Among Murderers

Among Murderers
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What is it like for a convicted murderer who has spent decades behind bars to suddenly find himself released into a world he barely recognizes? What is it like to start over from nothing? To answer these questions Sabine Heinlein followed the everyday lives and emotional struggles of Angel Ramos and his friends Bruce and Adam—three men convicted of some of society’s most heinous crimes—as they return to the free world.<br /><br />Heinlein spent more than two years at the Castle, a prominent halfway house in West Harlem, shadowing her protagonists as they painstakingly learn how to master their freedom. Having lived most of their lives behind bars, the men struggle to cross the street, choose a dish at a restaurant, and withdraw money from an ATM. Her empathetic first-person narrative gives a visceral sense of the men’s inner lives and of the institutions they encounter on their odyssey to redemption. Heinlein follows the men as they navigate the subway, visit the barber shop, venture on stage, celebrate Halloween, and loop through the maze of New York’s reentry programs. She asks what constitutes successful rehabilitation and how one faces the guilt and shame of having taken someone’s life.<br /><br />With more than 700,000 people being released from prisons each year to a society largely unprepared—and unwilling—to receive them, this book provides an incomparable perspective on a pressing public policy issue. It offers a poignant view into a rarely seen social setting and into the hearts and minds of three unforgettable individuals who struggle with some of life’s harshest challenges.

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Sabine Heinlein. Among Murderers

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Among Murderers

Life after Prison

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Criminologists Cullen and Jonson note that the rehabilitative ideal reached its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, when a broad range of treatment programs, including group counseling, college education, behavior modification, work release, and work training programs were introduced and community-based treatment programs were championed.13 Yet the unfettered belief in rehabilitation waned in the following decades. Cullen and Jonson attribute this decline to the social and political turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s, a period marked by the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, Watergate, urban riots, and an enormous increase in crime. While liberals grew suspicious of the unrestricted discretion of governmental institutions (such as courts, prisons, and parole boards), conservatives believed that criminals were “coddled” and that the public was being put at risk. With his notorious 1974 publication, “What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform,” criminologist Robert Martinson fanned the flames. Citing eighty-two studies on rehabilitation programs and recidivism, Martinson concluded, “With few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have no appreciable effect on recidivism.”14 In 1975 Ted Palmer published a comprehensive rebuttal to Martinson's findings, reexamining the studies and concluding that 48 percent of the programs studied were, in fact, reducing recidivism.15 But Martinson's “nothing works” report was “the straw that broke the camel's back,” according to criminologists Edward Latessa and Alexander M. Holsinger.16 Its tone would define the law-and-order movement for decades to come.

Although not all treatment programs were eradicated, rehabilitation as the dominant correctional philosophy was replaced with a belief in deterrence, “incapacitation,” and “just deserts.” The notion of deterrence is rooted in the belief that punishment in itself reduces criminal behavior. It assumes that people are rational and seek to avoid pain. Incapacitation follows the idea that crime can be prevented by simply locking up criminals. “Just deserts” proponents don't concern themselves with preventing or controlling future crimes. Advocating mandatory sentences that don't make a criminal's release dependent on the discretion of judges and prison officials, they seek to create exact sentences that punish the criminal act: regardless of circumstances, finances, race, or rehabilitative development, each criminal receives exactly the same sentence for his or her particular crime.

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