The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 1
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Robert Vane Russell. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 1
Preface
Pronunciation
Part I. Introductory Essay on Caste
Introductory Essay on Caste
1. The Central Provinces
2. Constitution of the population
3. The word ‘Caste.’
4. The meaning of the term ‘Caste.’
5. The subcaste
6. Confusion of nomenclature
7. Tests of what a caste is
8. The four traditional castes
9. Occupational theory of caste
10. Racial Theory
11. Entry of the Aryans into India. The Aryas and Dasyus
12. The Sūdra
13. The Vaishya
14. Mistaken modern idea of the Vaishyas
15. Mixed unions of the four classes
16. Hypergamy
17. The mixed castes. The village menials
18. Social gradation of castes
19. Castes ranking above the cultivators
20. Castes from whom a Brāhman can take water. Higher agriculturists
21. Status of the cultivator
22. The clan and the village
23. The ownership of land
24. The cultivating status that of the Vaishya
25. Higher professional and artisan castes
26. Castes from whom a Brāhman cannot take water; the village menials
27. The village watchmen
28. The village priests. The gardening castes
29. Other village traders and menials
30. Household servants
31. Status of the village menials
32. Origin of their status
33. Other castes who rank with the village menials
34. The non-Aryan tribes
35. The Kolarians and Dravidians
36. Kolarian tribes
37. Dravidian tribes
38. Origin of the Kolarian tribes
39. Of the Dravidian tribes
40. Origin of the impure castes
41. Derivation of the impure castes from the indigenous tribes
42. Occupation the basis of the caste system
43. Other agents in the formation of castes
44. Caste occupations divinely ordained
45. Subcastes. local type
46. Occupational subcastes
47. Subcastes formed from social or religious differences, or from mixed descent
48. Exogamous groups
49. Totemistic clans
50. Terms of relationship
51. Clan kinship and totemism
52. Animate Creation
53. The distribution of life over the body
54. Qualities associated with animals
55. Primitive language
56. Concrete nature of primitive ideas
57. Words and names concrete
58. The soul or spirit
59. The tranmission of qualities
60. The faculty of counting. Confusion of the individual and the species
61. Similarity and identity
62. The recurrence of events
63. Controlling the future
64. The common life
65. The common life of the clan
66. Living and eating together
67. The origin of exogamy
68. Promiscuity and female descent
69. Exogamy with female descent
70. Marriage
71. Marriage by capture
72. Transfer of the bride to her husband’s clan
73. The exogamous clan with male descent and the village
74. The large exogamous clans of the Brāhmans and Rājpūts. The Sapindas, the gens and the γένος
75. Comparison of Hindu society with that of Greece and Rome. The gens
76. The clients
77. The plebeians
78. The binding social tie in the city-states
79. The Suovetaurilia
80. The sacrifice of the domestic animal
81. Sacrifices of the gens and phratry
82. The Hindu caste-feasts
83. Taking food at initiation
84. Penalty feasts
85. Sanctity of grain-food
86. The corn-sprit
87. The king
88. Other instances of the common meal as a sacrificial rite
89. Funeral feasts
90. The Hindu deities and the sacrificial meal
91. Development of the occupational caste from the tribe
92. Veneration of the caste implements
93. The caste panchāyat and its code of offences
94. The status of impurity
95. Caste and Hinduism
96. The Hindu reformers
97. Decline of the caste system
Articles on Religions and Sects. Arya Samāj
1. The founder of the sect, Dayānand Sāraswati
2. His methods and the scientific interpretation of the Vedas
3. Tenets of the Samāj
4. Modernising tendencies
5. Aims and educational institutions
6. Prospects of the sect
Brahmo Samāj
1. Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the sect
2. Much esteemed by the English
3. Foundation of the Brahmo Samāj
4. Debendra Nāth Tagore
5. Keshub Chandar Sen
6. The Civil Marriage Act
7. Keshub Chandar’s relapse into mysticism
8. Recent history of the Samāj
9. Character of the movement
Dhāmi, Prannāthi Sect
Jain Religion
1. Numbers and distribution
2. The Jain religion. Its connection with Buddhism
3. The Jain tenets. The Tirthakars
4. The transmigration of souls
5. Strict rules against taking life
6. Jain sects
7. Jain ascetics
8. Jain subcastes of Banias
9. Rules and customs of the laity
10. Connection with Hinduism
11. Temple and car festival
12. Images of the Tirthakārs
13. Religious observances
14. Tenderness for animal life
15. Social condition of the Jains
Kabīrpanthi
1. Life of Kabīr
2. Kabīr’s teachings
