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THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE.

THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

OR,

LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX,

BY

MRS. SARAH L. LARIMER.

I beheld the westward marchers

Of the unknown crowded nations.

All the road was full of people.

Restless, struggling, toiling, striving.

LONGFELLOW.

PHILADELPHIA:

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,

819 & 821 MARKET STREET.

1870.

__________________________________________________________

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the

Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN & SON. PRINTED BY MOORE BROS.

TO

The People of the West,

THIS NARRATIVE IS INSCRIBED BY ONE WHO

COUNTS MANY FRIENDS AMONG THEM,

AND CLAIMS A HOME IN THEIR

PROSPEROUS LAND.

S. L. L.

PREFACE.

________

MORE than five years have elapsed since the great Indian War of the plains commenced, by the raid of a band of roving, hostile Indians upon a small company of emigrants that were en route to the gold regions of Idaho.

The attack was at Little Box-Elder Creek, in Idaho Territory. I was of that unfortunate com- pany; and, after this interval, which has brought desolation and death among the frontier people, I have endeavored to narrate briefly my experience with the Indians, and to record some observations of Indian life and character.

For want of room in this volume—which has already exceeded the limits originally contemplated— I am compelled to omit the highly interesting expe- rience of Mrs. Kelley, but issue it in a book entitled " Mrs. Kelley's Experience among the Indians.''

vii

CONTENTS.

_________

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

EARLY HISTORY—HOME IN KANSAS—JOURNEY TO THE

PLAINS—SCENERY BY THE WAY. . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER II.

JULESBURG — THE EPHEMERAL EXISTENCE OF A CITY

—A STORY OF AN INDIAN CHIEF. . . . . . . . . 23

CHAPTER III.

JOURNEY TO FORT LARAMIE—COURT-HOUSE ROCK—

CHIMNEY ROCK—COLD CREEK—INDIAN VISITS—ABO-

RIGINAL ETIQUETTE— REFLECTIONS UPON INDIAN

CHARACTER—JOURNEY TO LITTLE BOX-ELDER CREEK 29

CHAPTER IV.

CROSSING OF LITTLE BOX-ELDER CREEK—SUDDEN AP-

PEARANCE OF INDIANS—PREPARATION FOR DEFENCE

—TOKITCHEY'S ASSURANCE OF FRIENDSHIP—THEIR

SINGULAR CONDUCT—THE ATTACK, AND PLUNDER OF

THE WAGONS . . . . . . . . . . 39

ix

X CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER V.

ESCAPE TO AN EMIGRANT TRAIN—BURIAL OF THE DEAD

— PRECAUTION OF EMIGRANTS — ARRIVAL AT FORT

DEER-CREEK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

CHAPTER VI.

JOURNEY IN CAPTIVITY—ESCAPE OF LITTLE MARY—

CROSSING OF THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER—FIRST EN-

CAMPMENT—INDIAN HILARITY . . . . . . . . 58

CHAPTER VII.

CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNEY—SECOND ENCAMP-

MENT—INDIAN COOKERY, AND CHAGRIN—SINGULAR

AND THREATENING CONDUCT OF THE CHIEF, AND HIS

EARLY HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

CHAPTER VIII.

CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNEY—THIRD ENCAMPMENT

—FLIGHT WITH THE CHILD—EXTREME THIRST—DIS-

COVERY OF WATER—INDIANS—JOURNEY ALONE . 83

CHAPTER IX.

A SCANT MEAL—A DISCOVERY—BEAUTIFUL EFFECT OF

THE MIRAGE UPON THE SCENERY—ARRIVAL IN SIGHT

OF THE PLATTE—GRAND SCENERY—JOYFUL DISCOV-

ERY OF FRIENDS—BURIAL OF LITTLE MARY . . . 98

CHAPTER X.

RECROSSING THE PLATTE—MEETING WITH MY HUSBAND

—DEATH OF LIEUTENANT BROWN—A REFRACTORY

INDIAN WIFE—DEATH OF CAPTAIN RYNHEART—THE

CONTENTS. xi

PAGE

WHITE PRINCESS—NARRATIVE OF MRS. MORTON, MRS.

EWBANKS, AND MISS ROPER—EXECUTION OF INDIANS

—SUDDEN ATTACK—DEATH OF CAPTAIN FOUTS—

VARIOUS INCIDENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

CHAPTER XI.

NARRATIVE OF JAMES P. KIMBALL AND FAMILY—ELIZA-

BETH BLACKWELL—MORMON EXPERIENCE—INDIAN

KINDNESS—DESTRUCTION OF MR. FLETCHER AND FAM-

ILY — ABDUCTION OF MISS FLETCHER — NARRATIVE OF

MR. JONES AND FAMILY—THE MINNESOTA CAPTIVES

— HERMIT OF THE GILA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

CHAPTER XII.

