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Roy Watling. Identification of the Larger Fungi
Identification of the Larger Fungi
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Where to look
Collecting
Examination
Microscopic examination
Key to the major classes of Larger Fungi
Key to major groups based on character of basidium and fruit-body shape
A. AGARICS AND THEIR RELATIVES
Key to major genera
(i) Agarics of woodlands and copses
(a) Mycorrhizal formers. Leccinum scabrum (Fries) S. F. Gray Birch rough stalks or Brown birch-bolete
Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer Larch-bolete
Boletus badius Fries Bay-coloured bolete
General notes on Boletes
Chroogomphus rutilus (Fries) O. K. Miller Pine spike-cap
Paxillus involutus (Fries) Karsten Brown roll-rim
Cortinarius pseudosalor J. Lange
General notes on Cortinarii
Russula ochroleuca (Secretan) Fries Common yellow russula
General notes on the genus Russula
R. atropurpurea (Krombholz) Britz. Blackish purple russula
Russula cyanoxantha (Secretan) Fries
R. emetica (Fries) S. F. Gray Emetic russula
R. fellea (Fries) Fries Geranium-scented russula
R. foetens (Fries) Fries Foetid russula
R. mairei Singer
R. nigricans (Mérat) Fries Blackening russula
R. xerampelina (Secretan) Fries
Lactarius turpis (Weinm.) Fries Ugly milk-cap
General notes on the genus Lactarius
L. camphoratus (Fries) Fries Curry-centred milk-cap
L. deliciosus (Fries) S. F. Gray Saffron milk-cap
L. glyciosmus (Fries) Fries Coconut-scented milk-cap
L. quietus (Fries) Fries Oak milk-cap
L. rufus (Fries) Fries Rufous milk-cap
L. torminosus (Fries) S. F. Gray Woolly milk-cap
Amanita muscaria (Fries) Hooker Fly agaric
Notes on the genus Amanita
(i) Possessing a ring on the stem:— A. citrina S. F. Gray
A. excelsa (Fries) Kummer
A. rubescens (Fries) S. F. Gray
A. pantherina (Fries) Secretan ‘Panther’
A. phalloides (Fries) Secretan
(ii) Lacking ring on stem:— A. fulva Secretan
A. vaginata (Fries) Vittadini
(b) Parasites. Armillaria mellea (Fries) Kummer Honey-fungus
Pholiota squarrosa (Fries) Kummer Shaggy Pholiota
(c) Saprophytes—wood inhabiting or lignicolous agarics. Hypholoma fasciculare (Fries) Kummer Sulphur-tuft
Flammulina velutipes (Fries) Karsten Velvet-shank
Mycena galericulata (Fries) S. F. Gray Bonnet mycena
Pluteus cervinus (Fries) Kummer Fawn pluteus
Gymnopilus penetrans (Fries) Murrill
Notes on the artificial family group ‘Pleurotaceae’—the Oyster mushrooms
Pleurotus ostreatus (Fries) Kummer Oyster mushroom
Panus torulosus (Fries) Fries
Panellus stipticus (Fries) Karsten
Lentinellus cochleatus (Fries) Karsten
Lentinus lepideus (Fries) Fries
Crepidotus mollis (Fries) Kummer Soft slipper toadstool
(d) Saprophytes—terrestrial agarics. Melanoleuca melaleuca (Fries) Murrill
Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Weinm.) Quélet Common funnel-cap
Hebeloma crustuliniforme (St. Amans) Quélet Fairy-cake mushroom
Inocybe geophylla (Fries) Kummer Common white inocybe
Laccaria laccata (Fries) Cooke Deceiver
L. proxima (Boudier) Patouillard
L. amethystea (Mérat) Murrill
L. bicolor (Maire) P. D. Orton
Mycena sanguinolenta (Fries) Kummer Small bleeding mycena
Collybia maculata (Fries) Kummer Spotted tough-shank
The specialised substrates of certain species of Marasmius and related genera
M. androsaceus (Fries) Fries
M. buxi Fries
M. epiphylloides (Rea) Saccardo & Trotter
M. graminum (Libert) Berkeley
M. hudsonii (Fries) Fries
M. perforans (Fries) Fries
M. undatus (Berkeley) Fries
Strobilurus stephanocystis (Hora) Singer
S. tenacellus (Fries) Singer
S. esculentus (Fries) Singer
Baeospora myosura (Fries) Singer
(ii) Agarics of Pastures and Meadows
(a) Agarics of rough and hill pastures. Hygrocybe pratensis (Fries) Donk Butter mushroom
Hygrocybe psittacina (Fries) Wunsche Parrot hygrophorus
General notes on Hygrophori
H. calyptraeformis (Berkeley & Broome)
