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Robert Weis. Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology
Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology
Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology
Brief Contents
Case Studies
Detailed Contents
An Invitation
Goals of This Book
Goal 1: Introduce the Principles of Developmental Psychopathology
Goal 2: Appreciate the Importance of Integrating Science and Practice
Goal 3: Focus on Evidence-Based and Ethical Treatment
Goal 4: Relevance to Your Life
Organization and Key Features. A Developmental Structure
Part I. Evidence-Based Research and Practice
Part II. Developmental Disorders and Disabilities
Part III. Disruptive Disorders and Substance Use Problems
Part IV. Emotion and Thought Disorders
Part V. Health-Related Disorders
A Biological, Psychological, and Social–Cultural Approach
Questions and Answers
New Features
Special Resources for Instructors
Additional Case Studies to Accompany the Text
As In-Class Activities
For Presentations
As Writing Assignments or Exam Questions
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Part I Evidence-Based Research and Practice
1 The Science and Practice of Abnormal Child Psychology
Learning Objectives
1.1 Identifying Behavior Problems in Children. What Do We Mean by “Abnormal?” Deviation, Disability, and Distress
A Harmful Dysfunction
How Does DSM-5 Define Abnormality? Definition
Limitations
How Do Psychologists Diagnose Mental Health Problems in Children?
Categorical Classification
Prototypical Classification
Dimensional Classification
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children? Possible Benefits
Potential Drawbacks
Research Domain Criteria
How Do Social–Cultural Factors Affect Our Understanding of Mental Health? Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Case Study: The Importance of Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. Between Two Worlds
1.2 The Prevalence Childhood Disorders. How Common Are Mental Disorders in Children? Prevalence and Incidence
Comorbidity and Costs
What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders? Age
Gender
From Science to Practice: Interpersonal Stress and Gender
Socioeconomic Status
Race and Ethnicity
Do Most Children With Mental Health Problems Receive Treatment? Access to Treatment
The Use of Medication
Barriers to Treatment
1.3 Integrating Science and Practice. What Is Evidence-Based Practice? The Importance of Science
What Professionals Help Children and Families? The Helping Professions
Students as Evidence-Based Helpers
Why Is Ethical Treatment Important? The APA Ethics Code
Competence
Case Study: Ethics with Children: Competence. Well-Intentioned Dr. Williams
Case Study: Ethics with Children: Consent. Resentful Rachel
Consent
Confidentiality
Case Study: Ethics with Children: Confidentiality. Risqué Renae
Case Study: Ethics with Children: Conflicts of Interest. Margaret’s Mournful Mother
Conflicts of Interest
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 The Causes of Childhood Disorders
Learning Objectives
2.1 Developmental Psychopathology
What Is Developmental Psychopathology? Development Over Time
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Behavior
What Affects the Course of Development? Developmental Pathways
Continuity vs. Change
Case Study: Developmental Pathways. A Pathway to Trouble
Equifinality and Multifinality
Why Do Some Children Have Better Outcomes Than Others? Risk and Protective Factors
Resilience
Case Study: Risk and Resilience. Divergent Developmental Paths
2.2 Biological Influences on Development. How Can Genes Affect Development? Genes and Chromosomes
Behavioral Genetics
Molecular Genetics
How Do Genetic and Environmental Factors Interact? The Diathesis–Stress Model
Gene–Environment Correlation
From Science to Practice: Understanding Gene–Environment Correlation
Epigenetics
How Does the Brain Change Across Development?
2.3 Psychological Influences on Development. How Is Learning Theory Important to Understanding Childhood Disorders?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning
How Is Cognitive Development Important to Understanding Childhood Disorders? Cognitive Development
Social Cognition
How Is Emotional Development Important to Understanding Childhood Disorders? Emotional Development
Emotion Regulation
2.4 Social–Cultural Influences on Development. How Do Parents Influence Development? Temperament and Goodness-of-Fit
Attachment
Parenting Behavior
How Do Peers Influence Development? Interpersonal Theory
Peer Acceptance and Rejection
How Do Other Social–Cultural Factors Influence Development? Proximal and Distal Risk
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 Research Methods With Children and Families
Learning Objectives
3.1 Science Vs. Pseudoscience
How Is Scientific Thinking Different From Pseudoscience? Science: A Way to Reduce Bias
Principle 1: Falsifiability
Case Study: Scientific Reasoning and Falsifiability. Helping Hands
Principle 2: Critical Thinking
Principle 3: Parsimony
Principle 4: Precision
Principle 5: Reproducibility
What Is the Scientific Method?