3. His sayings
4. The Kabīrpanthi Sect in the Central Provinces
5. The religious service
6. Initiation
7. Funeral rites
8. Idol worship
9. Statistics of the sect
Lingāyat Sect
Muhammadan Religion
1. Statistics and distribution
2. Occupations
3. Muhammadan castes
4. The four tribal divisions
5. Marriage
6. Polygamy, divorce and widow-remarriage
7. Devices for procuring children, and beliefs about them
8. Pregnancy rites
9. Childbirth and naming children
10. The Ukīka sacrifice
11. Shaving the hair and ear-piercing
12. Birthdays
13. Circumcision, and maturity of girls
14. Funeral rites
15. Muhammadan sects. Shiah and Sunni
16. Leading religious observances. Prayer
17. The fast of Ramazān
18. The pilgrimage to Mecca
19. Festivals. The Muharram
20. Id-ul-Fitr
21. Id-ul-Zoha
22. Mosques
23. The Friday service
24. Priests, Mulla and Maulvi
25. The Kāzi
26. General features of Islām
27. The Korān
28. The Traditions
29. The schools of law
30. Food
31. Dress
32. Social rules. Salutations
33. Customs
34. Position of women
35. Interest on money
36. Muhammadan education
Nānakpanthi
1. Account of the sect
2. Nānakpanthis in the Central Provinces
3. Udasis
4. Suthra Shāhis
Parmārthi Sect
Pārsi or Zoroastrian Religion
1. Introductory
2. The Zoroastrian religion
3. The Zend-Avesta
4. The Zend Avesta and the Vedas
5. Reasons for the schism between the Persian and Indian Aryans
6. The dual principles and the conflict between good and evil
7. The dual principle derived from the antagonism of light and darkness
8. The Zoroastrians in Persia
9. Their migration to India and settlement there
10. Their wealth and prosperity
11. Marriage customs
12. Religion. Worship of fire
13. The Homa liquor
14. Pārsi priests
15. The sacred shirt and cord
16. Disposal of the dead
17. Previous exposure of the dead, and migration of souls
18. Clothes, food and ceremonial observances
Saiva, Shaiva, Sivite Sect
Sākta, Shakta Sect
Satnāmi
1. Origin of the sect
2. Ghāsi Dās, founder of the Satnāmi sect
3. The message of Ghāsi Dās
4. Subsequent history of the Satnāmis
5. Social profligacy
6. Divisions of the Satnāmis
7. Customs of the Satnāmis
8. Character of the Satnāmi movement
Sikh Religion
1. Foundation of Sikhism—Bāba Nānak
2. The earlier Gurus
3. Guru Govind Singh
4. Sikh initiation and rules
5. Character of the Nānakpanthis and Sikh sects
6. The Akālis
7. The Sikh Council or Guru-Māta. Their communal meal
Smārta Sect
Swāmi-Nārāyan Sect
1. The founder
2. Tenets of the sect
3. Meeting with Bishop Heber
4. Meeting with Governor of Bombay
5. Conclusion
Vaishnava, Vishnuite Sect
1. Vishnu as representing the sun
2. His incarnations
3. Worship of Vishnu and Vaishnava doctrines
Vām-Mārgi, Bām-Mārgi, Vāma-Chari Sect
Wahhābi Sect
Part I. Glossary of Minor Castes and Other Articles, Synonyms, Subcastes, Titles and Names of Exogamous Septs or Clans
Glossary
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This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account dealing with the inhabitants of each of the principal Provinces of India. The work for the Central Provinces was entrusted to the author, and its preparation, undertaken in addition to ordinary official duties, has been spread over a number of years. The prescribed plan was that a separate account should be written of each of the principal tribes and castes, according to the method adopted in Sir Herbert Risley’s Tribes and Castes of Bengal. This was considered to be desirable as the book is intended primarily as a work of reference for the officers of Government, who may desire to know something of the customs of the people among whom their work lies. It has the disadvantage of involving a large amount of repetition of the same or very similar statements about different castes, and the result is likely therefore to be somewhat distasteful to the ordinary reader. On the other hand, there is no doubt that this method of treatment, if conscientiously followed out, will produce more exhaustive results than a general account. Similar works for some other Provinces have already appeared, as Mr. W. Crooke’s Castes and Tribes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Mr. Edgar Thurston’s Castes and Tribes of Southern India, and Mr. Ananta Krishna Iyer’s volumes on Cochin, while a Glossary for the Punjab by Mr. H.A. Rose has been partly published. The articles on Religions and Sects were not in the original scheme of the work, but have been subsequently added as being necessary to render it a complete ethnological account of the population. In several instances the adherents of the religion or sect are found only in very small numbers in the Province, and the articles have been compiled from standard works.
