Introduction to Experimental Linguistics
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Оглавление
Sandrine Zufferey. Introduction to Experimental Linguistics
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Tables
Guide
Pages
Introduction to Experimental Linguistics
Preface
1. Experimental Linguistics: General Principles
1.1. The scientific process
1.1.1. Qualitative and quantitative approaches
1.1.2. Observational research and experimental research
1.2. Characteristics of experimental research
1.2.1. Research questions and hypotheses
1.2.2. Manipulation of variables
1.2.3. Control of external variables
1.2.4. The notions of participants and items
1.2.5. Use of statistics and generalization of results
1.3. Types of experiment in experimental linguistics
1.3.1. Studying linguistic productions
1.3.2. Explicit and implicit measures of comprehension
1.3.3. Offline and online measures of comprehension
1.3.4. Research designs and experimental designs
1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of experimental linguistics
1.5. Where to access research on experimental linguistics
1.6. Conclusion
1.7. Revision questions and answer key. 1.7.1. Questions
1.7.2. Answer key
1.8. Further reading
2. Building a Valid and Reliable Experiment
2.1. Validity and reliability of an experiment
2.2. Independent and dependent variables
2.3. Different measurement scales for variables
2.3.1. Qualitative variables
2.3.2. Quantitative variables
2.4. Operationalizing variables
2.5. Choosing a measure for every variable
2.6. Notions of reliability and validity of measurements
2.7. Choosing the modalities of independent variables
2.8. Identifying and controlling external and confounding variables
2.9. Conclusion
2.10. Revision questions and answer key. 2.10.1. Questions
2.10.2. Answer key
2.11. Further reading
3. Studying Linguistic Productions
3.1. Differences between language comprehension and language production
3.2. Corpora and experiments as tools for studying production
3.3. Free elicitation tasks
3.4. Constrained elicitation tasks
3.5. Repetition tasks
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. Revision questions and answer key. 3.7.1. Questions
3.7.2. Answer key
3.8. Further reading
4. Offline Methods for Studying Language Comprehension
4.1. Explicit tasks
4.1.1. Metalinguistic tasks
4.1.2. Acceptability judgments
4.1.3. Questionnaires
4.1.4. Forced-choice preference tasks
4.1.5. Comprehension tests
4.2. Implicit tasks
4.2.1. Action tasks
4.2.2. Recall tasks and recognition tasks
4.3. Conclusion
4.4. Revision questions and answer key. 4.4.1. Questions
4.4.2. Answer key
4.5. Further reading
5. Online Methods for Studying Language Comprehension
5.1. Think-aloud protocols
5.2. Using time as an indicator of comprehension
5.3. Priming
5.4. Lexical decision tasks
5.5. Naming tasks
5.6. Stroop task
5.7. Verification task
5.8. The self-paced reading paradigm
5.9. Eye-tracking
5.10. The visual world paradigm
5.11. Conclusion
5.12. Revision questions and answer key. 5.12.1. Questions
5.12.2. Answer key
5.13. Further reading
6. Practical Aspects for Designing an Experiment
6.1. Searching scientific literature and getting access to bibliographic resources
6.2. Conceptualizing and formulating the research hypothesis
6.3. Choosing the experimental design
6.3.1. One independent variable
6.3.2. Several independent variables: factorial designs
6.4. Building the experimental material
6.4.1. Experimental items
6.4.2. Filler items
6.4.3. Other aspects of the material
6.4.4. The concept of lists
6.4.5. Number of items to be included in an experiment
6.5. Building the experiment
6.5.1. Instructions
6.5.2. Experimental trials
6.6. Data collection
6.7. Ethical principles
6.8. Conclusion
6.9. Revision questions and answer key. 6.9.1. Questions
6.9.2. Answer key
6.10. Further reading
7. Introduction to Quantitative Data Processing and Analysis
7.1. Preliminary observations
7.2. Raw data organization
7.3. Raw data processing
7.4. The concept of distribution
7.5. Descriptive statistics
7.6. Linear models
7.7. Basic principles of inferential statistics
7.7.1. The null hypothesis significance testing
7.7.2. Effect sizes and confidence intervals (CIs)
7.7.3. Potential errors and statistical power
7.8. Types of statistical effects
7.9. Conventional procedures for testing the effects of independent variables
7.10. Mixed linear models
7.10.1. Fixed and random effects
7.10.2. Building mixed models
7.10.3. Testing a mixed model using R
7.10.4. Which random structure to choose?
7.11. Best-practices for collecting and modeling data
7.12. Conclusion
7.13. Revision questions and answer key. 7.13.1. Questions
7.13.2. Answer key
7.14. Further reading
References
Index. A, B, C
D, E, F
G, H, I
M, N, O
P, Q, R
S, T, V
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Отрывок из книги
Christelle Gillioz
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The last essential characteristic of experimental research concerns the way in which data is analyzed. Experimental research aims to collect quantitative data that can be statistically analyzed. As we will see in Chapter 7, quantitative data can be described using different indicators, such as the mean, for example. Based on these descriptive indicators, it is possible to obtain an overview of the data collected, to summarize and illustrate them, in order to communicate the results with simplicity.
At the second stage, data is used to draw conclusions about the research hypotheses. In experimental linguistics, the aim is to study and understand a linguistic phenomenon for a specific population. Since it is impossible to test an entire population, researchers collect data from a representative sample. Through the use of inferential statistics, it is possible to determine whether the results of a particular sample are applicable to the whole population. This process is called generalization.
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