Оглавление
S. R. Prabhu. Handbook of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Handbook of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Companion Website
Nomenclature Used in The Study of Human Disease
Standard Abbreviations for Prescribers
1 Disorders of Tooth Development and Eruption. CHAPTER MENU
1.1 Anodontia, Hypodontia and Oligodontia. 1.1.1 Definition/Description
1.1.2 Frequency
1.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.1.4 Clinical Features
1.1.5 Radiographical Features
1.1.6 Diagnosis
1.1.7 Management
1.2 Hyperdontia (Supernumerary Teeth) 1.2.1 Definition/Description
1.2.2 Frequency
1.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.2.4 Clinical Features
1.2.5 Radiographical Features
1.2.6 Diagnosis
1.2.7 Management
1.3 Microdontia and Macrodontia. 1.3.1 Definition/Description
1.3.2 Frequency
1.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.3.4 Clinical Features
1.3.5 Diagnosis
1.3.6 Management
1.4 Gemination, Fusion and Concrescence. 1.4.1 Definition/Description
1.4.2 Frequency
1.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.4.4 Clinical Features
1.4.5 Radiographical Features
1.4.6 Diagnosis
1.4.7 Management
1.5 Taurodontism and Dilaceration. 1.5.1 Definition/Description
1.5.2 Frequency
1.5.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.5.4 Clinical Features
1.5.5 Radiographical Features
1.5.6 Management
1.6 Amelogenesis Imperfecta. 1.6.1 Definition/Description
1.6.2 Incidence/Prevalence
1.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.6.4 Clinical/Radiographical Features
1.6.5 Differential diagnosis
1.6.6 Diagnosis
1.6.7 Management
1.7 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta. 1.7.1 Definition/Description
1.7.2 Frequency
1.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.7.4 Clinical Features
1.7.5 Radiographical features
1.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.7.7 Diagnosis
1.7.8 Management
1.8 Dentinal Dysplasia (Dentin Dysplasia) 1.8.1 Definition/Description
1.8.2 Frequency
1.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.8.4 Clinical Features
1.8.5 Radiographical features
1.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.8.7 Diagnosis
1.8.8 Management
1.9 Regional Odontodysplasia (Ghost Teeth) 1.9.1 Definition/Description
1.9.2 Frequency
1.9.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.9.4 Clinical Features
1.9.5 Radiographical features
1.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.9.7 Diagnosis
1.9.8 Management
1.10 Delayed Tooth Eruption. 1.10.1 Definition/Description
1.10.2 Frequency
1.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.10.4 Clinical and Radiographical Features
1.10.5 Diagnosis
1.10.6 Management
1.11 Tooth Impaction (Impacted Teeth) 1.11.1 Definition/Description
1.11.2 Frequency
1.11.3 Aetiology
1.11.4 Clinical Features
1.11.5 Radiographical Features
1.11.6 Diagnosis
1.11.7 Management
1.12 Dens Invaginatus and Dens Evaginatus. 1.12.1 Definition/Description
1.12.2 Frequency
1.12.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.12.4 Clinical Features
1.12.5 Radiographical features
1.12.6 Diagnosis
1.12.7 Management
1.13 Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel) 1.13.1 Definition/Description
1.13.2 Frequency
1.13.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
1.13.4 Clinical Features
1.13.5 Differential Diagnosis
1.13.6 Diagnosis
1.13.7 Management
1.14 Tetracycline‐Induced Discoloration of Teeth: Key Features
1.15 Enamel Pearl: Key Features
1.16 Talon Cusp: Key Features
1.17 Hutchinson's Incisors and Mulberry Molars: Key Features
1.18 Tooth Ankylosis: Key Features
1.19 Supernumerary Roots: Key Features
Recommended Reading
2 Dental caries. CHAPTER MENU
2.1 Definition/Description
2.2 Frequency
2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors/Pathogenesis
2.4 Classification of Caries
2.5 Clinical Features
2.5.1 Primary Caries
2.5.2 Secondary Caries (Recurrent Caries)
2.5.3 Arrested Caries
2.5.4 Rampant Caries
2.5.5 Early Childhood Caries
2.5.6 Methamphetamine‐Induced Caries
2.5.7 Radiation Caries
2.6 Differential Diagnosis
2.7 Diagnosis
2.8 Microsopic Features. 2.8.1 Enamel Caries
2.8.2 Dentinal Caries
2.9 Management
2.10 Prevention
Recommended Reading
3 Diseases of the Pulp and Apical Periodontal Tissues. CHAPTER MENU
3.1 Classification of Diseases of the Pulp and Apical Periodontal Tissues
3.2 Pulpitis. 3.2.1 Definition/Description
3.2.2 Frequency
3.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
3.2.4 Clinical and Radiographical Features
3.2.5 Microscopic Features
3.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.2.7 Diagnosis
3.2.8 Management. 3.2.8.1 Reversible Pulpitis
3.2.8.2 Irreversible Pulpitis
3.2.8.3 Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
3.3 Apical Periodontitis and Periapical Granuloma. 3.3.1 Definition/Description
3.3.2 Frequency
3.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
3.3.4 Clinical Features
3.3.5 Radiographical Features
3.3.6 Microscopic Features
3.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
3.3.8 Diagnosis
3.3.9 Management
3.4 Apical Abscess (Dentoalveolar Abscess) 3.4.1 Definition/Description
3.4.2 Frequency
3.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
3.4.4 Clinical and Radiographical Features
3.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
3.4.6 Diagnosis
3.4.7 Management
3.5 Condensing Osteitis. 3.5.1 Definition/Description
3.5.2 Frequency
3.5.3 Aetiology
3.5.4 Clinical Features
3.5.5 Radiographical Features
3.5.6 Microscopic Features
3.5.7 Differential Diagnosis
3.5.8 Diagnosis
3.5.9 Management
Recommended Reading
4 Tooth Wear, Pathological Resorption of Teeth, Hypercementosis and Cracked Tooth Syndrome. CHAPTER MENU
4.1 Tooth wear: Attrition, Abrasion, Erosion, and Abfraction. 4.1.1 Definition/Description
4.1.2 Frequency
4.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
4.1.4 Clinical Features
4.1.5 Differential diagnosis
4.1.6 Diagnosis
4.1.7 Management
4.1.8 Prognosis
4.2 Pathological Resorption of Teeth. 4.2.1 Definition/Description
4.2.2 Frequency
4.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
4.2.4 Clinical Features
4.2.5 Radiographical features
4.2.6 Microscopic Features
4.2.7 Differential diagnosis
4.2.8 Diagnosis
4.2.9 Management
4.2.10 Prognosis
4.3 Hypercementosis. 4.3.1 Definition/Description
4.3.2 Frequency
4.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
4.3.4 Clinical Features
4.3.5 Radiographical features
4.3.6 Microscopic Features
4.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
4.3.8 Management
4.4 Cracked Tooth Syndrome. 4.4.1 Definition/Description
4.4.2 Frequency
4.4.3 Aetiology/Risk factors
4.4.4 Clinical Features
4.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
4.4.6 Diagnosis
4.4.7 Management