3.2 Research Goals and Methods
How Do Psychologists Describe Behavior? Case Studies
From Science to Practice: A Cure for Headaches
Surveys
Neuroimaging
How Do Psychologists Predict Behavior? Correlational Research
Correlations ≠ Causality
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Mediators and Moderators
How Do Psychologists Explain Behavior? Experiments
Types of Control Groups
How Do Psychologists Replicate Studies? Meta-Analysis
Examples of Meta-Analysis
What Are Quasi-Experimental Studies?
Pretest-Posttest Studies
Nonequivalent Groups
Single Subject Studies
3.3 Ethical Research with Children and Families. What Ethical Issues Are Important in Research With Children?
Case Study: Research Ethics. Ethical Issues
Weighing Benefits vs. Risks
Gaining Parental Consent and Child Assent
Respecting Confidentiality
Avoiding Deception
Debriefing
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Assessing and Treating Children’s Problems
Learning Objectives
4.1 Psychological Assessment. What Is Psychological Assessment? Definition and Purpose
Case Study: Psychological Assessment. Stubborn Sara
Principles of Assessment
What Is a Diagnostic Interview and Mental Status Exam? Diagnostic Interview
Cultural Formulation of Children’s Problems
From Science to Practice: The Cultural Formulation Interview
Mental Status Exam
How Do Psychologists Conduct Behavioral Observations? Observation Methods
Functional Analysis of Behavior
How Do Psychologists Assess Children’s Cognitive Functioning? Intelligence
Academic Achievement
How Do Psychologists Assess Children’s Personality and Social–Emotional Functioning? Personality Testing
Parent, Teacher, and Self-Report Rating Scales
Specific Symptom Inventories
What Makes a Good Psychological Test?
Standardization
Reliability
Validity
4.2 Systems of Psychotherapy
Case Study: Psychotherapy. Anna’s Secret
What Is Psychotherapy? Definition and Common Factors of Therapy
The Therapeutic Alliance
What Are the Major Systems of Psychotherapy?
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
From Science to Practice: Cognitive Therapy With Children
Interpersonal Therapy
Family Systems Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
What Is Culturally Adapted Treatment? Intersectionality
Examples of Cultural Adaptations
4.3 The Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child Psychotherapy. How Does Child Psychotherapy Differ From Adult Psychotherapy?
Does Child Psychotherapy Work? Overall Efficacy of Therapy
Which Therapy Works Best?
Efficacy vs. Effectiveness
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part II Developmental Disorders and Disabilities
5 Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disorders
Learning Objectives
5.1 Description and Epidemiology. What Is Intellectual Disability?
From Science to Practice: How Do Clinicians Measure Adaptive Functioning?
How Do We Describe the Severity of Children’s Intellectual Disability?
Mild Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores 55–70)
Moderate Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores 40–55)
Severe Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores 35–40)
Profound Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores <25)
Need for Support
What Is Global Developmental Delay? Description
Causes
Case Study: Global Developmental Delay. Silent Sam
What Challenging Behaviors Are Associated With Intellectual Disability?
Stereotypies
Self-Injurious Behaviors
Physical Aggression
Comorbid Disorders
How Common Is Intellectual Disability?
5.2 Causes. What Is the Difference Between Organic and Cultural–Familial Intellectual Disability? Zigler’s Classification System
Similar Sequence and Similar Structure Hypotheses
Behavioral Phenotypes
How Can Chromosomal Abnormalities Cause Intellectual Disability? Down Syndrome
Case Study: Intellectual Disability (Down Syndrome) The Girl Who Got Rid of the “R-Word”
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Case Study: Intellectual Disability (Prader-Willi Syndrome) Obsessed With Food
Angelman Syndrome
Williams Syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome
How Can X-Linked Disorders Cause Intellectual Disability?