THE PARTICULARS OF THE FORT PHILIP KEARNEY MAS-

SACRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

CHAPTER XIII.

SIOUX HISTORY—INDIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN—SIN-

GULAR SUPERSTITION—COPPER-RIVER INDIANS—IN-

DIAN BEAUTY AND DECORATIONS—INDIAN PAINTING

— DISGUSTING HABITS—SIGNS AND GESTURES . . . . 175

CHAPTER XIV.

INDIAN VILLAGE UPON THE MOVE—DOGS MADE USEFUL

—EDUCATING OF THE YOUTH—INDIAN MANNERS—

SEVERE ORDEAL—INDIAN COURTSHIP—MURDER OF

AN INDIAN GIRL—AN INDIAN WIFE—SCALP DANCE 191

CHAPTER XV.

BULL DANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

xii CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER XVI.

THE INDIANS' SENSES—A LEGEND OF THE MORNING

STAR—INDIAN STOICISM—CHIEFTAINSHIP—FATAL-

ISM—INCA OF PERU—RED JACKET'S SPEECH—HUMAN

SACRIFICE—SMOKE DANCE . . . . . . . . . . 216

CHAPTER XVII.

WARRIORS' PRIDE—VENERATION OF AGE—CARE OF

THE AFFLICTED—HEROISM—FATE OF DEFORMED

CHILDREN—INHUMAN TREATMENT OF A CHILD—

MISSIONARIES' EXPERIENCE—BURIAL OF THE DEAD

—CONDITION IN THE SPIRIT-WORLD—HUMAN SACRI-

FICE—POISONING OF SPRINGS—ACTION OF THE ELE-

MENTS—MOURNING FOR THE DEAD—PERUVIAN TRA-

DITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

CHAPTER XVIII.

SECRET OF INDIAN COURAGE—SPEECH OF BLACK-HAWK

—EXECUTION OF A MANDAN CHIEF—QUESTION OF

CIVILIZING INDIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

THE

CAPTURE AND ESCAPE,

_________________

CHAPTER I.

EARLY HISTORY—HOME IN KANSAS—JOURNEY TO THE

PLAINS—SCENERY BY THE WAY.

Lo, steam, the king with iron steed,

Sweeps over many a space,

Where travellers once, in helpless need,

Met Indians face to face.

IN the summer of 1864, long trains of emigrants westward bound, extended along the great highway of the plains from the Missouri River to the rugged mountains of Montana, the fertile valleys of the great basin of Utah, the rich lands of the Columbia, and the grassy slopes of California. The sun poured down his hottest rays upon the vast black hills, oppressing the hardy traveller and weary animals, as they pur- sued their journey.

They had come from the various States of the great, but then almost divided republic, toiling onward with one aim, seeking new fields of labor and greater room for expansion—pioneers of civilization—the founders

2 13

14 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

of Western empire—the hardy sons of toil, whose footsteps disturbed the beaver in his quiet haunts, drove from his abode the grisly bear, and limited the range of the buffalo and prairie-wolf, braving the ven- geance of the savage, and turning the dreary wilder- ness into a garden, causing the desert waste to bloom like the rose.

At the camping-grounds, as they stopped for the evening rest and refreshment, they seemed to repre- sent whole towns of hardy adventurers, filling the scene with life and animation. Gladly they hailed the sun's decline, and temporary relief from clouds of heated

dust, as the last rays gilded the tops of the rolling hills that stretched far away until they joined a vast chain of mountains, the lofty summits of which are lost in the purple and golden hues of sunset. Bright harbinger of their future prosperity and glory! and, like the pillar of fire in the wilderness to the children of Israel, it pointed to the promised land.

The pleasant rest of evening, after the day's toil through sun and dust, came gratefully, as the cool winds blew softly over the wide prairies or lofty hills, and little birds warbled their evening songs and flut- tered among the waving grass or craggy peaks, and rosy, laughing children, freed from the restraints of confinement in the wagons, ran sporting around. The tired animals, loosed from their harness, lazily crop- ped the pastures about the encampments, while their owners prepared the evening meal, and enjoyed the twilight hour.

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 15

Their road lay over an extensive country of varying soil, and sometimes the travellers were compelled to rest through the night where water and vegetation were scarce, while at others a richly pastured valley and abundance of water invited repose.

Among the many emigrant trains travelling over that great highway was one to which the narrator of these adventures belonged.

As I begin to recount the pleasures and sorrows of our journey across the plains, my pen almost falters; for much that to me is painfully true, and is remem- bered with bitter recollection, will be to the reader but a tale that is told. I pause, and almost fear to traverse, even in fancy, the backward path that leads through so many sad recollections.