4.4.8 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
5 Gingival and Periodontal Diseases. CHAPTER MENU
5.1 Classification of Gingival and Periodontal Diseases
5.2 Chronic Gingivitis. 5.2.1 Definition/Description
5.2.2 Frequency
5.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.2.4 Clinical Features
5.2.5 Microscopic Features
5.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.2.7 Diagnosis
5.2.8 Management
5.2.9 Prognosis
5.3 Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases. 5.3.1 Definition/Description
5.3.2 Frequency
5.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.3.4 Clinical Features
5.3.5 Microscopic Features
5.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.3.7 Diagnosis
5.3.8 Management
5.3.9 Prognosis
5.4 Plasma Cell Gingivitis. 5.4.1 Definition/Description
5.4.2 Frequency
5.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.4.4 Clinical Features
5.4.5 Microscopic Features
5.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.4.7 Diagnosis
5.4.8 Management
5.4.9 Prognosis
5.5 Foreign Body Gingivitis. 5.5.1 Definition/Description
5.5.2 Frequency
5.5.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.5.4 Clinical Features
5.5.5 Microscopic Features
5.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.5.7 Diagnosis
5.5.8 Management
5.5.9 Prognosis
5.6 Desquamative Gingivitis. 5.6.1 Definition/Description
5.6.2 Frequency
5.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.6.4 Clinical Features
5.6.5 Microscopic Features
5.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.6.7 Diagnosis
5.6.8 Management
5.6.9 Prognosis
5.7 Chronic Periodontitis. 5.7.1 Definition/Description
5.7.2 Frequency
5.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.7.4 Clinical Features
5.7.5 Radiographical features
5.7.6 Microscopic Features
5.7.7 Differential Diagnosis
5.7.8 Diagnosis
5.7.9 Management
5.7.10 Prognosis
5.7.11 Complications of Chronic Periodontitis
5.8 Aggressive Periodontitis. 5.8.1 Definition/Description
5.8.2 Frequency
5.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.8.4 Clinical and Radiographical Features
5.8.5 Microscopic Features
5.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.8.7 Diagnosis
5.8.8 Management
5.8.9 Prognosis
5.9 Fibrous Epulis (Peripheral Fibroma) 5.9.1 Definition/Description
5.9.2 Frequency
5.9.3 Aetiology/Risk factors
5.9.4 Clinical Features
5.9.5 Microscopic Features
5.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.9.7 Diagnosis
5.9.8 Management
5.9.9 Prognosis
5.10 Peripheral Ossifying/Cementifying Fibroma. 5.10.1 Definition/Description
5.10.2 Frequency
5.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.10.4 Clinical Features
5.10.5 Microscopic Features
5.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.10.7 Diagnosis
5.10.8 Management
5.10.9 Prognosis
5.11 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Epulis) 5.11.1 Definition/Description
5.11.2 Frequency
5.11.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.11.4 Clinical Features
5.11.5 Microscopic Features
5.11.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.11.7 Diagnosis
5.11.8 Management
5.11.9 Prognosis
5.12 Angiogranuloma (Pyogenic granuloma/pregnancy epulis) 5.12.1 Definition/Description
5.12.2 Frequency
5.12.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.12.4 Clinical Features
5.12.5 Microscopic Features
5.12.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.12.7 Diagnosis
5.12.8 Management
5.12.9 Prognosis
5.13 Inflammatory Gingival Hyperplasia (Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement) 5.13.1 Definition/Description
5.13.2 Frequency
5.13.3 Aetiology
5.13.4 Clinical Features
5.13.5 Microscopic Features
5.13.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.13.7 Diagnosis
5.13.8 Management
5.13.9 Prognosis
5.14 Generalized Gingival Hyperplasia in Pregnancy. 5.14.1 Definition/Description
5.14.2 Frequency
5.14.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.14.4 Clinical Features
5.14.5 Microscopic Features
5.14.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.14.7 Diagnosis
5.14.8 Management
5.14.9 Prognosis
5.15 Drug‐Induced Gingival Hyperplasia. 5.15.1 Definition/Description
5.15.2 Frequency
5.15.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.15.4 Clinical Features
5.15.5 Microscopic Features
5.15.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.15.7 Diagnosis
5.15.8 Management
5.15.9 Prognosis
5.16 Familial Gingival Hyperplasia. 5.16.1 Definition/Description
5.16.2 Frequency
5.16.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.16.4 Clinical Features
5.16.5 Microscopic Features
5.16.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.16.7 Diagnosis
5.16.8 Management
5.16.9 Prognosis
5.17 Gingival and Periodontal Abscesses. 5.17.1 Definition/Description
5.17.2 Frequency
5.17.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.17.4 Clinical Features
5.17.5 Microscopic Features
5.17.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.17.7 Diagnosis
5.17.8 Management. 5.17.8.1 Gingival Abscess
5.17.8.2 Periodontal Abscess
5.17.9 Prognosis
5.18 Pericoronitis/Pericoronal Abscess. 5.18.1 Definition/Description
5.18.2 Frequency
5.18.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors. 5.18.3.1 Aetiology
5.18.3.2 Risk Factors
5.18.3.3 Microbial Association
5.18.3.4 Clinical Features
5.18.4 Microscopic Features
5.18.5 Differential Diagnosis
5.18.6 Diagnosis
5.18.7 Management
5.18.8 Prognosis
5.19 Gingival Enlargement in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) 5.19.1 Definition/Description
5.19.2 Frequency
5.19.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.19.4 Clinical Features
5.19.5 Microscopic Features
5.19.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.19.7 Diagnosis
5.19.8 Management
5.19.9 Prognosis
5.20 Gingival Enlargement in Leukaemia. 5.20.1 Definition/Description
5.20.2 Frequency
5.20.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.20.4 Clinical Features
5.20.5 Microscopic Features
5.20.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.20.7 Diagnosis
5.20.8 Management
5.20.9 Prognosis
5.21 Gingival Enlargement in Ascorbic Acid Deficiency. 5.21.1 Definition
5.21.2 Frequency
5.21.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
5.21.4 Clinical Features
5.21.5 Microscopic Features
5.21.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.21.7 Diagnosis
5.21.8 Management
5.21.9 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
6 Infections and Necrosis of the Jaw. CHAPTER MENU
6.1 Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis. 6.1.1 Definition/Description
6.1.2 Frequency
6.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.1.4 Clinical Features
6.1.5 Radiographical Features
6.1.6 Microscopic Features
6.1.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.1.8 Diagnosis