Fragile X Syndrome (FMR-1 Disorder)
Rett Syndrome (MECP-2 Disorder)
How Can Metabolic Disorders Cause Intellectual Disability?
How Can Maternal Illness or Environmental Toxins Cause Intellectual Disability? Maternal Illness
Lead Exposure
Alcohol and Other Drugs
Case Study: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Tough Love
How Can Illnesses or Injuries Cause Intellectual Disability? Complications With Pregnancy and Delivery
Childhood Illness or Injury
What Causes Cultural–Familial Intellectual Disability?
5.3 Identification, Prevention, and Treatment. How Do Professionals Screen for Developmental Disabilities?
Can Early Education Programs Prevent Intellectual Disability? Programs for Infants and Toddlers
Head Start and Preschool Prevention
What Educational Services Are Available to School-Age Children? Mainstreaming and Academic Inclusion
Universal Design in the Classroom
How Can Clinicians Reduce Challenging Behavior?
Applied Behavior Analysis
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Medication
How Can Clinicians Help Caregivers?
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Learning Objectives
6.1 Description and Epidemiology
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder? History
Case Study: Autism Spectrum Disorder. A Parent’s Story
Deficits in Social Communication
Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors, Interests, or Activities
Specifying Symptoms
What Disorders Frequently Occur With Autism?
Intellectual Disability
Communication Disorders
Case Study: ASD with Intellectual Disability. Alex
Case Study: ASD Without Intellectual Disability. Benji
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
Medical Problems
What Is the Prevalence of Autism? Overall Prevalence
Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Ethnicity
6.2 Causes
Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Heritable? Genetics
Epigenetics
What Brain Differences Are Associated With Autism?
Synaptic Density and Neural Connections
The Limbic System
The Right Fusiform Gyrus
The Prefrontal Cortex
What Delays in Social Cognition Are Associated With Autism?
Lack of Joint Attention
Problems With Social Orientation
Delays in Symbolic Play
Deficits in Theory of Mind and Empathy
The Emergence of Autism Over Time
6.3 Identification, Prevention, and Treatment. How Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Identified and Diagnosed?
How Can We Use Applied Behavior Analysis to Treat Autism?
Applied Behavior Analysis
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
From Science to Practice: Functional Analysis of Problem Behaviors
Pivotal Response Treatment
TEACCH
How Can We Use the Developmental Social–Pragmatic Model to Treat Autism? The Developmental Social–Pragmatic Model
Reciprocal Imitation and Joint Attention Training
The Early Start Denver Model
How Can We Improve the Communication Skills of Children With Autism? Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Picture Exchange Communication System
Speech-Generating Devices
Is Medication Effective for Children With Autism?
What Interventions Have Limited Scientific Support?
From Science to Practice: How Has Autism Affected Your Life?
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 Communication and Learning Disorders
Learning Objectives
7.1 Communication Disorders
What Is Language Disorder? Description
Late Language Emergence
Case Study: Language Disorder (Late Language Emergence) Cody’s Problems With Language Acquisition
Specific Language Impairment
Case Study: Language Disorder (Specific Language Impairment) Bernadette’s Problems With Expression
Causes. Genes and Brain Structure
Problems With Auditory Perception
Deficits in Rapid Temporal Processing
Delays in Short-Term Memory
Impoverished Parent–Child Communication
Evidence-Based Treatments
Discrete Trial Training to Increase Language Production
Conversational Recast Training to Correct Language Errors
Milieu Training to Generalize Skills
From Science To Practice: Conversational Recast Training to Improve Language Skills
What Is Speech Sound Disorder? Description
Case Study: Speech Sound Disorder. Same Disorder, Different Problems
Causes
Evidence-Based Treatments
From Science To Practice: Speech Therapy for Speech Sound Disorder
What Is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder? Description
Case Study: Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder. Davis’s Stuttering
Causes
Genetics and Neurobiology
Learning and Emotion
Psycholinguistics
Evidence-Based Treatments. Treatment for Younger Children
Treatment for Older Children
What Is Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder? Description and Causes
Case Study: Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder. Willem’s One-Sided Conversation
Evidence-Based Treatments. Initiating and Maintaining Conversations
Conversational Repair and Narratives
Social Skills Training and Videotaped Modeling
7.2 Learning Disabilities and Specific Learning Disorder
What Is Specific Learning Disorder? Learning Disorder
Learning Disabilities
Case Study: Specific Learning Disorder. Waiting to Fail
How Are Learning Disabilities Identified in Children? Response to Intervention
Case Study: Response To Intervention. Rafe, Ricky, and RTI
Comprehensive Assessment
How Common Are Learning Disabilities? Prevalence
Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture
What Causes Reading Disabilities? Basic Reading Problems
Reading Fluency and Comprehension Problems
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Reading Disabilities? Basic Reading
Reading Fluency
Reading Comprehension
What Causes Writing Disabilities?
