Social rules
12. Birth customs
13. Religion
14. Social customs
15. Occupation
Kewat
1. General notice
2. Exogamous divisions and marriage
3. Social customs
Khairwār
1. Historical notice of the tribe
2. Its origin
3. Tribal subdivisions
4. Exogamous septs
5. Marriage
6. Disposal of the dead
7. Religion
8. Inheritance
9. The Khairwas of Damoh
Khandait
Khangār
1. Origin and traditions
2. Caste subdivisions
3. Marriage
4. Religion
5. Social status
6. Occupation
Kharia
1. General notice
2. Legend of origin
3. Subcastes
4. Exogamy and totemism
5. Marriage
6. Taboos as to food
7. Widow-marriage and divorce
8. Religion
9. Funeral rites
10. Bringing back the souls of the dead
11. Social customs
12. Caste rules and organisation
13. Occupation and character
14. Language
Khatīk
Khatri
1. Rājpūt origin
2. Sir George Campbell’s account of the Khatris
3. Higher and lower groups
4. Marriage and funeral customs
Khojāh
Khond508
1. Traditions of the tribe
2. Tribal divisions
3. Exogamous septs
4. Marriage
5. Customs at birth
6. Disposal of the dead
7. Occupation
8. A Khond combat
9. Social customs
10. Festivals
11. Religion
12. Human sacrifice
13. Last human sacrifices
14. Khond rising in 1882
15. Language
Kīr
1. Origin and Traditions
2. Marriage
3. Religion
4. Birth and death ceremonies
5. Food, dress and occupation
Kirār
1. Origin and traditions
2. Marriage
3. Religion
4. Social customs
5. Occupation
Kohli
1. General notice
2. Marriage and other customs
3. The Kohlis as tank-builders
4. Agricultural customs
5. General characteristics
Kol
1. General notice. Strength of the Kols in India
2. Names of the tribe
3. Origin of the Kolarian tribes
4. The Kolarians and Dravidians
5. Date of the Dravidian immigration
6. Strength of the Kols in the Central Provinces
7. Legend of origin
8. Tribal subdivisions
9. Totemism
10. Marriage customs
11. Divorce and widow-marriage
12. Religion
13. Witchcraft
14. Funeral rites
15. Inheritance
16. Physical appearance
17. Dances
18. Social rules and offences
19. The caste panchāyat
20. Names
21. Occupation
22. Language
Kolām
1. General notice of the tribe
2. Marriage
3. Disposal of the dead
4. Religion and superstitions
5. Social position
6. Miscellaneous customs
Kolhāti
1. Introductory notice
2. Internal structure
3. Marriage
4. Funeral rites
5. Other customs
6. Occupation
Koli
1. General notice of the caste
2. Subdivisions
3. Exogamous divisions
4. Widow-marriage or divorce
5. Religion
6. Disposal of the dead
7. Social rules
Kolta
1. Origin and traditions
2. Exogamous groups
3. Marriage
4. Religion
5. Occupation
Komti
Kori
1. Description of the caste
2. Marriages
3. Customs at birth and death
4. Religion
5. Occupation and social status
Korku
1. Distribution and origin
2. Tribal legends
3. Tribal subdivisions
4. Marriage Betrothal
5. The marriage ceremony
6. Religion
7. The Bhumka
8. Magical practices
9. Funeral rites
10. Appearance and social customs
11. Character
12. Inheritance
13. Occupation
14. Language
Korwa
1. General notice
2. Physical appearance
3. Subdivisions
4. Marriage customs
5. Funeral rites
6. Religion
7. Social customs
8. Dancing
9. Occupation
10. Dacoity
11. Folk-tales
Koshti
1. General notice
2. Subdivisions
3. Marriage
4. Funeral customs
5. Religion
6. Superstitions
7. Clothes, etc
8. Social rules and status
9. Occupation
Отрывок из книги
Gadaria, Gādri.1—The occupational shepherd caste of northern India. The name is derived from the Hindi gādar and the Sanskrit gandhāra, a sheep, the Sanskrit name being taken from the country of Gandhāra or Kandahār, from which sheep were first brought. The three main shepherd castes all have functional names, that of the Dhangars or Marātha shepherds being derived from dhan, small stock, while the Kuramwārs or Telugu shepherds take their name like the Gadarias from kuruba, a sheep. These three castes are of similar nature and status, and differ only in language and local customs. In 1911 the Gadarias numbered 41,000 persons. They are found in the northern Districts, and appear to have been amongst the earliest settlers in the Nerbudda valley, for they have given their name to several villages, as Gadariakheda and Gādarwāra.
The Gadarias are a very mixed caste. They themselves say that their first ancestor was created by Mahādeo to tend his rams, and that he married three women who were fascinated by the sight of him shearing the sheep. These belonged to the Brāhman, Dhīmar and Barai castes respectively, and became the ancestors of the Nikhar, Dhengar and Barmaiyan subcastes of Gadarias. The Nikhar subcaste are the highest, their name meaning pure. Dhengar is probably, in reality, a corruption of Dhangar, the name of the Marātha shepherd caste. They have other subdivisions of the common territorial type, as Jheria or jungly, applied to the Gadarias of Chhattīsgarh; Desha from desh, country, meaning those who came from northern India; Purvaiya or eastern, applied to immigrants from Oudh; and Mālvi or those belonging to Mālwa. Nikhar and Dhengar men take food together, but not the women; and if a marriage cannot be otherwise arranged these subcastes will sometimes give daughters to each other. A girl thus married is no longer permitted to take food at her father’s house, but she may eat with the women of her husband’s subcaste. Many of their exogamous groups are named after animals or plants, as Hiranwār, from hiran, a deer; Sapha from the cobra, Moria from the peacock, Nāhar from the tiger, Phulsungha, a flower, and so on. Others are the names of Rājpūt septs and of other castes, as Ahirwār (Ahīr) and Bamhania (Brāhman).
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Sarāti Dhurwa. (Sarāti, a whip.) The first ancestor whipped the priest of the gods.
Suibadiwa. (Sui, a porcupine.) The first ancestor’s wife had a porcupine which went and ate the crop of an old man’s field. He tried to catch it, but it went back to her. He asked the name of her sept, and not being able to find it out called it Suibadiwa.
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