6.1.9 Management
6.1.10 Prognosis
6.2 Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis. 6.2.1 Definition/Description
6.2.2 Frequency
6.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.2.4 Clinical Features
6.2.5 Radiographical Features
6.2.6 Microscopic Features
6.2.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.2.8 Diagnosis
6.2.9 Management
6.2.10 Prognosis
6.3 Sclerosing Osteomyelitis. 6.3.1 Definition/Description
6.3.2 Frequency
6.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.3.4 Clinical Features
6.3.5 Radiographical Features
6.3.6 Microscopic Features
6.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.3.8 Diagnosis
6.3.9 Management
6.3.10 Prognosis
6.4 Proliferative Periostitis (Garre's Osteomyelitis) 6.4.1 Definition/Description
6.4.2 Frequency
6.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.4.4 Clinical Features
6.4.5 Radiographical Features
6.4.6 Microscopic Features
6.4.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.4.8 Diagnosis
6.4.9 Management
6.4.10 Prognosis
6.5 Actinomycosis of the Jaw. 6.5.1 Definition
6.5.2 Frequency
6.5.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.5.4 Clinical Features
6.5.5 Microscopic Features
6.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.5.7 Diagnosis
6.5.8 Management
6.5.9 Prognosis
6.6 Cervicofacial Cellulitis (Cervicofacial Fascial Space Infection) 6.6.1 Definition
6.6.2 Frequency
6.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.6.4 Clinical Features
6.6.5 Diagnosis
6.6.6 Management
6.6.7 Prognosis
6.7 Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw. 6.7.1 Definition/Description
6.7.2 Frequency
6.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.7.4 Clinical Features
6.7.5 Radiographical Features
6.7.6 Microscopic Features
6.7.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.7.8 Diagnosis
6.7.9 Management
6.7.10 Prognosis
6.8 Medication‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. 6.8.1 Definition/Description
6.8.2 Frequency
6.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
6.8.4 Clinical Features
6.8.5 Radiographical Features
6.8.6 Microscopic Features
6.8.7 Differential Diagnosis
6.8.8 Diagnosis
6.8.9 Management
Prognosis
Recommended Reading
7 Cysts of the Jaw. CHAPTER MENU
7.1 Radicular, Lateral Radicular, and Residual Radicular Cysts. 7.1.1 Definition/Description
7.1.2 Frequency
7.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.1.4 Clinical/Radiographical Features
7.1.5 Microscopic Features
7.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.1.7 Diagnosis
7.1.8 Management
7.1.9 Prognosis
7.2 Dentigerous Cyst. 7.2.1 Definition/Description
7.2.2 Frequency
7.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.2.4 Clinical Features
7.2.5 Radiographical Findings
7.2.6 Microscopic Features
7.2.7 Differential Diagnosis
7.2.8 Diagnosis
7.2.9 Management
7.2.10 Prognosis
7.3 Eruption Cyst. 7.3.1 Definition
7.3.2 Frequency
7.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.3.4 Clinical Features
7.3.5 Microscopic Features
7.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.3.7 Diagnosis
7.3.8 Management
7.3.9 Prognosis
7.4 Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour) 7.4.1 Definition
7.4.2 Frequency
7.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.4.4 Clinical Features
7.4.5 Radiographical Features
7.4.6 Microscopic Features
7.4.7 Other Features
7.4.8 Differential Diagnosis
7.4.9 Diagnosis
7.4.10 Management
7.4.11 Prognosis
7.5 Lateral Periodontal Cyst. 7.5.1 Definition/Description
7.5.2 Frequency
7.5.3 Origin/Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.5.4 Clinical Features
7.5.5 Radiographical Features
7.5.6 Microscopic Features
7.5.7 Differential Diagnosis
7.5.8 Diagnosis
7.5.9 Prognosis
7.6 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst. 7.6.1 Definition/Description
7.6.2 Frequency
7.6.3 Origin/Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.6.4 Clinical Features
7.6.5 Radiographical Features
7.6.6 Microscopic Features
7.6.7 Differential Diagnosis
7.6.8 Diagnosis
7.6.9 Management
7.6.10 Prognosis
7.7 Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: Key Features
7.8 Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: Key Features
7.9 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (Incisive Canal Cyst) 7.9.1 Definition/Description
7.9.2 Frequency
7.9.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
7.9.4 Clinical Features
7.9.5 Radiographical Features
7.9.6 Microscopic Features
7.9.7 Differential Diagnosis
7.9.8 Diagnosis
7.9.9 Management
7.9.10 Prognosis
7.10 Pseudocysts of the Jaw: Solitary Bone Cyst, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst and Stafne's bone Cyst
7.10.1 Definition/Description
7.10.2 Frequency
7.10.3 Aetiology
7.10.4 Clinical Features
7.10.5 Microscopic Features
7.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.10.7 Diagnosis
7.10.8 Management
7.10.9 Prognosis
7.11 Nasolabial Cyst: Key Features
Recommended Reading
8 Odontogenic Tumours. CHAPTER MENU
8.1 World Health Organization Classification of Odontogenic Tumours (2017)
8.2 Ameloblastoma. 8.2.1 Definition/Description
8.2.2 Frequency
8.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.2.4 Clinical Features
8.2.5 Radiographical Features
8.2.6 Microscopic Features
8.2.7 Diagnosis
8.2.8 Differential Diagnosis
8.2.9 Management
8.2.10 Prognosis
8.3 Unicystic Ameloblastoma. 8.3.1 Definition/Description
8.3.2 Frequency
8.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.3.4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
8.3.5 Radiographical Features
8.3.6 Microscopic Features
8.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.3.8 Diagnosis
8.3.9 Management
8.3.10 Prognosis
8.4 Squamous Odontogenic Tumour. 8.4.1 Definition/Description
8.4.2 Frequency
8.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.4.4 Clinical features
8.4.5 Radiographical Features
8.4.6 Microscopic Features
8.4.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.4.8 Diagnosis
8.4.9 Management
8.4.10 Prognosis
8.5 Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour (Pindborg Tumour) 8.5.1 Definition/Description
8.5.2 Frequency
8.5.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.5.4 Clinical Features
8.5.5 Radiographical Features
8.5.6 Microscopic Features
8.5.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.5.8 Diagnosis
8.5.9 Management
8.5.10 Prognosis
8.6 Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour. 8.6.1 Definition/Description
8.6.2 Frequency
8.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.6.4 Clinical features
8.6.5 Radiographical Features
8.6.6 Microscopic Features
8.6.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.6.8 Diagnosis
8.6.9 Management
8.6.10 Prognosis
8.7 Ameloblastic Fibroma. 8.7.1 Definition/Description