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Writing Disabilities?
What Causes Math Disabilities? Delays in Number Sense
Counting and Calculation Errors
Deficits in Math Reasoning
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Math Disabilities?
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part III Disruptive Disorders and Substance Use Problems
8 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Learning Objectives
8.1 Description And Epidemiology
What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Description
Presentations
Case Study: Adhd, Combined Presentation. The Energizer Bunny
Case Study: Adhd, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation. Well-Behaved Brandy
Symptoms Across Development
What Problems Are Associated With ADHD? Conduct and Substance Use Problems
Conduct Problems
Substance Use Problems
Academic Problems
Problems With Parents and Peers. Parent–Child Interactions
Peer Rejection and Peer Neglect
Sleep Problems
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
How Common Is ADHD? Prevalence
Gender
Course
8.2 Causes. Is ADHD Heritable? Behavioral Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Genes and Early Environment
What Brain Abnormalities Are Associated With ADHD? The Mesolimbic Neural Circuit (Heightened Reward Sensitivity)
The Frontal–Striatal Neural Circuit (Impaired Inhibition)
The Default Mode Network (Daydreaming and Mind-Wandering)
How Do Deficits in Executive Functioning Underlie ADHD? Barkley’s Neurodevelopmental Model
The Development of Executive Functions
8.3 Evidence-Based Treatment. What Medications Are Effective for ADHD? Psychostimulants
Nonstimulant Medication
Efficacy and Limitations
What Psychosocial Treatments Are Effective for ADHD? Clinical Behavior Therapy
Summer Treatment Programs
Behavioral Classroom Management
Which Is More Effective: Medication or Psychosocial Treatment? Multimodal Treatment
Best Practices
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents
Learning Objectives
9.1 Description And Epidemiology. What Childhood Conduct Problems Appear in DSM-5? Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Case Study: Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Davidson’s Escape
Conduct Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Case Study: Conduct Disorder. Making Mom Miserable
Case Study: Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Road Rage
How Can We Best Describe Children’s Conduct Problems?
Overt vs. Covert Problems
Reactive vs. Proactive Aggression
Childhood vs. Adolescent Onset
Limited Prosocial Emotions
Case Study: Limited Prosocial Emotions. Callous Cade
How Common Are Conduct Problems in Boys and Girls?
What Disorders Are Associated With Conduct Problems?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Substance Use Problems
Academic Difficulties
Anxiety and Depression
9.2 Causes. How Can Genetic and Neurological Factors Contribute to Conduct Problems? Genetic Risk
Difficult Temperament and Emotion-Regulation Problems
Physiological Underarousal and Punishment Insensitivity
How Can Parenting Behavior Contribute to Conduct Problems? Coercive Parent–Child Interactions
Hostile Parenting Behavior
Low Parental Monitoring
Parents’ Cognitions and Mental Health
How Can Children’s Cognitions Contribute to Conduct Problems? The Social Information Processing Model
Biases Shown by Aggressive Children
How Can Peers and Neighborhoods Contribute to Conduct Problems? Peer Rejection and Deviancy Training
Neighborhood Risk
What Are Three Developmental Pathways Toward Conduct Problems?
