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Rosemary Parslow. The Isles of Scilly
The Isles of Scilly. Rosemary Parslow
Editors
Table of Contents
Map
Editors’ Preface
Author’s Foreword and Acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction
CLIMATE
THE SCILLONIANS
Population
The Duchy of Cornwall
The Council of the Isles of Scilly
TRAVELLING TO THE ISLES OF SCILLY
Tourism
THE UNIQUENESS OF THE SCILLONIAN FAUNA AND FLORA
Lusitanian and Mediterranean influences
NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS
STUDYING THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE ISLES OF SCILLY
CHAPTER 2 Geology and Early History
GEOLOGY
Surface geology
Raised beaches
Glaciation
EARLY HISTORY – THE SUBMERGENCE
THE EARLY LANDSCAPE
EARLY MAMMALS AND OTHER FAUNA
THE EARLY HABITATS
Pollen analysis
EARLY AGRICULTURE
Arable cultivation
LIMPET MIDDENS
CHAPTER 3 Later History – People and Their Influence on the Islands
MEDIEVAL SCILLY
ELIZABETHAN SCILLY
THE CIVIL WAR IN SCILLY
NAPOLEONIC WARS
WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II
THE KELP INDUSTRY
PIRACY AND SMUGGLING
WRECKS
FARMING
THE EVACUATION OF SAMSON
CHAPTER 4 Naturalists and Natural History
CHAPTER 5 St Mary’s
THE BUILT-UP AREA
INLAND ST MARY’S
CLIFFS AND COASTS
QUARRIES
PORTHS AND BAYS
WETLANDS
CHAPTER 6 The Off-Islands
BRYHER
TRESCO
ST MARTIN’S
ST AGNES AND GUGH
St Agnes
Gugh
CHAPTER 7 The Uninhabited Islands
SAMSON, WITH PUFFIN, WHITE, GREEN AND STONY ISLANDS
Puffin Island
White Island
Green Island and Stony Island
ANNET
MELLEDGAN AND THE WESTERN ROCKS
THE NORTHERN OR NORRARD ROCKS
ST HELEN’S
ROUND ISLAND
NORTHWETHEL
MEN-A-VAUR
TEÄN
THE EASTERN ISLES
ISLANDS OFF ST MARY’S
WHITE ISLAND (OFF ST MARTIN’S)
GWEAL
CHAPTER 8 The Sea and the Marine Environment
MARINE BIOLOGY
SCILLIONIAN SHORES
ZONATION OF THE SHORE
ROCKY SHORES
Extremely exposed shores
Very exposed shores
Exposed shores
Semi-exposed shores
Fairly sheltered shores
Sheltered shores
Very sheltered shores
THE SPECIES OF ROCKY SHORES
Lichens
Seaweeds
Shore fish
Sponges
Jellyfish, hydroids and allies
Sea anemones and corals
Polychaetes
Crustacea
Sea spiders
Molluscs
Coat-of-mail shells
Bivalves
Nudibranchs and relatives
Bryozoans (formerly polyzoans)
Echinoderms
Sea squirts
SANDY SHORES
Echinoderms
Molluscs
Anemones
Ribbon worms
Bristleworms
Zostera beds
SUBLITTORAL LIFE
BETWEEN THE ISLANDS
STRANDINGS
PHOSPHORESCENCE
POLLUTION
CHAPTER 9 The Coast
ROCKY SHORES
Boulder beaches
Shingle
Lichens and bryophytes
Cliff vegetation
SANDY SHORES
Dunes
SHORE DOCK, AN EXAMPLE OF A PLANT ON THE BRINK
The colonies by island
The future for shore dock in Scilly
CHAPTER 10 Grassland and Heathland
GRASSLANDS
Wet grassland and rush pasture
Coastal grassland
HEATHLANDS
Distribution of heathland
Waved heath
Important heathland plants
Lichens and bryophytes
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Management of heathland: ‘Waves of Heath’
CHAPTER 11 Woodland and Wetland
WOODLAND
Shelterbelts
WETLAND
Peatlands
Freshwater and brackish pools
Reedbeds and mires
CHAPTER 12 Cultivated Habitats – Bulb Fields and Arable Plants
EARLY ARABLE WEEDS
THE ORIGINS OF THE WEED FLORA OF ARABLE FIELDS
THE START OF THE FLOWER INDUSTRY
ARABLE PLANTS OF THE BULB FIELDS