8.7.2 Frequency
8.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.7.4 Clinical features
8.7.5 Radiographical Features
8.7.6 Microscopic Features
8.7.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.7.8 Diagnosis
8.7.9 Management
8.7.10 Prognosis
8.8 Ameloblastic Fibrodentinoma and Ameloblastic Fibro‐Odontome. 8.8.1 Definition/Description
8.8.2 Frequency
8.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.8.4 Clinical features
8.8.5 Radiographical Features
8.8.6 Microscopic Features
8.8.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.8.8 Diagnosis
8.8.9 Management
8.8.10 Prognosis
8.9 Odontome (Odontoma) 8.9.1 Definition/Description
8.9.2 Frequency
8.9.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.9.4 Clinical Features
8.9.5 Radiographical Features
8.9.6 Microscopic Features
8.9.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.9.8 Diagnosis
8.9.9 Management
8.9.10 Prognosis
8.10 Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumour. 8.10.1 Definition/Description
8.10.2 Frequency
8.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.10.4 Clinical features
8.10.5 Radiographical Features
8.10.6 Microscopic Features
8.10.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.10.8 Diagnosis
8.10.9 Management
8.10.10 Prognosis
8.11 Odontogenic Myxoma. 8.11.1 Definition/Description
8.11.2 Frequency
8.11.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.11.4 Clinical features
8.11.5 Radiographical Features
8.11.6 Microscopic Features
8.11.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.11.8 Diagnosis
8.11.9 Management
8.11.10 Prognosis
8.12 Odontogenic Fibroma (Central Odontogenic Fibroma) 8.12.1 Definition/description
8.12.2 Aetiology/Risk factors
8.12.3 Frequency
8.12.4 Clinical Features
8.12.5 Radiographical Features
8.12.6 Microscopic Features
8.12.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.12.8 Diagnosis
8.12.9 Management
8.13 Cementoblastoma. 8.13.1 Definition/Description
8.13.2 Frequency
8.13.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
8.13.4 Clinical Features
8.13.5 Radiographical Features
8.13.6 Microscopic Features
8.13.7 Differential Diagnosis
8.13.8 Diagnosis
8.13.9 Management
8.13.10 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
9 Non‐odontogenic Benign and Malignant Tumours of the Jaw. CHAPTER MENU
9.1 Osteoma. 9.1.1 Definition/Description
9.1.2 Frequency
9.1.3 Aetiology
9.1.4 Clinical Features
9.1.5 Radiographical Features
9.1.6 Microscopic Features
9.1.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.1.8 Diagnosis
9.1.9 Management
9.2 Multiple Osteomas in Gardner's Syndrome. 9.2.1 Definition
9.2.2 Frequency
9.2.3 Aetiology
9.2.4 Clinical Features
9.2.5 Radiographical Features
9.2.6 Microscopic Features
9.2.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.2.8 Diagnosis
9.2.9 Management
9.2.10 Prognosis
9.3 Central Haemangioma (Intraosseous Haemangioma) 9.3.1 Definition/Description
9.3.2 Frequency
9.3.3 Aetiology
9.3.4 Clinical Features
9.3.5 Radiographical Features
9.3.6 Microscopic Features
9.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.3.8 Diagnosis
9.3.9 Management
9.3.10 Prognosis
9.4 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy. 9.4.1 Definition/Description
9.4.2 Frequency
9.4.3 Aetiology
9.4.4 Clinical Features
9.4.5 Radiographical Features
9.4.6 Microscopic Features
9.4.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.4.8 Diagnosis
9.4.9 Management
9.4.10 Prognosis
9.5 Osteosarcoma. 9.5.1 Definition/Description
9.5.2 Frequency
9.5.3 Aetiology/Predisposing Factors
9.5.4 Clinical Features
9.5.5 Radiographical Features
9.5.6 Microscopic Features
9.5.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.5.8 Diagnosis
9.5.9 Management
9.5.10 Prognosis
9.6 Chondrosarcoma: Key Features
9.6.1 Prognosis
9.7 Ewing's Sarcoma. 9.7.1 Definition/Description
9.7.2 Frequency
9.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
9.7.4 Clinical Features
9.7.5 Radiographical Features
9.7.6 Microscopic Features
9.7.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.7.8 Diagnosis
9.7.9 Management
9.7.10 Prognosis
9.8 Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma) 9.8.1 Definition/Description
9.8.2 Frequency
9.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
9.8.4 Clinical Features
9.8.5 Radiographical Features
9.8.6 Microscopic Features
9.8.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.8.8 Diagnosis
9.8.9 Management
9.8.10 Prognosis
9.9 Solitary Plasmacytoma. 9.9.1 Definition/Description
9.9.2 Frequency
9.9.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
9.9.4 Clinical Features
9.9.5 Radiographical Features
9.9.6 Microscopic Features
9.9.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.9.8 Diagnosis
9.9.9 Management
9.9.10 Prognosis
9.10 Burkitt's Lymphoma. 9.10.1 Definition/Description
9.10.2 Frequency
9.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
9.10.4 Clinical Features
9.10.5 Radiographical Features
9.10.6 Microscopic Features
9.10.7 Differential Diagnosis
9.10.8 Management/Prognosis
Recommended Reading
10 Fibro‐Osseous and Related Lesions of the Jaw. CHAPTER MENU
10.1 Ossifying Fibroma/Cemento‐Ossifying Fibroma. 10.1.1 Definition/Description
10.1.2 Frequency
10.1.3 Origin/Aetiology
10.1.4 Clinical/Radiographical Features
10.1.5 Microscopic Features
10.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.1.7 Diagnosis
10.1.8 Management
10.2 Cemento‐Osseous Dysplasias. 10.2.1 Definition/Description
10.2.2 Frequency
10.2.3 Aetiology
10.2.4 Clinical/Radiographical Features
10.2.5 Microscopic Features
10.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.2.7 Diagnosis
10.2.8 Management
10.2.9 Prognosis
10.3 Familial Gigantiform Cementoma: Key Features
10.4 Central Giant Cell Granuloma. 10.4.1 Definition/Description
10.4.2 Frequency
10.4.3 Origin/Aetiology
10.4.4 Clinical Features
10.4.5 Radiographical Features
10.4.6 Microscopic Features
10.4.7 Differential Diagnosis
10.4.8 Diagnosis
10.4.9 Management
10.4.10 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
11 Genetic, Metabolic, and Other Non‐neoplastic Bone Diseases. CHAPTER MENU
11.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta. 11.1.1 Definition/Description
11.1.2 Frequency
11.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
11.1.4 Clinical Features
11.1.5 Radiographical Features
11.1.6 Diagnosis
11.1.7 Management
11.2 Cleidocranial Dysplasia. 11.2.1 Definition/Description
11.2.2 Frequency
11.2.3 Aetiology
11.2.4 Clinical Features
11.2.5 Radiographical Features
11.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.2.7 Diagnosis
11.2.8 Management
11.3 Cherubism. 11.3.1 Definition/Description
11.3.2 Frequency
11.3.3 Aetiology
11.3.4 Clinical Features
11.3.5 Radiographical Findings
11.3.6 Microscopic Features