The Oppositional Defiant Disorder Only Pathway
The Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder Pathway
The Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder Pathway
9.3 Evidence-Based Treatment
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Available for Younger Children? Parent Management Training
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
Videotaped Modeling and the Incredible Years Program
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Available for Older Children and Adolescents? Problem-Solving Skills Training
From Science To Practice: Problem-Solving Skills Training
Aggression Replacement Training
How Can We Help Youth in the Juvenile Justice System or Foster Care? Multisystemic Therapy
Treatment Foster Care Oregon
Is Medication Helpful for Youths With Conduct Problems?
What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why?
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Substance Use Problems in Adolescents
Learning Objectives
10.1 Substance Use And Substance Use Disorders
What Are Substance Use Disorders? Types of Substances
Case Study: Alcohol Use Disorder. Erica’s Emerging Alcohol Problem
Substance Use Disorders
Impaired Control
Social Impairment
Risky Use
Pharmacological Criteria
Substance-Induced Disorders
How Are Substance Use Disorders Different in Adolescents Than in Adults? Differences in Symptom Presentation
Differences in Comorbid Problems
How Common Are Substance Use Problems Among Adolescents? Prevalence of Substance Use
Prevalence of Substance Use Problems
Gender, Ethnicity, and Substance Use
Course
10.2 Causes Of Substance Use Problems. What Is the Brain’s Reward Pathway?
How Does Alcohol Affect the Brain and Behavior? Psychological Effects
Physiological Effects
How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain and Behavior? Psychological Effects
Physiological Effects
How Does Nicotine Smoking and Vaping Affect the Brain and Behavior? Psychological Effects
Physiological Effects
What Developmental Pathways Lead to Substance Use Problems?
The Positive Reinforcement Pathway
The Negative Reinforcement Pathway
The Conduct Problems Pathway
10.3 Evidence-Based Treatment. How Can Clinicians Help Adolescents at Risk for Substance Use Problems? Universal Screening
Stages of Change
What Is Motivational Enhancement Therapy? Theory of Motivational Enhancement
Processes of Motivational Enhancement
From Science To Practice: Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Individualized Feedback
How Is Inpatient Treatment Used for Adolescents With Substance Use Problems? Referral to Treatment
Medication
12-Step Treatment
What Outpatient Treatments Are Effective for Adolescents With Substance Use Problems? Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Problems
From Science To Practice: Challenging Maladaptive Beliefs About Drinking
Functional Family Therapy for Substance Use Problems
Multidimensional Family Therapy for Substance Use Problems
Which Therapy Is Best?
What Is Relapse Prevention?
From Science To Practice: Relapse Prevention
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part IV Emotion And Thought Disorders
11 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Learning Objectives
11.1 Anxiety Disorders In Childhood And Adolescence. What Is the Difference Between Normal Anxiety and an Anxiety Disorder? Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Anxiety
Anxiety in the Context of Development
How Common Are Childhood Anxiety Disorders? Onset of Childhood Anxiety
Prevalence and Course
What Is Separation Anxiety Disorder? Description
Case Study: Separation Anxiety Disorder. Concerned About Mom
Causes
What Is Selective Mutism? Description
Case Study: Selective Mutism. Reticent Russell
Causes
What Is Specific Phobia? Description
Case Study: Specific Phobia. Mary and Man’s Best Friend
Causes
What Is Social Anxiety Disorder? Description
Case Study: Social Anxiety Disorder. Erin’s Social Anxiety
Causes
What Is Panic Disorder? Description
Case Study: Panic Disorder. Heart Attack at Age 16
Causes
What Is Agoraphobia? Description
Causes
Case Study: Agoraphobia (With Panic Disorder) Planning for an Emergency
What Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Description
Case Study: Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Tammie’s Sleepless Nights
Causes
11.2 Obsessive–Compulsive And Related Disorders. What Is Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder? Description
Causes
Case Study: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Doing Things “Just Right”
What Disorders Are Related to Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder?
