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CHAPTER 1: STATISTICS AS A LANGUAGE
Summarizing
Describing
Generalizing
Experimenting
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
[Table adapted from Elmore et al. (1997)]
Ratio Scale
Exercise
Using This Book
Example
CHAPTER 2: CENTRAL TENDENCIES
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data
[The Frequency Table for Grouped Measurements was developed by Maurice H. Field (1996, 18)]
Ungroup Data
Odd Number of Scores with No Duplication in the Region of the Median
Odd Number of Scores with Duplication in the Region of the Median
Even Number of Values with No Duplication in the Region of the Median
Grouped Data
CHAPTER 3: DISTRIBUTION
Central Limit Theorem
Mean and Standard Deviation
Statistical Selection
Base Line
Addition Rule
Multiplication Rule
Practical Use of the Normal Curve
CHAPTER 4: MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Calculation of a Percentile Rank
Computing Standard Deviation
MINITAB Example
CHAPTER 5 : GRAPHICS
Frequency Table
Contingency Table
Stem and Leaf Plot
Scatterplot
Bar Graph
Histogram
Pie Chart
Frequency Polygon
Tables
Charts
MINITAB
CHAPTER 6: INDEPENDENT GROUP t-TEST. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
Minitab Procedure
Exercise
CHAPTER 7: ONE-WAY ANOVA. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference Test
General Example
Minitab Procedure
Exercises
CHAPTER 8: PAIRED t-TEST
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
Minitab Example
Exercises
CHAPTER 9: PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION. Basic Concept
Requirements
Correlation Coefficient
t-Test
Procedure
General Example
Scatter Plot
Altered Example
MINITAB Procedure
Exercises
CHAPTER 10: MANN-WHITNEY U TEST. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
Minitab Example
Exercises
CHAPTER 11: KRUSKAL-WALLIS. Basic Concepts
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
Minitab Example
Exercises
CHAPTER 12: WILCOXON SIGNED-RANKS TEST. Basic Concept
Procedure
General Example
MINITAB Example
Exercises
CHAPTER 13: SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION. Basic Concept
Procedure
General Example
MINITAB Example
Exercises
CHAPTER 14: FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TEST. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
MINITAB Example
Exercise
CHAPTER 15: CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS OF FIT. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
MINITAB Example
Exercise
CHAPTER 16: CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE. Basic Concept
Requirements
Procedure
General Example
MINITAB Example
Exercise
APPENDIX1: t DISTRIBUTION
APPENDIX 2: F DISTRIBUTION
APPENDIX 3: TUKEY HONESTLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE TABLE
APPENDIX 4: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TABLE—Z PROCEDURES
APPENDIX 5: CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
APPENDIX 6: MANN-WHITNEY U-TEST
APPENDIX 7: WILCOXON MATCHED-PAIRS
APPENDIX 8: SPEARMAN rs
APPENDIX 9: DISTRIBUTION USED TO DETERMINE CRITICAL VALUE
APPENDIX 10: SAMPLE SIZE DATA
APPENDIX 11: RANDOM NUMBERS TABLE
APPENDIX 12: NETLIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR STATISTICS
APPENDIX 13: WORKS CITED
Vita: Robert D. Andrews, EdD
Robert D. Andrews, Dean of Graduate and Professional Studies at Bryan College, has taught statistics at the doctoral level for nearly a decade. He has also taught Hermeneutics and Research, an introductory course to the hermeneutics of research reporting and design. Dr. Andrews’ educational background includes a BA in history, an MDiv from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, an MA in Educational Psychology from Tennessee Technological University, and an EdD in Educational Leadership from The University of Tennessee (Knoxville).
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In the behavioral sciences, research is conducted to determine the acceptability of hypotheses derived from theories of behavior. The researcher develops a hypothesis from a theory and collects empirical data to determine the acceptability of the hypothesis. The empirical data may lead to retaining, revising or rejecting the hypothesis and/or the theory from which the hypothesis was developed. (Siegel 1956)
Definition: A research hypothesis is a statement of theory, previous research results, or other information that leads to an anticipated outcome.
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