11.3.7 Differential Diagnosis
11.3.8 Diagnosis
11.3.9 Management
11.4 Gigantism and Acromegaly. 11.4.1 Definition/Description
11.4.2 Frequency
11.4.3 Aetiology
11.4.4 Clinical Features
11.4.5 Radiographical Features
11.4.6 Diagnosis
11.4.7 Management
11.5 Brown Tumour of Hyperparathyroidism. 11.5.1 Definition/Description
11.5.2 Frequency
11.5.3 Aetiology
11.5.4 Clinical Features
11.5.5 Oral Manifestations
11.5.6 Radiographical Features
11.5.7 Microscopic Features
11.5.8 Differential Diagnosis
11.5.9 Diagnosis
11.5.10 Management
11.5.11 Prognosis
11.6 Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) 11.6.1 Definition/Description
11.6.2 Frequency
11.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
11.6.4 Clinical Features
11.6.5 Radiographical Features
11.6.6 Microscopic Features
11.6.7 Differential Diagnosis of Jaw Lesions
11.6.8 Diagnosis
11.6.9 Management
11.6.10 Prognosis
11.7 Fibrous Dysplasia and McCune–Albright Syndrome. 11.7.1 Definition/Description
11.7.2 Frequency
11.7.3 Aetiology
11.7.4 Clinical Features
11.7.5 Radiographical Features
11.7.6 Microscopic features
11.7.7 Differential Diagnosis
11.7.8 Diagnosis
11.7.9 Management
11.7.10 Prognosis
11.8 Mandibular and Palatine Tori: Key Features
11.9 Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect: Key Features
Recommended Reading
12 Developmental Anomalies and Anatomical Variants of Oral Soft Tissues. CHAPTER MENU
12.1 Fordyce Granules: Key Features
12.2 Double Lip: Key Features
12.3 Leukoedema: Key Features
12.4 Ankyloglossia: Key Features
12.5 Geographic Tongue: Key Features
12.6 Hairy Tongue: Key Features
12.7 Fissured Tongue: Key Features
12.8 Lingual Thyroid: Key Features
12.9 Microglossia and Macroglossia: Key Features
12.10 Bifid Tongue: Key Features
12.11 Bifid Uvula: Key Features
12.12 Cleft Lip: Key Features
12.13 Calibre Persistent Labial Artery: Key Features
12.14 Epstein's Pearl and Bohn's Nodules: Key Features
12.15 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts: Key Features
12.16 Oral Varicosities: Key Features
12.17 Lymphoid Aggregates: Key Features
12.18 Parotid Papilla: Key Features
12.19 Circumvallate Papillae: Key Features
12.20 Physiological Pigmentation: Key Features
Recommended Reading
13 Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
13.1 Scarlet Fever: Key Features
13.2 Syphilis. 13.2.1 Definition/Description
13.2.2 Frequency
13.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
13.2.4 Clinical Features
13.2.5 Microscopic Features
13.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.2.7 Diagnosis
13.2.8 Management
13.2.9 Prognosis
13.3 Gonorrhoea: Key Features
13.4 Tuberculosis. 13.4.1 Definition/Description
13.4.2 Frequency
13.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
13.4.4 Clinical and Radiological Features
13.4.5 Microscopic Findings
13.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.4.7 Diagnosis
13.4.8 Management
13.4.9 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
14 Fungal Infections of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
14.1 Candidosis (Candidiasis) 14.1.1 Definition/Description
14.1.2 Frequency
14.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
14.1.4 Clinical features
14.1.5 Microscopic features
14.1.6 Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis
14.1.7 Management
14.1.8 Prognosis
14.2 Histoplasmosis. 14.2.1 Definition/description
14.2.2 Frequency
14.2.3 Aetiology/risk factors
14.2.4 Clinical features
14.2.5 Microscopic features
14.2.6 Differential diagnosis
14.2.7 Diagnosis
14.2.8 Management
14.2.9 Prognosis
14.3 Blastomycosis: Key Features
Recommended Reading
15 Viral Infections of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
15.1 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (Primary Herpes) 15.1.1 Definition/Description
15.1.2 Frequency
15.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.1.4 Clinical Features
15.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.1.6 Microscopic Features
15.1.7 Diagnosis
15.1.8 Management
15.1.9 Prognosis
15.2 Herpes Labialis. 15.2.1 Definition/Description
15.2.2 Frequency
15.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.2.4 Clinical Features
15.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.2.6 Diagnosis
15.2.7 Management
15.2.8 Prognosis
15.3 Varicella (Chickenpox) 15.3.1 Definition/Description
15.3.2 Frequency
15.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.3.4 Clinical Features
15.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.3.6 Diagnosis
15.3.7 Management
15.3.8 Prognosis
15.4 Herpes Zoster (Shingles) 15.4.1 Definition/Description
15.4.2 Frequency
15.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.4.4 Clinical Features
15.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.4.6 Microscopic Features
15.4.7 Diagnosis
15.4.8 Management
15.4.9 Prognosis
15.5 Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever) 15.5.1 Definition/Description
15.5.2 Frequency
15.5.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.5.4 Clinical Features
15.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.5.6 Laboratory Tests
15.5.7 Diagnosis
15.5.8 Management
15.6 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Key Features
15.7 Cytomegalovirus Infection: Key Features
15.8 Herpangina: Key Features
15.9 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. 15.9.1 Definition/Description
15.9.2 Frequency
15.9.3 Aetiology
15.9.4 Clinical Features
15.9.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.9.6 Diagnosis
15.9.7 Management
15.9.8 Prognosis
15.10 Squamous Papilloma. 15.10.1 Definition/Description
15.10.2 Frequency
15.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
15.10.4 Clinical Features
15.10.5 Microscopic Features
15.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
15.10.7 Diagnosis
15.10.8 Management
15.10.9 Prognosis
15.11 Condyloma Acuminatum: Key Features
15.12 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia: Key Features
15.13 Verruca Vulgaris: Key Features
15.14 Measles: Key Features
Recommended Reading
16 Non‐infective Inflammatory Disorders of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
16.1 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. 16.1.1 Definition/Description
16.1.2 Frequency
16.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
16.1.4 Clinical Features
16.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
16.1.6 Microscopic Features
16.1.7 Diagnosis
16.1.8 Management
16.1.9 Prognosis
16.2 Oral Lichen Planus. 16.2.1 Definition/Description
16.2.2 Frequency
16.2.3 Aetiology
16.2.4 Clinical Features
16.2.5 Microscopic Features
16.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.2.7 Diagnosis
16.2.8 Management
16.2.9 Prognosis
16.3 Oral Lichenoid Lesions. 16.3.1 Definition/Description
16.3.2 Frequency