H. coccinea (Fries) Kummer
H. conica (Fries) Kummer
H. flavescens (Kauffman) Singer
H. chlorophana
H. punicea (Fries) Kummer
H. unguinosa (Fries) Karsten
H. nitrata (Persoon) Wunsche
H. metapodia (Fries) Moser
H. bresadolae Quélet
H. chrysaspis Métrod
H. hedrychii Velenovsky
H. hypothejus (Fries) Fries
H. pustulatus (Persoon) Fries
Angular, pink-spored agarics—Rhodophyllaceae
1. Entoloma
2. Leptonia
3. Nolanea
4. Eccilia
5. Claudopus
Cystoderma amianthinum (Fries) Fayod
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Fries) Maire False chanterelle
(b) Agarics of chalk-grassland and rich uplands. Agaricus campestris Fries Field mushroom
A. arvensis
A. xanthodermus
Calocybe gambosum (Fries) Singer. St. George’s mushroom
Lepiota procera (Fries) S. F. Gray Parasol mushroom
(c) Agarics of meadows and valley-bottom grasslands. Psilocybe semilanceata (Secretan) Kummer Liberty caps
Conocybe tenera (Fries) Fayod Brown cone-cap
(d) Fairy-ring formers
Marasmius oreades (Fries) Fries Fairy-ring champignon
(e) Agarics of urban areas—lawn and parkland agarics. Nolanea staurospora Bresadola
Nolanea sericea (Mérat) P. D. Orton Silky nolanea
Panaeolus foenisecii (Fries) Schroeter Brown hay-cap
(f) Agarics of wasteland and hedgerows. Coprinus comatus (Fries) S. F. Gray Lawyer’s wig
Lacrymaria velutina (Fries) Konrad & Maublanc Weeping widow
Lepista nuda (Fries) Cooke Wood blewits
Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Pilát Common mushroom
B. BRACKET-FUNGI AND THEIR RELATIVES
Key to major genera
(i) Pored and toothed fungi
(a) Colonisers of tree trunks, stumps and branches. Polyporus squamosus Fries Scaly polypore
Some common annual polypores. Piptoporus betulinus (Fries) Karsten Birch polypore
Inonotus hispidus (Fries) Karsten Shaggy polypore
Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fries) Patouillard
Meripilus giganteus (Fries) Karsten Giant polypore
Coriolus versicolor (Fries) Quélet Many zoned polypore
Ganoderma europaeum Steyaert Common ganoderma
Some perennial polypores. Plate 48. Fomes fomentarius (Fries) Kickx Tinder fungus
Phellinus igniarius (Fries) Quélet ‘Willow Fomes’
Oxyporus populinus (Fries) Donk
Cryptoderma pini (Fries) Imaz
Heterobasidion annosum (Fries) Brefeld Root fomes
Schizophyllum commune Fries Split-gill fungus
(b) Destroyers of timber in buildings. Serpula lacrymans (Fries) Karsten Dry-rot fungus
Coniophora puteana (Fries) Karsten Cellar or Wet-rot fungus
Fibuloporia vaillantii (Fries) Bondarsev & Singer
(c) Colonisers of cones. Auriscalpium vulgare S. F. Gray Ear-pick fungus
(d) Terrestrial forms. Hydnum repandum Fries Wood-hedgehog
(ii) Chanterelles and relatives
Cantharellus cibarius Fries Chanterelle
Craterellus cornucopioides (Fries) Persoon Horn of plenty
(iii) Fairy-club fungi
Clavulina rugosa (Fries) Schroeter Wrinkled club
Clavaria vermicularis Fries White spindles
Clavulinopsis corniculata (Fries), Corner (p. 171)
Typhula erythropus Fries
Pistillaria micans Fries
General notes on the club-fungi
Thelephora terrestris Fries Earth-fan
(iv) Resupinate fungi
C. THE JELLY FUNGI
Key to the major groups
Dacrymyces stillatus Nees ex Fries
Hirneola auricula-judae (St. Amans) Berkeley Jew’s ear
Auricularia mesenterica (S. F. Gray) Persoon
Exidia glandulosa (St. Amans) Fries Witch’s butter
D. THE STOMACH FUNGI
Key to some groups
Lycoperdon pyriforme Persoon Stump puff-ball
L. perlatum Persoon
L. foetidum Bonorden
Langermannia gigantea (Persoon) Rostkovius Giant puff-ball
Calvatia utriformis (Fries) Jaap (= C. caelata (Persoon) Morgan)
C. excipuliformis (Fries) Perdeck (= C. saccata (Vahl.) Morgan)
Bovista nigrescens Persoon
Earth-stars and Earth-balls
Earth-balls. Scleroderma citrinum Persoon Common earth-ball
Stinkhorns
Phallus impudicus Persoon Common stinkhorn
Mutinus caninus (Persoon) Fries
Birds nest fungi
Crucibulum laeve (de Candolle) Kambly
