Оглавление
Rudy Bilous. Handbook of Diabetes
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Handbook of Diabetes
Preface
Key to the boxes. KEY POINTS
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction to diabetes. KEY POINTS
FURTHER READING
KEY WEBSITE
Chapter 2 History of diabetes. KEY POINTS
Box 2.1 Description of diabetes by Aretaeus
FURTHER READING
Chapter 3 Diagnosis and classification of diabetes
Intermediate categories of hyperglycaemia: Pre‐diabetes
Classification of diabetes
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK TRIALS
WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 4 Public health aspects of diabetes. KEY POINTS
Primary prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Providing access to structured diabetes education
Improving diabetes treatment and care
Commissioning diabetes services
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
FURTHER READING
Chapter 5 Normal physiology of insulin secretion and action, and the incretin effect. KEY POINTS
Islet structure and function
Insulin synthesis and insulin polypeptide structure
Insulin secretion
The incretin effect
Insulin receptor signalling
The family of GLUT transporters
FURTHER READING
Chapter 6 Epidemiology and aetiology of type 1 diabetes. KEY POINTS
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology. Autoimmunity
Box 6.1 Autoimmune disorders associated with type 1 diabetes
Genetics
Environmental and maternal factors
Viruses
Apoptosis
Dietary factors
Toxins
Animal models
Hygiene hypothesis
Accelerator hypothesis
Stages of Diabetes
Prevention Trials
Screening for Type 1 Diabetes
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK STUDY
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 7 Epidemiology and aetiology of type 2 diabetes. KEY POINTS
Prevalence rates and global burden
Urban versus rural
Impaired glucose tolerance
Incidence
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Obesity
Physical exercise and diet
Insulin resistance
Hormones and cytokines
Inflammation
Genetics
Thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Metabolic syndrome
β cell dysfunction
Conclusion
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 8 Other types of diabetes. KEY POINTS
Introduction
Monogenic Diabetes and association with other Inherited Conditions
Box 8.1 Diagnostic criteria for MODY. (Adapted from ISPAD Guidelines Pediatric Diabetes 2014; 15: Suppl 20: 47‐64)
Neonatal diabetes
Mitochrondrial diabetes
Monogenic insulin resistance syndromes
Insulin signalling defects
Insulin resistance secondary to adipose tissue problems. Lipodystrophies
Insulin resistance as part of complex syndromes
Management of monogenic insulin resistance syndromes
Other monogenic causes. Wolfram syndrome
Myotonic dystrophy
Friedreich’s ataxia
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Genetic associations with autoimmune endocrinopathies
Pancreatic disease
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Haemochromatosis
Pancreatic cancer
Diabetes complicating other endocrine diseases
Medication associated diabetes
Cardiovascular medications
Steroids
Antipsychotic medications
Immunosuppressive agents and post‐transplant diabetes (PTDM)
Protease inhibitors
CASE HISTORY
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 9 Diabetes control and its measurement. KEY POINTS
Introduction
Capillary blood glucose monitoring
Frequency of testing
Urine glucose monitoring
Box 9.1
Box 9.2 Limitations of urine testing for glucose
Glycated haemoglobin
Box 9.3 Potential reasons for a misleading HbA1c
IFCC standard
Estimated average glucose (eAG)
Glucose variability
Fructosamine
Urine and blood ketone measurements
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems
Box 9.4
Box 9.5 NICE Guidance on the use of continuous glucose monitoring
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 10 Management of type 1 diabetes. KEY POINTS
Insulin replacement
Short‐acting insulins
Intermediate‐ and long‐acting insulins
Premixed or biphasic insulins
Injection sites
Insulin pens
Intensive insulin therapy
Diet and Carbohydrate counting
Glycaemic targets
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
Clinical effectiveness
Box 10.1 Essential components of routine consultation with people using insulin pumps with or without continuous glucose monitoring
Cost effectiveness
Box 10.2 NICE Technology Guidance 151 on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
Combination therapy of insulin with other hypoglycaemic therapies
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 11 Management of type 2 diabetes
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 12 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and lactic acidosis. KEY POINTS
Precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis
Box 12.1 Features of ketosis‐prone type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pathophysiology
Box 12.2 Clinical features of diabetic ketoacidosis
Treatment
Fluid replacement
Potassium
Ketone monitoring
Insulin
Bicarbonate
Other electrolytes
Euglycaemic ketoacidosis
Complications of diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
Lactic acidosis
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 13 Hypoglycaemia
Box 13.1 General principles for optimizing glycaemic control and minimizing the risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with troubling hypoglycaemia
Box 13.2 Management of hypoglycaemia unawareness
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 14 Causes of complications. KEY POINTS
Hyperglycaemia. Microvascular complications
Macrovascular disease
Blood pressure
Metabolic memory
How does hyperglycaemia cause tissue complications?