16.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
16.3.4 Clinical Features
16.3.5 Microscopic Features
16.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.3.7 Diagnosis
16.3.8 Management
16.3.9 Prognosis
16.4 Pemphigus Vulgaris. 16.4.1 Definition/Description
16.4.2 Pemphigus Vulgaris
16.4.3 Frequency
16.4.4 Aetiology/Risk Factors
16.4.5 Clinical Features
16.4.6 Microscopic Features
16.4.7 Differential Diagnosis
16.4.8 Diagnosis
16.4.9 Management
16.4.10 Prognosis
16.5 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. 16.5.1 Definition/Description
16.5.2 Frequency
16.5.3 Aetiology
16.5.4 Clinical Features
16.5.5 Microscopic Features
16.5.5.1 Immunofluorescence Findings
16.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.5.7 Diagnosis
16.5.8 Management
16.5.9 Prognosis
16.6 Erythema Multiforme. 16.6.1 Definition/Description
16.6.2 Frequency
16.6.3 Aetiology
16.6.4 Clinical Features
16.6.5 Microscopic Features
16.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.6.7 Diagnosis
16.6.8 Management
16.6.9 Prognosis
16.7 Lupus Erythematosus: Key Features
16.8 Traumatic Ulcer: Key Features
16.9 Oral Lesions in Behcet's Disease/Syndrome. 16.9.1 Definition/Description
16.9.2 Frequency
16.9.3 Aetiology
16.9.4 Clinical Features
16.9.5 Differential Diagnosis
16.9.6 Diagnosis
16.9.7 Management
16.9.8 Prognosis
16.10 Oral Lesions in Crohn's Disease. 16.10.1 Definition/Description
16.10.2 Frequency
16.10.3 Aetiology/Risk factors
16.10.4 Clinical Features
16.10.5 Differential Diagnosis
16.10.6 Diagnosis
16.10.7 Management
16.10.8 Prognosis
16.11 Oral Lesions in Reactive Arthritis: Key Features
16.12 Uremic Stomatitis: Key Features
16.13 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis: Key Features
16.14 Radiation‐Induced Mucositis: Key Features
16.15 Medication‐Induced Oral Ulceration: Key Features
16.16 Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. 16.16.1 Definition/Description
16.16.2 Frequency
16.16.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
16.16.4 Clinical Features
16.16.5 Differential Diagnosis
16.16.6 Diagnosis
16.16.7 Management
16.16.8 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
17 Non‐neoplastic Mucosal Swellings. CHAPTER MENU
17.1 Irritation Fibroma (Traumatic Fibroma) 17.1.1 Definition/Description
17.1.2 Frequency
17.1.3 Aetiology
17.1.4 Clinical Features
17.1.5 Microscopic Features
17.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.1.7 Diagnosis
17.1.8 Management
17.1.9 Prognosis
17.2 Denture‐Induced Granuloma (Epulis Fissuratum) 17.2.1 Definition/Description
17.2.2 Frequency
17.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
17.2.4 Clinical Features
17.2.5 Microscopic Features
17.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.2.7 Diagnosis
17.2.8 Management
17.3 Fibrous Epulis (Peripheral Fibroma): Key Features
17.4 Pyogenic Granuloma: Key Features
17.5 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: Key Features
17.6 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma: Key Features
17.7 Traumatic Neuroma. 17.7.1 Definition/Description
17.7.2 Frequency
17.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
17.7.4 Clinical Features
17.7.5 Microscopic Features
17.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.7.7 Diagnosis
17.7.8 Management
17.7.9 Prognosis
17.8 Squamous Papilloma: Key Features
17.9 Congenital Epulis: Key Features
Recommended Reading
18 Benign Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
18.1 Lipoma. 18.1.1 Definition/Description
18.1.2 Frequency
18.1.3 Aetiology
18.1.4 Clinical Features
18.1.5 Microscopic Features
18.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.1.7 Diagnosis
18.1.8 Management
18.1.9 Prognosis
18.2 Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma) 18.2.1 Definition/Description
18.2.2 Frequency
18.2.3 Aetiology/Origin
18.2.4 Clinical Features
18.2.5 Microscopic Features
18.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.2.7 Diagnosis
18.2.8 Management
18.2.9 Prognosis
18.3 Granular Cell Tumour. 18.3.1 Definition/Description
18.3.2 Frequency
18.3.3 Aetiology/Origin
18.3.4 Clinical Features
18.3.5 Microscopic Features
18.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.3.7 Diagnosis
18.3.8 Management
18.3.9 Prognosis
18.4 Haemangioma. 18.4.1 Definition/Description
18.4.2 Frequency
18.4.3 Aetiology/Origin
18.4.4 Clinical Features
18.4.5 Microscopic Features
18.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.4.7 Diagnosis
18.4.8 Management
18.4.9 Prognosis
18.5 Lymphangioma. 18.5.1 Definition/Description
18.5.2 Frequency
18.5.3 Aetiology/Origin
18.5.4 Clinical Features
18.5.5 Microscopic Features
18.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.5.7 Diagnosis
18.5.8 Management
18.5.9 Prognosis
18.6 Leiomyoma (Vascular Leiomyomas): Key Features
18.7 Rhabdomyoma: Key Features
Recommended Reading
19 Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. CHAPTER MENU
19.1 Erythroplakia. 19.1.1 Definition/Description
19.1.2 Frequency
19.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.1.4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
19.1.5 Microscopic Features
19.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.1.7 Diagnosis
19.1.8 Management
19.1.9 Prognosis
19.1.10 Special Considerations
19.2 Leukoplakia. 19.2.1 Definition/Description
19.2.2 Frequency
19.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.2.4 Clinical Features
19.2.5 Microscopic Features
19.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.2.7 Diagnosis
19.2.8 Management/Prevention
19.2.9 Prognosis
19.2.10 Special Considerations
19.3 Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis (Candidal Leukoplakia) 19.3.1 Definition/Description
19.3.2 Frequency
19.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.3.4 Clinical Features
19.3.5 Microscopic Features
19.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.3.7 Diagnosis
19.3.8 Management/Prevention
19.3.9 Prognosis
19.3.10 Special Considerations
19.4 Palatal Lesions in Reverse Smokers. 19.4.1 Definition/Description
19.4.2 Frequency
19.4.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.4.4 Clinical Features
19.4.5 Microscopic Features
19.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.4.7 Diagnosis
19.4.8 Management
19.4.9 Prognosis
19.5 Oral Lichen Planus: Key Features
19.6 Oral Submucous Fibrosis. 19.6.1 Definition/Description
19.6.2 Frequency
19.6.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.6.4 Clinical Features
19.6.5 Microscopic Features
19.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.6.7 Diagnosis
19.6.8 Management
19.6.9 Prognosis
19.7 Oral Lichenoid Lesion. 19.7.1 Definition/Description
19.7.2 Frequency
19.7.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.7.4 Clinical Features
19.7.5 Microscopic Features