In the preparation of the book much use has necessarily been made of the standard ethnological accounts of other parts of India, especially Colonel Tod’s Annals and Antiquities of Rājasthān, Mr. J.D. Forbes’ Rasmāla or Annals of Gujarāt, Colonel Dalton’s Ethnology of Bengal, Dr. Buchanan’s Eastern India, Sir Denzil Ibbetson’s Punjab Census Report for 1881, Sir John Malcolm’s Memoir of Central India, Sir Edward Gait’s Bengal and India Census Reports and article on Caste in Dr. Hastings’ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Colonel (Sir William) Sleeman’s Report on the Badhaks and Rāmāseeāna or Vocabulary of the Thugs, Mr. Kennedy’s Criminal Classes of the Bombay Presidency, Major Gunthorpe’s Criminal Tribes of Bombay, Berār and the Central Provinces, the books of Mr. Crooke and Sir H. Risley already mentioned, and the mass of valuable ethnological material contained in the Bombay Gazetteer (Sir J. Campbell), especially the admirable volumes on Hindus of Gujarāt by Mr. Bhimbhai Kirpārām, and Pārsis and Muhammadans of Gujarāt by Khān Bahādur Fazlullah Lutfullah Faridi, and Mr. Kharsedji Nasarvānji Seervai, J.P., and Khān Bahādur Bāmanji Behrāmji Patel. Other Indian ethnological works from which I have made quotations are Dr. Wilson’s Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood). Bishop Westcott’s Kabīr and the Kabīrpanth (Baptist Mission Press, Cawnpore), Mr. Rajendra Lāl Mitra’s Indo-Aryans (Newman & Co., Calcutta), The Jainas by Dr. J.G. Bühler and Mr. J. Burgess, Dr. J.N. Bhattachārya’s Hindu Castes and Sects (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta), Professor Oman’s Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India, Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India, and Brāhmans, Theists and Muslims of India (T. Fisher Unwin), Mr. V.A. Smith’s Early History of India (Clarendon Press), the Rev. T.P. Hughes’ Dictionary of Islām (W.H. Allen & Co., and Heffer & Sons, Cambridge), Mr. L.D. Barnett’s Antiquities of India, M. André Chevrillon’s Romantic India, Mr. V. Ball’s Jungle Life in India, Mr. W. Crooke’s Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, and Things Indian, Captain Forsyth’s Highlands of Central India (Messrs. Chapman & Hall), Messrs. Yule and Burnell’s Hobson-Jobson (Mr. Crooke’s edition), Professor Hopkins’ Religions of India, the Rev. E.M. Gordon’s Indian Folk-Tales (Elliot & Stock), Messrs. Sewell and Dikshit’s Indian Calendar, Mr. Brennand’s Hindu Astronomy, and the late Rev. Father P. Dehon’s monograph on the Oraons in the Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
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• Barai—Betel-vine grower and seller.
Other village traders and artisans.
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