Polyol pathway
Advanced glycation endproducts
Protein Kinase C (PKC)
Hexosamine pathway
Oxidative stress
Epigenetics
Other mechanisms
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
FURTHER READING
Chapter 15 Diabetic eye disease. KEY POINTS
Pathology and clinical appearances. Retinopathy
Iris
Lens
Optic disc
Other optic conditions
Factors associated with the development of retinopathy
Box 15.1 Associated ocular conditions
Box 15.2 Associated risk factors for development of retinopathy
Classification of retinopathy
Treatment of retinopathy. Glycaemic control
Blood pressure control
Box 15.3 Modified Airlie House Classification of Retinopathy (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] Scale) and annual rates of progression
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade
PKC β inhibition
Lipid‐lowering agents
Box 15.4 UK National Screening Committee Grading of Retinopathy and US Grading [in brackets]
Growth hormone inhibitors
Intravitreal steroids
VEGF inhibitors
Laser photocoagulation
Vitreoretinal surgery
Stem cell and other therapies
Surveillance and screening
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 16 Diabetic nephropathy. KEY POINTS
Natural history
Stages of nephropathy
Epidemiology
Screening for nephropathy
Pathology and pathophysiology
Risk factors for nephropathy
Box 16.1 Factors associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy
Management. Glycaemic control
Blood pressure
Proteinuria
Protein restriction
Anaemia correction
Other therapies
Cardiovascular risk factor management
Renal replacement therapy (RRT)
Box 16.2 Criteria for referral for specialist review
Is it diabetic nephropathy?
Box 16.3 NICE Guidance on when to consider non diabetic renal disease in type 1 diabetes (based upon NG 17 Type 1 diabetes in adults)
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 17 Diabetic neuropathy
Chronic sensorimotor neuropathy
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 18 Blood lipid abnormalities
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 19 Hypertension in diabetes. KEY POINTS
Causative links
Box 19.1 Potential causative links between insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension
Box 19.2 Potential causative links between oxidative stress and hypertension
Definition of hypertension and targets
Diagnosis of hypertension
Box 19.3 Recommended practice for measuring blood pressure adapted from International Society of Hypertension
Box 19.4 Assessment and investigation of the patient with hypertension
Management
Box 19.5 Drugs and behaviours that increase blood pressure
Drug treatment
Drugs which block the renin angiotensin system (RAS)
Side effects
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
β ‐Blockers
Other agents
Combination therapy
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIAL
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 20 Macrovascular disease in diabetes. Atherosclerosis
Glycaemic vascular injury
Evidence for glucose lowering in CVD prevention
Multiple risk factor intervention
Coronary heart disease and diabetes
CASE STUDY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 21 Foot problems in diabetes
Classification of diabetic foot ulcers
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 22 Sexual problems in diabetes
Box 22.1 Key features in the medical history of ED in a diabetic man
Box 22.2 The physical examination of a man with ED should consider the following
Box 22.3 Investigations in a patient with diabetes and ED
Female sexual dysfunction
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 23 Gastrointestinal problems in diabetes. KEY POINTS
Symptoms
Oesophagus
Gastroparesis
Box 23.1 List of agents which can exacerbate gastroparesis
Small bowel
Large bowel
Abdominal pain
Gut microbiota
CASE HISTORY
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 24 Non‐alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) Introduction
Definition
Risk factors for NAFLD. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NAFLD and diabetes
Pathophysiology
Screening
Liver enzymes
Non‐invasive fibrosis score
Commercial non‐invasive fibrosis tests
Non‐invasive imaging test
Management. Lifestyle modification
Thiazolidinediones
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogs and DPP‐4 inhibitors