Cultivation of bulb fields
Other arable fields
HEDGES AND WINDBREAKS
OTHER FLOWER CROPS
BULB FIELDS AND HERBICIDES
ON ARABLE PLANTS
THE STATUS OF ARABLE PLANTS
SPECIES ACCOUNTS
Rough-fruited or Scilly buttercup Ranunculus muricatus
Small-flowered buttercup Ranunculus parviflorus
Hairy buttercup Ranunculus sardous
St Martin’s buttercup Ranunculus marginatus var. trachycarpus
Common poppy Papaver rhoeas
Long-headed poppy Papaver dubium
White ramping-fumitory Fumaria capreolata
Western ramping-fumitory Fumaria occidentalis
Tall ramping-fumitory Fumaria bastardii
Common ramping-fumitory Fumaria muralis boraei
Purple ramping-fumitory Fumaria purpurea
Common fumitory Fumaria officinalis
Small nettle Urtica urens
Fat-hen Chenopodium album
Springbeauty Claytonia perfoliata
Four-leaved allseed Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Corn spurrey Spergula arvensis
Sand spurrey Spergularia rubra
Small-flowered catchfly Silene gallica
Black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus
Smaller tree-mallow Lavatera cretica
Wild pansy Viola arvensis
Thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana
Field penny-cress Thlaspi arvense
Charlock Sinapsis arvensis
Wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum raphanistrum
Hairy bird’s-foot-trefoil Lotus subbiflorus
Bithynian vetch Vicia bithynica
Toothed medick Medicago polymorpha
Spotted medick Medicago arabica
Knotted clover Trifolium striatum
Bermuda-buttercup Oxalis pes-caprae
Musk stork’s-bill Erodium moschatum
Bur chervil Anthriscus caucalis
Shepherd’s-needle Scandix pecten-veneris
Shoo-fly plant or apple-of-Peru Nicandra physalodes
Black nightshade Solanum nigrum
Green nightshade Solanum physalifolium
Leafy-fruited nightshade Solanum sarachoides
Kangaroo-apple Solanum laciniatum
Thorn-apple Datura stramonium
Common forget-me-not Myosotis arvensis
Bugloss Anchusa arvensis
Purple viper’s-bugloss Echium plantagineum
Cut-leaved dead-nettle Lamium hybridum
Henbit dead-nettle Lamium amplexicaule
Field woundwort Stachys arvensis
Balm-leaved figwort Scrophularia scorodonia
Weasel’s-snout Misopates orontium
Sharp-leaved fluellen Kickxia elatine
Green field-speedwell Veronica agrestis
Field madder Sherardia arvensis
Common cornsalad Valerianella locusta
Corn marigold Chrysanthemum segetum
Scentless mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum
Scented mayweed Matricaria recutita
Common cudweed Filago vulgaris
Jersey cudweed Gnaphalium luteoalbum
Argentine fleabane Conyza bonariensis
Spanish bluebell Hyacinthoides hispanica
Babington’s leek Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii
Whistling jacks Gladiolus communis byzantinus
GRASSES
Squirreltail fescue Vulpia bromoides
Rat’s-tail fescue Vulpia myuros
Lesser quaking-grass Briza minor
Early meadow-grass Poa infirma
Silver hair-grass Aira caryophyllea
Early hair-grass Aira praecox
Great brome Anisantha diandra
Ripgut brome Anisantha rigida
Compact brome Anisantha madritensis
Rescue brome Ceratochloa cathartica
Cockspur Echinochloa crus-galli
CHAPTER 13 Gardens
TRESCO ABBEY GARDENS
CARREG DHU GARDEN
PRIVATE GARDENS
CHAPTER 14 Insects and Other Terrestrial Invertebrates
DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES
GRASSHOPPERS AND RELATED INSECTS