19.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.7.7 Diagnosis
19.7.8 Management
19.7.9 Prognosis
19.8 Lupus Erythematosus. 19.8.1 Definition/Description
19.8.2 Frequency
19.8.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.8.4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
19.8.5 Microscopic Features
19.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.8.7 Diagnosis
19.8.8 Management
19.8.9 Prognosis
19.9 Actinic Keratosis of the Lip (Actinic Cheilitis) 19.9.1 Definition/Description
19.9.2 Frequency
19.9.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
19.9.4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
19.9.5 Microscopic Features
19.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.9.7 Diagnosis
19.9.8 Management
19.9.9 Prognosis
19.10 Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease. 19.10.1 Definition/Description
19.10.2 Frequency
19.10.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors. 19.10.3.1 Risk Factors
19.10.4 Clinical Features
19.10.5 Microscopic Features
19.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.10.7 Diagnosis
19.10.8 Management
19.10.9 Prognosis
19.11 Dyskeratosis Congenita. 19.11.1 Definition/Description
19.11.2 Frequency
19.11.3 Risk Factors/Aetiology
19.11.4 Clinical Features
19.11.5 Microscopic Features
19.11.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.11.7 Diagnosis
19.11.8 Management
19.11.9 Prognosis
19.12 Sublingual Keratosis: Key Features
19.13 Syphilitic Leukoplakia: Key Features
19.14 Darier's Disease: Key Features
Recommended Reading
20 Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa. CHAPTER MENU
20.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Verrucous Carcinoma. 20.1.1 Definition/Description
20.1.2 Frequency
20.1.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
20.1.4 Clinical Features
20.1.5 Microscopic Features
20.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.7 Diagnosis
20.1.8 Management
20.1.9 Prognosis
20.2 Melanoma (Malignant Melanoma) 20.2.1 Definition/Description
20.2.2 Frequency
20.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
20.2.4 Clinical Features
20.2.5 Microscopic Feature
20.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.2.7 Diagnosis
20.2.8 Management
20.2.9 Prognosis
20.3 Kaposi's Sarcoma. 20.3.1 Definition/Description
20.3.2 Frequency
20.3.3 Aetiology
20.3.4 Clinical Features
20.3.5 Microscopic Features
20.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.3.7 Diagnosis
20.3.8 Management
20.3.9 Prognosis
20.4 Fibrosarcoma: Key Features
20.5 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Key Features
20.6 Leiomyosarcoma: Key Features
Recommended Readings
21 Non‐neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases. CHAPTER MENU
21.1 Salivary Calculi: Key Features
21.2 Mucoceles (Mucous Extravasation Cysts, Mucous Retention Cysts and Ranula) 21.2.1 Definition/Description
21.2.2 Frequency
21.2.3 Aetiology
21.2.4 Clinical Features
21.2.5 Microscopic Features
21.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.2.7 Diagnosis
21.2.8 Management
21.2.9 Prognosis
21.3 Sjögren's Syndrome. 21.3.1 Definition/Description
21.3.2 Frequency
21.3.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
21.3.4 Clinical Features
21.3.5 Microscopic Features
21.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.3.7 Diagnosis
21.3.8 Management
21.3.9 Prognosis
21.4 Sialadenitis: Key Features
21.5 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia: Key Features
Recommended Reading
22 Salivary Gland Neoplasms. CHAPTER MENU
22.1 World Health Organization Histological Classification of Salivary Gland Tumours (2017)
22.2 Pleomorphic Adenoma. 22.2.1 Definition/Description
22.2.2 Frequency
22.2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors
22.2.4 Clinical Features
22.2.5 Microscopic Features
22.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
22.2.7 Diagnosis
22.2.8 Management
22.2.9 Prognosis
22.3 Warthin's Tumour (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum) 22.3.1 Definition/Description
22.3.2 Frequency
22.3.3 Aetiology
22.3.4 Clinical Features
22.3.5 Microscopic Features
22.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
22.3.7 Diagnosis
22.3.8 Management
22.3.9 Prognosis
22.4 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma. 22.4.1 Definition/Description
22.4.2 Frequency
22.4.3 Aetiology
22.4.4 Clinical Features
22.4.5 Microscopic Features
22.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
22.4.7 Diagnosis
22.4.8 Management/Prognosis
22.5 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. 22.5.1 Definition/Description
22.5.2 Frequency
22.5.3 Aetiology
22.5.4 Clinical Features
22.5.5 Microscopic Features
22.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
22.5.7 Diagnosis
22.5.8 Management
22.5.9 Prognosis
Recommended Reading
23 White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
23.1 Actinic Cheilitis: Key Features
23.2 Chemical Burn: Key Features
23.3 Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis: Key Features
23.4 Darier's Disease: Key Features
23.5 Dyskeratosis Congenita: Key Features
23.6 Fordyce Granules: Key Features
23.7 Frictional Keratosis: Key Features
23.8 Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis: Key Features
23.9 Leukoedema: Key Features
23.10 Leukoplakia: Key Features
23.11 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Key Features
23.12 Oral Lichen Planus: Key Features
23.13 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Key Features
23.14 Pseudomembranous Candidosis: Key Features
23.15 Smokeless Tobacco‐Induced Keratosis: Key Features
23.16 Smoker's Keratosis: Key Features
23.17 Sublingual Keratosis: Key Features
23.18 Syphilitic Leukoplakia: Key Features
23.19 Verrucous Carcinoma: Key Features
23.20 White Hairy Tongue: Key Features
23.21 White Sponge Nevus: Key Features
Recommended Reading
24 Red and Purple Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
24.1 Contact Stomatitis: Key Features
24.2 Desquamative Gingivitis: Key Features
24.3 Erythema Migrans: Key Features
24.4 Erythema Multiforme: Key Features
24.5 Erythematous Candidosis: Key Features
24.6 Erythroplakia: Key Features
24.7 Haemangioma: Key Features
24.8 Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia: Key Features
24.9 Infectious Mononucleosis: Key Features
24.10 Kaposi's Sarcoma: Key Features
24.11 Linear Gingival Erythema: Key Features
24.12 Lupus Erythematosus: Key Features
24.13 Median Rhomboid Glossitis: Key Features
24.14 Mucosal Ecchymosis, Haematoma, and Petechiae: Key Features
24.15 Plasma Cell Gingivitis: Key Features
24.16 Port‐Wine Nevus: Key Features
24.17 Radiation Mucositis: Key Features
24.18 Thermal Burn: Key Features
Recommended Reading
25 Blue, Black, and Brown Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
