The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity
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Roy Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity
THE. GREATEST BENEFIT TO MANKIND
ROY PORTER
COPYRIGHT
PRAISE
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II THE ROOTS OF MEDICINE
MALARIA
THE ERA OF EPIDEMICS
PLAGUE
TYPHUS
COLONIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
MAKING SENSE OF SICKNESS
APPROACHES TO HEALING
BODY LORE
CHAPTER III ANTIQUITY
MESOPOTAMIA
EGYPT
GREECE
HIPPOCRATES
MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY
ALEXANDRIAN MEDICINE
MEDICINE IN THE ROMAN ERA
GALEN
MEDICINE IN THE AGE OF GALEN
INSANITY
CHAPTER IV MEDICINE AND FAITH
CHRISTIANITY
THE LEGACY OF GALEN
ISLAM
HEALTH CARE
CHAPTER V THE MEDIEVAL WEST
THE WEST COMES TO LIFE AGAIN
RELIGION
HOSPITALS
LEARNED MEDICINE
MEDICINE AND THE PEOPLE
LEPROSY
PLAGUE
MADNESS
WOMEN
BODIES
CHAPTER VI INDIAN MEDICINE
EARLY INDIA
AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
NEW ARRIVALS
CHAPTER VII TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
CHINESE HEALING
THE TRADITION
PRACTICE
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER VIII RENAISSANCE. THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW
SYPHILIS
THE MEDICAL RENAISSANCE
ANATOMY
SURGERY
PHARMACY
THE MIND
MEDICINE IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER IX THE NEW SCIENCE
PARACELSUS
MEDICAL CHEMISTRY
PARACELSAN PHYSIC AND POLITICS
HARVEY
DESCARTES
RESEARCHING THE BODY
THE MICROSCOPE
MEDICAL PRACTICE
CURING
MEDICINE AND THE PEOPLE
MADNESS
CHAPTER X ENLIGHTENMENT. IN SEARCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
MEDICINE IN PRACTICE
THE STUDY OF DISEASE
PATHOLOGY
THERAPEUTICS
INSANITY
CHILDBIRTH
THE PREVENTION OF SMALLPOX
SURGERY
MEDICINE AND THE PEOPLE
MEDICINE, STATE AND SOCIETY: THE PROFESSION AND ITS INSTITUTIONS
DISEASE AND THE LARGER PICTURE
CHAPTER XI SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
PARIS MEDICINE
THE INFLUENCE OF PARIS
GERMANY AND THE LABORATORY
PHARMACOLOGY
EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE IN. BRITAIN AND AMERICA
FRANCE: CLAUDE BERNARD
CLINICAL PRACTICE AND CLINICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER XII NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL CARE
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
FRANCE
GERMANY
BRITAIN
THE ADMISSION OF WOMEN
PRIVATE PRACTICE
SURGERY
HOSPITALS AND NURSING
SPECIALIZATION
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
CHAPTER XIII PUBLIC MEDICINE
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH AND POLITICS
AMERICA
THE ENFORCEMENT OF HEALTH
THE BALANCE SHEET
CHAPTER XIV FROM PASTEUR TO PENICILLIN
MICRO – ORGANISMS
PASTEUR
KOCH
DEBATES OVER IMMUNITY
CHEMOTHERAPY
ANTIBIOTICS AND THE DRUGS REVOLUTION
CHAPTER XV TROPICAL MEDICINE, WORLD DISEASES. DISEASES OF WARM CLIMATES
TROPICAL MEDICINE
MALARIA
YELLOW FEVER
SLEEPING SICKNESS
MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL MEDICINE
NEW DISEASES
CHAPTER XVI PSYCHIATRY
THE RISE OF THE ASYLUM
THE ASYLUM UNDER FIRE
GERMAN PSYCHIATRY
DEGENERATION
FREUD
PSYCHOANALYSIS
DESPERATE REMEDIES
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER XVII MEDICAL RESEARCH. LAUNCHING A RESEARCH TRADITION
NEUROLOGY
NEUROPATHOLOGY
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
BIO CHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
CHAPTER XVIII CLINICAL SCIENCE
ENDOCRINOLOGY
CHEMISTRY AND THE NERVES
CANCER
CARDIOLOGY
GENETICS
IMMUNOLOGY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XIX SURGERY. AFTER LISTER
NEW OPERATIONS
SEEING INTO INNER SPACE
NEW SURGICAL FIELDS
THE HEART
TRANSPLANTS
REPRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XX MEDICINE, STATE AND SOCIETY
MEDICINE AND THE STATE
POLICING HEALTH
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XXI MEDICINE AND THE PEOPLE
THE PATIENT, THE DOCTOR, AND THE BEDSIDE
MEDICALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS
CHAPTER XXII THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
SURVEY HISTORIES AND TEXTBOOKS
BROAD STUDIES COVERING MANY CENTURIES
WORKS OF REFERENCE
RELATED STUDIES, HISTORIES OF SCIENCE
CONCEPTS OF DISEASE
ANTHOLOGIES, LITERATURE AND CULTURE
GENERAL HISTORIES
CHAPTER II: THE ROOTS OF MEDICINE
CHAPTER III: ANTIQUITY
CHAPTER IV: MEDICINE AND FAITH
CHAPTER V: THE MEDIEVAL WEST
CHAPTER VI: INDIAN MEDICINE
CHAPTER VII: CHINESE MEDICINE
CHAPTER VIII: RENAISSANCE
CHAPTER IX: THE NEW SCIENCE
CHAPTER X: ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER XI: SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
CHAPTER XII: NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL CARE
CHAPTER XIII: PUBLIC MEDICINE
CHAPTER XIV: FROM PASTEUR TO PENICILLIN
CHAPTER XV: TROPICAL MEDICINE, WORLD DISEASES
CHAPTER XVI: PSYCHIATRY
CHAPTER XVII: MEDICAL RESEARCH
CHAPTER XVIII: CLINICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER XIX: SURGERY
CHAPTER XX: MEDICINE, STATE AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER XXI: MEDICINE AND THE PEOPLE
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
Отрывок из книги
A Medical History of
Humanity from
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Death affords a good instance of the scope for different interpretations in the light of different criteria. The nature of ‘physical’ death is highly negotiable; in recent times western tests have shifted from cessation of spontaneous breathing to ‘brain death’. This involves more than the matter of a truer definition: it corresponds with western values (which prize the brain) and squares with the capacities of hospital technology. Some cultures think of death as a sudden happening, others regard dying as a process advancing from the moment of birth and continuing beyond the grave. Bodies are thus languages as well as envelopes of flesh; and sick bodies have eloquent messages for society.
It became common wisdom in the West from around 1800 that the medicine of Orientals and ‘savages’ was mere mumbo-jumbo, and had to be superseded. Medical missions moved into the colonies alongside their religious brethren, followed in due course by the massive health programmes of the modern international aid organizations. By all such means Europeans and Americans sought to stamp out indigenous practices and beliefs, from the African witchdoctors and spirit mediums to the vaidyas and hakims of Hindu and Islamic medicine in Asia. Native practices were grounded in superstition and were perilous to boot; colonial authorities moved in to prohibit practices and cults which they saw as medically, religiously or politically objectionable, thereby becoming arbiters of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ medicine. Western medicine grew aggressive, convinced of its unique scientific basis and superior therapeutic powers.
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