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
Vitamin E
Bariatric surgery
Statins
CASE STUDY
FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 25 Diabetes and cancer. KEY POINTS
Introduction
Epidemiology
Possible biological mechanisms
Effect of diabetes on cancer mortality and treatment
Effects of cancer therapy on diabetes
Effects of diabetes therapies on cancer incidence and progression
FURTHER READING
Chapter 26 Skin and connective tissue disorders in diabetes
Diabetic dermopathy
Necrobioisis lipoidica diabetocorum
Acanthosis nigricans
Box 26.1 Non‐ulcerative, non‐infective skin conditions associated with diabetes
Diabetic bullae
Granuloma annulare
Skin thickening, waxy skin, and stiff joints
Other skin conditions
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 27 Psychological and psychiatric problems in diabetes. KEY POINTS
Depression and anxiety
Box 27.1 Potential shared (common ground) and diabetes specific mechanisms linking depression and diabetes
Box 27.2 Depressive symptoms
Box 27.3 Diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of depression
Diabetes distress
Box 27.4 Features of diabetes distress revealed using the PAID tool
Cognitive changes
Box 27.5 Cognitive changes seen in people with diabetes
Severe Mental Illness
Eating disorders
Published guidance
Box 27.6 NICE Guidance for the detection and management of psychological and social problems in children and young adults
CASE HISTORY
KEY WEBSITE
FURTHER READING
Chapter 28 Intercurrent situations that affect diabetes control. KEY POINTS
Exercise
Box 28.1 Benefits of aerobic activity
Drugs
Box 28.2 Recommendations for exercise for people with diabetes
Infections
Box 28.3 Classification of infections in diabetes mellitus
Enteral feeding
Surgery and critical intercurrent illness
Box 28.4 Patients with diabetes undergoing surgery, endoscopy or interventional radiological procedure: general principles of management
Box 28.5 Risk stratification of patients with diabetes undergoing a surgical procedure
Box 28.6 Management of diabetes during the perioperative period (See also Figure 28.6)
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 29 Pregnancy and diabetes. KEY POINTS
Effects of pregnancy on the woman with diabetes
Box 29.1 Effects of pregnancy on the woman with pre‐existing diabetes
Effects of maternal diabetes on the pregnancy
Box 29.2 Effects of maternal diabetes on pregnancy
Management of pregnancy in diabetes. Pre‐pregnancy counselling
Box 29.3 Pre‐pregnancy care. Adapted from NICE Guidance NG 3
Management of established pregnancy
Box 29.4 Suggested antenatal care for women with pre‐gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Box 29.5 Maternal risk factors for development of gestational diabetes from NICE Guidance NG3
Contraception
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 30 Diabetes in childhood and adolescence
Box 30.1 Consider Type 2 diabetes in children and young people if individuals have the following features
Box 30.2
Box 30.3
Box 30.4 According to the NICE Guideline, children and young people with type 1 diabetes should be offered screening for:
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 31 Diabetes in old age
Antihyperglycaemic medication in older adults
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 32 Diabetes and lifestyle. KEY POINTS
Introduction
Smoking
Alcohol
Drug and substance abuse
Driving
Box 32.1 UK Regulations on requirements for people with diabetes to inform DVLA (or DVA in Northern Ireland)
Employment
Travel and leisure activities
Box 32.2 Recommendations for people with diabetes undertaking foreign travel
CASE HISTORY
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 33 Organisation of diabetes care: integrating diabetes service
What is integrated diabetes care?
What are the essential components to an integrated diabetes service?
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic: lessons on organizing diabetes care
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 34 Transplantation and stem cell therapy. KEY POINTS
Pancreas transplantation
Islet cell transplantation
Xenotransplantation
Stem cell therapy
Gene therapy
CASE HISTORY
LANDMARK STUDY
KEY WEBSITES
FURTHER READING
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