Tic Disorders
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
11.3 Evidence-Based Treatment. How Can Behavior Therapy Be Used to Treat Phobias and Selective Mutism?
Contingency Management
Systematic Desensitization
Modeling
Efficacy of Behavioral Interventions
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat Panic Disorder?
From Science To Practice. Challenging Catastrophic Thoughts That Lead to Panic
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders? Treatment for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Treatment for Tics, Trichotillomania, and Excoriation
Is Medication Effective in Treating Childhood Anxiety Disorders?
Medication for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Medication for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Trauma-Related Disorders and Child Maltreatment
Learning Objectives
12.1 Social–Emotional Deprivation in Infancy
What Is Reactive Attachment Disorder? Description
History
Case Study: Reactive Attachment Disorder. Anaclitic Depression
What Causes Reactive Attachment Disorder? An Absence of Attachment
The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
What Is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder? Description
Case Study: Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder. Friendly Freddy
History
What Causes Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder? A Lack of Social Inhibition
Empirical Studies
What Treatments Are Effective for RAD and DSED? Treatment for Reactive Attachment Disorder
From Science To Practice: Voices From the Past
Treatment for Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
12.2 Child Maltreatment
What Is Child Maltreatment?
Physical Abuse
Case Study: Child Physical Abuse. Kayla’s Story
Sexual Abuse
Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse. Unhappy Family
Psychological Abuse
Case Study: Child Psychological Abuse. Words Can Hurt, Too
Neglect
Case Study: Child Neglect. Lost Boy
How Common Is Child Maltreatment? Overall Prevalence
Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, and Neglect
Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault
What Are the Effects of Child Maltreatment? Health Problems
Behavior Problems
Attachment Problems and Mood Disorders
Academic Problems
Sexual Development
How Can We Help Children Exposed to Maltreatment? Parent–Child Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Modified Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
Cognitive Restructuring for Survivors of Sexual Abuse
From Science To Practice: Challenging Maladaptive Beliefs About Abuse
12.3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Exposure to Trauma
Intrusion Symptoms
Avoidance Symptoms
Alteration of Cognition and Mood
Alteration of Arousal and Reactivity
Distress, Impairment, and Duration
Dissociative Symptoms
Case Study: PTSD in an Older Child. Survivor’s Guilt
How Do Very Young Children Show PTSD?
Case Study: PTSD in a Preschooler. Fleeing Syria
How Common Is PTSD in Children? Children’s Exposure to Trauma
Prevalence of PTSD
What Is the Course and Comorbidity of PTSD in Children? Course
Comorbidity
Adult Outcomes: The ACE Study
What Predicts the Emergence of PTSD?
Children’s Functioning Before the Trauma
Children’s Proximity to the Trauma
Severity of the Trauma
Children’s Cognitive Appraisals
Children’s Coping Strategies
What Theories Explain the Emergence of PTSD? Learning Theory
Emotional Processing Theory
Physiological Theory
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Effective for Children with PTSD? Trauma-Informed Care
Psychological First Aid
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
From Science To Practice. A Trauma Narrative
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 Depression, Suicide, and Self-Injury
Learning Objectives
13.1 Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. What Is DMDD? Description of DMDD
Case Study: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Mood Problems and Meltdowns
Prevalence and Course
How Is DMDD Different From Other Childhood Disorders?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
What Causes DMDD?
Increased Frustration
Attention Biases
Emotion Recognition Biases
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Available for Youths With DMDD? Medication
Comprehensive Family Therapy
Interpretation Bias Training
13.2 Major Depressive Disorder And Dysthymia. What Is Major Depressive Disorder?
Case Study: Major Depressive Disorder. Hannah Misunderstood
What Is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?
