Оглавление
Sandrine Zufferey. Introduction to Corpus Linguistics
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction to Corpus Linguistics
Preface
1. How to Define Corpus Linguistics
1.1. Defining elements
1.2. Empiricism versus rationalism in linguistics
1.3. Chomsky’s arguments against empiricism in linguistics
1.4. Corpus linguistics and computer tools
1.5. Quantitative versus qualitative methods
1.6. Differences between corpus linguistics and experimental linguistics
1.7. Different types of corpora
1.8. Conclusion
1.9. Revision questions and answer key. 1.9.1. Questions
1.9.2. Answer key
1.10. Further reading
2. How to Use Corpora in Theoretical Linguistics
2.1. Phonetics and phonology
2.2. Morphology
2.3. Syntax
2.4. Lexicon
2.5. Discourse analysis
2.6. Pragmatics
2.7. Sociolinguistics
2.8. Diachronic linguistics
2.9. Conclusion
2.10. Revision questions and answer key. 2.10.1. Questions
2.10.2. Answer key
2.11. Further reading
3. How to Use Corpora in Applied Linguistics
3.1. Language acquisition
3.2. Language impairments
3.3. Second language acquisition
3.4. Language teaching
3.5. Lexicography
3.6. Stylistics
3.7. Legal linguistics
3.8. Conclusion
3.9. Revision questions and answer key. 3.9.1. Questions
3.9.2. Answer key
3.10. Further reading
Note
4. How to Use Multilingual Corpora
4.1. Comparable corpora and parallel corpora
4.2. Looking for a tertium comparationis
4.3. Translations as a discursive genre
4.4. Multilingual corpora and contrastive linguistics
4.5. Parallel corpora and translation studies
4.6. Parallel corpora and bilingual dictionaries
4.7. Conclusion
4.8. Revision questions and answer key. 4.8.1. Questions
4.8.2. Answer key
4.9. Further reading
Note
5. How to Find and Analyze Corpora in French
5.1. Corpora formats and their availability
5.2. Reference corpora
5.3. Written French corpora
5.4. Spoken French corpora
5.5. Children and learner corpora
5.6. Multilingual corpora including French
5.7. Corpus consultation tools
5.7.1. Concordancers
5.7.2. Focus on the AntConc concordancer
5.7.3. Focus on the CLAN concordancer
5.8. Conclusion
5.9. Revision questions and answer key. 5.9.1. Questions
5.9.2. Answer key
5.10. Further reading
6. How to Build a Corpus
6.1. Before deciding to build a corpus
6.2. Establishing the size and representativeness of data
6.3. Choosing language samples
6.4. Preparing and coding corpus files
6.5. Recording and transcribing spoken data
6.6. Ethical and legal issues
6.7. Conclusion
6.8. Revision questions and answer key. 6.8.1. Questions
6.8.2. Answer key
6.9. Further reading
7. How to Annotate a Corpus
7.1. Corpus annotations
7.2. Different types of annotations
7.3. Standardization of annotation schemes
7.4. The stages of the annotation process
7.5. Annotation tools
7.6. Measuring the quality and reliability of an annotation
7.7. Sharing your annotations
7.8. Conclusion
7.9. Revision questions and answer key. 7.9.1. Questions
7.9.2. Answer key
7.10. Further reading
Note
8. How to Analyze Corpus Data
8.1. Descriptive statistics for corpus data
8.2. Measuring the lexical richness of a corpus
8.3. Measuring lexical dispersion in a corpus
8.4. Basics of inferential statistics
8.5. Typical variables in corpus studies
8.6. Measuring the differences between categories
8.7. Conclusion
8.8. Revision questions and answer key. 8.8.1. Questions
Original texts in French
Texts translated into French
Original texts in English
French texts translated into English
8.8.2. Answer key
Relative frequency every 10,000 words of lemmas bateau and je in French texts (originals and translations)
Relative frequency every 10,000 words of lemmas boat and I in English texts (originals and translations)
8.9. Further reading
Conclusion. The Stages for Carrying Out a Corpus Study
C.1. Stage 0: wanting to know more
C.2. Stage 1: identify relevant literature
C.3. Stage 2: formulating research hypotheses
C.4. Stage 3: operationalizing your hypotheses and choosing data
C.5. Stage 4: extracting and annotating corpus data
C.6. Stage 5: analyzing data
C.7. Stage 6: presenting your study in a report or an article
C.8. Conclusion
References
Webography. Chapter 5. Corpus gathering (accessed 30.06.2019)
Corpus dissemination sites (accessed 30.06.2019)
Sites for downloading and learning how to use corpus consultation tools (accessed 30.06.2019)
Summary table of the corpora presented (consulted 30.06.2019)
Chapter 6. Tools for building a corpus
Chapter 7. Standardization projects
Tools for annotating a corpus
Tool for the statistical computation of the agreement between annotators
Chapter 8. Tools for carrying out statistical tests online
Software for carrying out statistical tests
Index. A, B
C
D, E, F
G, H, I
K, L, M
N, O, P
Q, R, S
T, V, W
X, Y
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Отрывок из книги
Sandrine Zufferey
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The study of linguistic productions in a corpus and the manipulation of experimental variables both have their advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, corpus linguistics has the advantage of favoring the observation of natural data, that is, those which are not influenced by an experimental context. A corpus of journalistic texts includes real productions by journalists, which are not produced for the purpose of being observed. Likewise, a text produced by a learner is also natural, insofar as it is produced in its usual conditions, without there having been any particular manipulation. In addition, the use of corpora favors the observation of a very large amount of linguistic data, whereas experiments are based on a limited number of linguistic items for the task to remain feasible for participants, who would not be able to read thousands of sentences at a laboratory, for example. Finally, once a corpus has been created, it can be used for numerous research questions without requiring any additional time or financial costs. On the other hand, experiments require significant time resources as well as the usual obligation of having to financially compensate participants for their cooperation.
Experimental studies also have definite advantages over corpus studies. The first advantage, mentioned above, is that experiments allow us to test the existence of a causal relationship between two variables, such as the fact of being stressed and producing more errors. Corpus studies do not make it possible to draw this type of conclusion. Second, while an experimental paradigm can be developed to test almost any kind of phenomenon, there are some rare linguistic phenomena which may be absent or too little represented in a corpus to be examined in this way. For example, if we want to decide whether learners are fluent in French idioms such as “mettre le feu aux poudres” (to stir up a hornet’s nest) or “avoir un poil dans la main” (to be extremely lazy) through a corpus study, we will have to look for them in a corpus of learners’ productions. Now, it is quite possible that these expressions are never found there, but this does not necessarily mean that the learners do not know how to use them. It only means that they did not have an opportunity to produce them in the corpus. Using experimental methodology, we will be able to test whether learners have mastered these expressions. For instance, we can encourage them to read the expressions and then ask them to choose, from among several definitions, the one corresponding to their meaning. Finally, experimental linguistics makes it possible to study the linguistic competence of speakers, through different language comprehension tasks which can be more or less explicit or implicit, such as the conscious evaluation of sentences, their intuitive reading, etc. Corpora can only reflect the linguistic productions of speakers.
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