25.1 Addison's Disease: Key Features
25.2 Amalgam Tattoo: Key Features
25.3 Black/Brown Hairy Tongue: Key Features
25.4 Drug‐Induced Pigmentation: Key Features
25.5 Heavy Metal Pigmentation: Key Features
25.6 Laugier–Hunziker Syndrome: Key Features
25.7 Melanoma: Key Features
25.8 Melanotic Macule: Key Features
25.9 Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome: Key Features
25.10 Physiological Pigmentation: Key Features
25.11 Mucosal Nevi: Key Features
25.12 Smoker's Melanosis: Key Features
Recommended Reading
26 Vesiculobullous Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
26.1 Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica: Key Features
26.2 Bullous Lichen Planus: Key Features
26.3 Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Key Features
26.4 Erythema Multiforme: Key Features
26.5 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Key Features
26.6 Herpes Zoster (Shingles): Key Features
26.7 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Key Features
26.8 Pemphigus Vulgaris: Key Features
26.9 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis: Key Features
26.10 Herpes Labialis: Key Features
Recommended Reading
27 Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
27.1 Oral Ulcers in Agranulocytosis: Key Features
27.2 Oral Ulcers in Behçet’s Disease: Key Features
27.3 Oral Ulcers in Coeliac Disease: Key Features
27.4 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis: Key Features
27.5 Oral Ulcers in Crohn's Disease: Key Features
27.6 Oral Ulcers in Cyclic Neutropenia: Key Features
27.7 Cytomegalovirus Ulcers: Key Features
27.8 Eosinophilic Ulcer: Key Features
27.9 Gangrenous Stomatitis: Key Features
27.10 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia: Key Features
27.11 Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: Key Features
27.12 Oral Ulcers in Reactive Arthritis: Key Features
27.13 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers: Key Features
27.14 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as an Ulcer: Key Features
27.15 Syphilitic Ulcers: Key Features
27.16 Traumatic Ulcer: Key Features
27.17 Tuberculous Ulcer: Key Features
27.18 Oral Ulcer in Ulcerative Colitis: Key Features
Recommended Reading
28 Papillary Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
28.1 Condyloma Acuminatum: Key Features
28.2 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck's Disease): Key Features
28.3 Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: Key Features
28.4 Squamous Papilloma: Key Features
28.5 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Key Features
28.6 Verruca Vulgaris (Oral Warts): Key Features
28.7 Verrucous Carcinoma: Key Features
Recommended Reading
29 Orofacial Pain
29.1 Odontogenic Orofacial Pain. 29.1.1 Pulpitis/Dentine Hypersensitivity
29.1.2 Apical Periodontitis or Infected Root Canal
29.1.3 Fractured or Cracked Tooth
29.1.4 Spreading Odontogenic Infection Without Severe or Systemic Features
29.1.5 Cellulitis/Ludwig Angina with Systemic Features
29.1.6 Dry Socket
29.2 Neuropathic Orofacial Pain. 29.2.1 Trigeminal Neuralgia
29.2.2 Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
29.2.3 Post‐herpetic Neuralgia
29.2.4 Burning Mouth Syndrome
29.3 Other Conditions with Orofacial Pain. 29.3.1 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
29.3.2 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
29.3.3 Atypical Facial Pain (Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain)
29.3.4 Migraine
29.3.5 Sinusitis
29.3.6 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)
29.3.7 Cardiogenic Jaw Pain
29.3.8 Sialolithiasis (Salivary Calculus)
Recommended Reading
30 Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disorders
30.1 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders. 30.1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
30.1.2 Bulimia and Anorexia
30.1.3 Crohn's Disease
30.1.4 Ulcerative Colitis
30.1.5 Coeliac Disease
30.1.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
30.1.7 Alcoholic Liver Disease
30.1.8 Liver Cirrhosis
30.2 Cardiovascular Disease. 30.2.1 Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
30.2.2 Congenital Heart Disease
30.2.3 Rheumatic Fever/Infective Endocarditis
30.2.4 Hypertension
30.3 Respiratory Disease. 30.3.1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
30.3.2 Lung Abscess and Bronchiectasis
30.3.3 Pulmonary Tuberculosis
30.3.4 Cystic Fibrosis
30.4 Kidney Diseases. 30.4.1 Chronic Kidney Failure
30.4.2 Nephrotic Syndrome
30.4.3 Patients on Kidney Dialysis
30.5 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 30.5.1 Hyperthyroidism
30.5.2 Hypothyroidism
30.5.3 Hypopituitarism
30.5.4 Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly)
30.5.5 Diabetes Insipidus
30.5.6 Addison's Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)
30.5.7 Cushing's Disease (Adrenocortical Excess)
30.5.8 Diabetes Mellitus
30.5.9 Hypocalcaemia
30.5.10 Hypercalcaemia
30.6 Nervous System Disorders. 30.6.1 Stroke
30.6.2 Epilepsy
30.6.3 Parkinson's Disease
30.6.4 Multiple Sclerosis
30.6.5 Myasthenia Gravis
30.6.6 Bell's Palsy
30.7 Haematological Disorders. 30.7.1 Anaemia
30.7.2 Thrombocytopenia
30.7.3 Haemophilia
30.7.4 Leukaemia
30.7.5 Multiple Myeloma
30.7.6 Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma
30.7.7 Burkitt's Lymphoma
30.8 Immune System Disorders. 30.8.1 Allergic Contact Stomatitis
30.8.2 Angioedema
30.8.3 Sjögren's Syndrome
30.8.4 Temporal Arteritis
30.8.5 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's Granulomatosis)
30.8.6 Behçet’s Disease
30.8.7 HIV/AIDS
Reference
Recommended Reading
31 Systemic Diseases Associated with Periodontal Infections
31.1 Cardiovascular Disease
31.2 Coronary Heart Disease (Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction)
31.3 Stroke
31.4 Infective Endocarditis
31.5 Bacterial Pneumonia
31.6 Low Birth Weight
31.7 Diabetes Mellitus
Recommended Reading
32 Other Signs and Symptoms Related to the Oral Environment
32.1 Halitosis
32.2 Taste Disorders
32.3 Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
32.4 Sialorrhea
32.5 Trismus
32.6 COVID‐19 Infection
Recommended Reading
33 Outline of Diagnostic Steps and Procedures Employed in Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
33.1 History. 33.1.1 General Framework of History Taking
33.2 Clinical Examination. 33.2.1 Extraoral Examination
33.2.2 Intraoral Examination
33.2.3 Palpation
33.2.4 Assessment of Oral Problem
33.3 Clinical Differential Diagnosis. 33.3.1 Definition/Description
33.4 Diagnosis. 33.4.1 Biopsy
33.4.2 Histopathology
33.4.3 Microbiology
33.4.4 Blood Tests
33.4.5 Imaging
33.4.6 Other Tests
33.4.7 Referral Letter
Recommended Reading
Index
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