Case Study: Persistent Depressive Disorder. Bad Genes
What Is the Prevalence and Course of Depression in Childrens? Overall Prevalence
Depression in Girls
Depression in Ethnic Minority and Disadvantaged Youth
Course and Comorbidity
What Biological Factors Contribute to Childhood Depression? Genes and Neurotransmitters
Temperament
How Can Stressful Life Events Lead to Depression? Stressful Life Events
Gene–Environment Interactions
Stress and Coping
How Can Children’s Thoughts Contribute to Depression? Negative Attributions
Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression
How Can Children’s Relationships Contribute to Depression? Parental Depression
Peer Problems
Biased Social Information Processing
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Help Youths With Depression? Cognitive–Behavioral Theory
Psychoeducation
Goal Setting and Mood Monitoring
Behavioral Activation
From Science To Practice: Activity Scheduling to Reduce Depression
Social Information Processing Training
Cognitive Restructuring
From Science To Practice: Cognitive Restructuring To Reduce Depression
How Can Interpersonal Therapy Help Youths With Depression? Interpersonal Theory
The Interpersonal Inventory
Interpersonal Problem Areas
Communication Analysis
From Science To Practice: Communication Analysis to Improve Relationships
Is Treatment Effective for Youths With Depression? Efficacy of Psychotherapy
Efficacy of Medication
Safety of Antidepressants
Should Medication and Psychotherapy Be Combined to Treat Depression?
TADS
SOFTAD
TORDIA
13.3 Suicide And Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. How Common Is Suicide in Children and Adolescents? Definition and Overall Prevalence
Gender, Age, and Ethnicity
What Factors Predict Suicide in Children and Adolescents? History of Suicide or Self-Harm
Mental Health and Substance Use Problems
Psychosocial Stressors and Family Problems
Social Media Use
Bullying and Cyberbullying
Sexual Minority Identification
What Theories Help Explain Suicide in Children and Adolescents? Hopelessness Theory of Suicide
Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide
What Is Nonsuicidal Self-Injury?
What Theories Help Explain Nonsuicidal Self-Injury? Social Contagion
Learning Theory
How Do Clinicians Help Youths at Risk for Suicide and Self-Injury? Suicide Risk Assessment
Hospitalization and Safety Planning
Medication
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 Pediatric Bipolar Disorders and Schizophrenia
Learning Objectives
14.1 Bipolar Disorders In Children And Adolescents. What Are Bipolar Disorders?
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Case Study: Bipolar I Disorder. Energetic Emily
Cyclothymic Disorder
Distinguishing Among the Bipolar Disorders
What Problems Are Associated With Pediatric Bipolar Disorders? Psychotic Features
Mixed Features
Case Study: Bipolar I Disorder With Mixed Features. Mixed Mood Max
How Are Pediatric Bipolar Disorders Different From Other Childhood Disorders? Externalizing Behavior Problems
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
How Common Are Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents? Prevalence
Gender, Age, and Ethnicity
Course and Outcomes
What Causes Bipolar Disorders in Youths? Genetics
Brain Structure and Functioning
Emotion Regulation
Stressful Life Events
Family Functioning
Is Medication Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?
Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants
Atypical Antipsychotics
Is Psychotherapy Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?
Child- and Family-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Psychoeducational Psychotherapy
From Science To Practice: Naming the Enemy
Family-Focused Treatment for Adolescents
From Science To Practice: Problem-Solving Training for Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
14.2 Pediatric Schizophrenia. What Is Schizophrenia? Core Features
Positive and Negative Symptoms
Case Study: Schizophrenia (Adolescent-Onset) Mina’s Macabre Visions
How Common Is Schizophrenia Among Children and Adolescents? Prevalence
Course
Case Study: Schizophrenia (Childhood-Onset) Caroline’s Conversations
The Premorbid Stage: Problems in Early Life
The Prodromal Stage: Noticeable Changes
The Acute Stage: Positive Symptoms and Impairment
The Residual Stage: Chronic Problems
Outcome
What Causes Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents? Genetics
Brain Development
Neural Pathways
Environmental Risks
The Neurodevelopmental Model
Can Schizophrenia Be Predicted and Prevented? Predicting Schizophrenia: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
Early Intervention Programs
Is Medication Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia? Conventional Antipsychotics
Atypical Antipsychotics
Is Psychotherapy Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia?
Efficacy
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part V Health-Related Disorders
15 Feeding and Eating Disorders
Learning Objectives
15.1 Feeding Disorders in Young Children
What Are Pica and Rumination Disorder?