BUGS
CADDIS FLIES
LEPIDOPTERA. Moths
Butterflies
TRUE FLIES
HYMENOPTERA
Ants
Wasps
Bees
BEETLES
SPIDERS
CRUSTACEANS AND OTHERS
MOLLUSCS
PLANARIANS AND LAND NEMERTINES
CHAPTER 15 Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians
MAMMALS. Rabbit
Brown hare
Grey squirrel
Bats
Hedgehog
Scilly shrew
Rats
Mice
Grey seal
Common seal
Deer
Cetaceans
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
CHAPTER 16 Birds
HISTORICAL BIRDS
STUDIES OF BIRDS ON SCILLY. St Agnes Bird Observatory
Ringing and surveys
Birdwatching in Scilly
THE ORNITHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ISLES OF SCILLY
BREEDING BIRDS
SEABIRDS
WINTER VISITORS
MIGRANTS AND VAGRANTS
SEA-WATCHING AND PELAGICS
CHAPTER 17 The Future
SEA-LEVEL RISE
CLIMATE CHANGE
HOUSING
TOURISM AND WILDLIFE
CHANGES IN FARMING PRACTICE
LOSSES AND INTRODUCTIONS
APPENDIX Vegetation Communities
HEATHLAND
H7 Calluna vulgaris – Scilla verna heath
H8 Calluna vulgaris – Ulex gallii heathland
H10 Calluna vulgaris – Erica cinerea heathland
H11 Calluna vulgaris – Carex arenaria heathland
MARITIME CLIFFS. MC1 Crithmum maritimum – Spergularia rupicola maritime rock crevice community
MC5 Armeria maritima – Cerastium diffusum diffusum maritime therophyte community
MC6 Atriplex prostrata – Beta vulgaris maritima seabird community
MC7 Stellaria media – Rumex acetosa seabird cliff community
MC8 Festuca rubra – Armeria maritima maritime grassland
MC9 Festuca rubra – Holcus lanatus maritime grassland
MC10 Festuca rubra – Plantago spp. maritime grassland
MC12 Festuca rubra – Hyacinthoides non-scripta maritime bluebell community
GRASSLAND. U1 Festuca ovina – Agrostis capillaris – Rumex acetosella grassland
U4 Festuca ovina – Agrostis capillaris – Galium saxatile grassland
MG5 Cynosurus cristatus – Centaurea nigra grassland
MG10 Holcus lanatus – Juncus effusus rush-pasture
MG11 Festuca rubra – Agrostis stolonifera – Potentilla anserina grassland
MG13 Agrostis stolonifera – Alopecurus geniculatus grassland
COASTAL POOLS. A21 Ranunculus baudotii community
SALT MARSH. SM16 Festuca rubra salt-marsh community Juncus gerardii
SM23 Spergularia marina – Puccinellia distans salt-marsh community
SAND DUNES
SD1 Rumex crispus – Glaucum flavum shingle community
SD2 Honckenya peploides – Cakile maritima strandline community
SD4 Elytrigia juncea spp. boreoatlantica (Elymus farctus spp. boreoatlanticus) foredune community
SD6 Ammophila arenaria mobile dune community
SD7 Ammophila arenaria – Festuca rubra semi-fixed dune community
SD8 Festuca rubra – Galium verum fixed dune community
SD19 Phleum arenarium – Arenaria serpyllifolia dune annual community
REEDBEDS AND SWAMPS. S4 Phragmites australis swamp
S21 Bolboschoenus (Scirpus) maritimus swamp
WOODLAND
W1 Salix cinerea – Galium palustre woodland
W25 Pteridium aquilinum – Rubus fruticosus underscrub
OPEN HABITATS
OV2 Briza minor – Silene gallica community
OV4 Chrysanthemum segetum – Spergula arvensis community
OV6 Cerastium glomeratum – Fumaria muralis boraei community
OV13 Stellaria media – Capsella bursa-pastoris community
OV35 Lythrum portula – Ranunculus flammula community
References and Further Reading
Species Index
General Index
The New Naturalist Library
About the Author
Copyright
About the Publisher