Sphaerobolus stellatus Persoon
E. CUP FUNGI AND ALLIES
General Notes
Aleuria aurantia (Fries) Fuckel Orange-peel fungus or Scarlet elf-cup
Peziza repanda Persoon Elf-cup
Morchella esculenta St. Amans Common morel
Gyromirta esculenta (Persoon) Fries Turban-fungus
Helvella crispa Fries Common white helvella
Helvella lacunosa Fries, ‘Slate grey Helvella’
Leptopodia elastica (St. Amans) Boudier
Cyathipodia macropus (Fries) Dennis
Mitrula paludosa Fries, the ‘Bog beacon’
Rhizina undulata Pine fire fungus
Daldinia concentrica (Fries) Cesati & de Notaris Cramp-balls
Xylosphaera polymorpha (Mérat) Dumortier Dead man’s fingers
Xylosphaera hypoxylon Dumortier Stag’s horn fungus
F. SPECIALIZED HABITATS
(i) Fungi of dung and straw heaps
Bolbitius vitellinus (Fries) Fries Yellow cow-pat toadstool
Stropharia semiglobata (Fries) Quélet Dung-roundhead
Mottle-gills—on dung from Spring until Autumn. Panaeolus semiovatus (Fries) Lundell
Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fries) Quélet
Coprinus cinereus (Fries) S. F. Gray Dung-heap ink-cap
The genus Coprinus—or Ink-caps
General notes on dung-loving fungi and their habitats
(ii) Fungi of bonfire-sites
Pholiota highlandensis (Peck) A. H. Smith Charcoal pholiota
Tephrocybe anthracophila (Lasch) P. D. Orton
Psathyrella pennata (Fries) Pearson & Dennis Bonfire brittle-cap
Coprinus angulatus Peck Bonfire ink-cap
General notes on fungi of burnt sites
(iii) Fungi of bogs and marshes
(a) Sphagnum bogs. Hypholoma elongatum (Fries) Ricken
Tephrocybe palustris (Peck) Donk
Mycena bulbosa (Cejp) Kühner
Galerina paludosa (Fries) Kühner
(b) Alder-carrs. Naucoria escharoides (Fries) Kummer
(iv) Fungi of beds of herbaceous plants
On herbaceous stems. Coprinus urticicola (Berkeley & Broome) Buller
On bare soil. Leptonia babingtonii (Bloxam) P. D. Orton
Conocybe mairei Watling
Flammulaster granulosa (J. Lange) Watling
(v) Fungi of moss-cushions
Galerina hypnorum (Fries) Kühner
Galerina mycenopsis (Fries) Kühner
(vi) Heath and mountain fungi
(a) Moorland fungi. Marasmius androsaceus (Fries) Fries Horse-hair toadstool
Omphalina ericetorum (Fries) M. Lange
Entoloma helodes (Fries) Kummer
Hypholoma ericaeum (Fries) Kühner
Clavaria argillacea (Persoon) Fries
(b) Mountain fungi and the so-called Basidiolichens ‘Basidiolichens.’
Mountain fungi: general remarks
(vii) Sand-dune fungi
Inocybe dunensis P. D. Orton
Psathyrella ammophila (Durieu & Léville) P. D. Orton Sand-dune brittle-cap
Stropharia coronilla (Fries) Quélet
Conocybe dunensis P. D. Orton Sand-dune brown cone cap
(viii) Subterranean fungi
General notes
Basidiomycetes. Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Fries Red truffle
Ascomycetes. Elaphomyces granulatus Fries Harts’ truffle
Tuber aestivum Vittadini English truffle
(ix) Fungal parasites
Nyctalis parasitica (Fries) Fries Pick-a-back-toadstool
General notes on Fungicoles
G. APPENDIX
(i) Species list of specialised habitats
INTRODUCTION
General Woodland
On wood
Conifer Woods
Hypogeous
On cones
On conifer wood
Deciduous Woods General
On wood
Beech Woods
Hypogeous
On wood
Birch Woods
On wood
Oak Woods
Hypogeous
On wood
Specific Tree Species. Alder
On wood
Ash. On wood
Elder. On wood
Elm. On wood
Hazel
On wood
Hawthorn
On wood
Hornbeam
Poplar
On wood
Willow
On wood
Grasslands
Lawns: Wasteland: Hedgerows
On herbaceous material
In greenhouses
Near out-buildings, stables, etc
Specialised habitats (a) Dung
(b) Burnt patches
(c) Sand-dunes
(d) Heathland
(e) Marshes
(f) Mountain tops
(g) Mossy areas on the ground, rocks or stumps
(h) Hypogeous fungi
(i) On rotten fungi
(ii) Glossary of technical terms
Illustrations
Abbreviations for illustrations used throughout the text
(iii) Fairy rings
(iv) Development of the agaric fruit-body
(v) References
A. Reference Texts
B. General Texts
C. Journals
D. Advanced Texts
INDEX
Latin Names
Common Names