What Is Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder?
Infantile Anorexia
Sensory Food Aversion
Posttraumatic Feeding
Prevalence
What Treatments Are Effective for Feeding Disorders? Treatment for Pica and Rumination Disorder
Treatment for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Appetite Manipulation
Contingency Management
Parent Training and Support
Effectiveness
15.2 Eating Disorders in Older Children And Adolescents. What Eating Disorders Can Affect Children and Adolescents? Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Case Study
Perfectly Normal
Binge Eating Disorder
Differentiating the Eating Disorders. Anorexia vs. Bulimia
Case Study
Ants!
Binge Eating Disorder vs. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
What Conditions Are Associated With Eating Disorders? Physical Health Problems. Anorexia/Bulimia
Binge Eating Disorder
Mental Health Problems
Depression and Suicide
Anxiety Disorders
Substance Use Disorders
Personality
Family Problems
How Common Are Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents? Prevalence
Gender Differences
Culture, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status. Cross-Cultural Differences
Case Study
Eye of the Beholder
In the United States
Course of Anorexia and Bulimia
Course of Binge Eating Disorder
What Causes Child/Adolescent Eating Disorders? Genetic Risk
Serotonin and Cholecystokinin
Sexual Development and Sexual Maltreatment. Pubertal Timing
Child Sexual Abuse
Cognitive–Behavioral Theory
Social–Cultural Theories. Dual Pathway Model
Tripartite Influence Model
Theories for Child/Adolescent Binge Eating Disorder
15.3 Evidence-Based Treatment for Eating Disorders. What Treatments Are Effective for Youths With Anorexia Nervosa? Inpatient Treatment
Group Therapy
Structural Family Therapy
The Maudsley Hospital Approach
What Treatments Are Effective for Youths With Bulimia Nervosa? Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
From Science to Practice
From Science to Practice
From Science to Practice
Interpersonal Therapy
Medication
What Treatments Are Effective for Youths With Binge Eating Disorder? Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
From Science to Practice
Interpersonal Therapy
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself and Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
16 Health-Related Disorders and Pediatric Psychology
Learning Objectives
16.1 Elimination Disorders. What Is Enuresis? Description
Epidemiology
Case Study
No Sleepovers
Associated Problems
What Causes Enuresis? Causes of Nocturnal Enuresis
Causes of Daytime Enuresis
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Enuresis? Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis
Behavioral Treatment
Medication
Treatment of Daytime Enuresis
What Is Encopresis? Description
Epidemiology and Associated Problems
What Causes Encopresis?
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Encopresis?
From Science to Practice
16.2 Sleep–Wake Disorders in Children. What Are Sleep–Wake Disorders?
What Is Pediatric Insomnia? Description
Epidemiology
What Causes Insomnia in Children?
Difficulty Falling Asleep Alone
Night Waking
Bedtime Resistance or Struggles
Anxiety or Impulsivity
What Treatments Are Effective for Youths With Insomnia? Behavior Therapy for Infants and Young Children
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Older Children and Adolescents
Medication
From Science to Practice
What Other Sleep–Wake Disorders Can Affect Children? Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorder
Sleep Arousal Disorders
Nightmare Disorder
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea
16.3 Pediatric Psychology. What Is Pediatric Psychology?
What Is Inpatient Consultation-Liaison?
How Do Pediatric Psychologists Help Youths With Health Problems?
Asthma
Cancer
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Gastrointestinal Problems
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sickle Cell Disease
What Psychological Treatments Are Often Used in Medical Settings? Behavior Therapy for Children Undergoing Medical Procedures
Cognitive Therapy to Help Youths Adhere to Treatment
From Science to Practice
Family Therapy to Foster Coping and Resiliency. Structural Family Therapy
Behavior and Multisystemic Family Therapies
Group and Peer-Assisted Therapy to Enhance Social Support
From Science to Practice
Effectiveness of Pediatric Interventions
Key Terms
Critical Thinking Exercises
Test Yourself And Extend Your Learning
Descriptions of Images and Figures
References and Suggested Reading
Index