In the year 1859 my husband concluded to remove from Pennsylvania, our native State, to the West, and we bade our many friends adieu, and set out upon our journey. At the separation from the home I loved,

one lingering look was cast upon the house and grounds

of my earliest and dearest recollections.

Home is the place to which the heart is apt to turn in adversity, and memory see to the latest days of life, though oceans should roll and mountains rise between; and the china horse and doll are remem- bered in the busy throngs of earth.

Our journey was a safe one, and, after making a visit with our friends in Iowa, we concluded to emi- grate to Kansas, and were accompanied thither by my mother and her family. We located in Iola, a town

16 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

situated in the beautiful valley of the Neosho River. This Territory was then impoverished by drought, and consequently famine, and before these blighting influences had been conquered, the evil effects of war were made manifest.

Conflicting interests divided the population, and bitter feelings separated nearest friends. My husband, in the loyalty of his heart, believed it to be his duty to risk his life in defence of the land he loved and his country's honor. He was chosen lieutenant, and in that capacity served upon the borders of his own State and in Missouri, but the exposures of a camp life proved too severe for him. He was taken with a serious illness, from which he only partially recovered, and, leaving the army, he returned to Iola, where he remained in an ailing and delicate state of health for two years, when his physicians assured him that a change of climate was necessary to the recovery of his health; and although this involved the sacrifice of friends and home comforts, it was cheerfully under- taken with the great object of a restoration in view.

Our first encampment was made in the beautiful valley of the Neosho, May 17th, 1864. As I looked back upon my adopted home far down in the valley, my heart swelled with contending emotions—a thou- sand reflections crowded upon my memory. I had bid farewell to friends and home to traverse an unknown

country—was leaving a fond parent and dear brothers

and sisters, to cast my lot with the pioneers of civiliza- tion—giving up the tried and true to plunge into unknown and untried associations.

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 17

Memory grew busy as I reclined upon a little knoll overlooking the winding stream that threaded like a silver band the fertile valley that I had only a few months before regarded as a place for our home in our temporary sojourn upon earth.

As I contemplated, too, the scene before me, the picture of the home of my childhood, long left to strangers, came like a forgotten dream before my mind, and in fancy I stood once more upon the banks of the Shenango, where, years ago, even before my dear father was laid in the church-yard grave, I gathered wild flowers, and never dreamed that future years would bring anything less bright than the gay blossoms I twined amid my hair.

The next morning we pursued our journey, and the fourth day arrived at the city of Lawrence, just recov- ering from the dreadful shock of the merciless mas- sacre and destruction inflicted by Quantrell and his murderous band of marauders.

The ruined walls of once elegant buildings frowned dark and gloomy, still showing the marks of the smoke of the consuming fire that destroyed them. As we passed these grim monuments of man's remorse- less hatred, I recalled the beautiful lines of Campbell:

"On Susquehanna's side, fair Wyoming,

Although the wild flowers on thy ruined wall

And roofless homes a sad remembrance bring

Of what thy people did befall,

Yet thou wast once the loveliest land of all."

From Lawrence we travelled across the country to

2* B

18 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

the Blue River, now noted for Indian outrages perpe- trated upon the peaceful and unprotected settlers, and from thence to Fort Kearny, in Nebraska. At this place our road came to the southern bank of the Platte River.

In seasons of high water this river assumes a beau- tiful appearance; its broad bosom is dotted with islands of richest verdure, and adorned with gorgeous- hued flowers and delicate vining vegetation. These islands are of the height of the adjacent shores, having been formed by the action of the changing currents that have forced their way around them. Some are miles in length, while others are mere dots of verdure on the breast of the broad water.

Near Fort Kearny the emigrant trains from various parts of the country concentrated, and the scene upon the banks of the river was beautiful—the green liter- ally dotted with white wagon-covers, and the rich

pasture numbered thousands of horses and cattle, rest-

ing in the lovely valley, before attempting the passage of the plains and penetrating the unknown heights of the rocky peaks that rise beyond.

From this place hundreds of persons with their teams and herds sometimes travelled together, consid- ering that it was prudent to be in large companies while pursuing their journey to the valley of the saints, the mountains of Montana, or the western slope of the long chain whose base is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean; while others were seen going in small companies or alone, that the clouds of dust

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 19

that are nowhere more annoying than on the plains,

where there were lines of wagons, sometimes extending

farther than the eye could range, might be avoided. And it being the time when the fearful struggle was agitating our country, conflicting sentiments of politi- cal disturbers were sometimes met with violence and danger, which it was also desirable to avoid. Kearny town was passed three miles west of Fort Kearny. It was a small village, built of adobe or sunburnt brick, and was then in its pristine glory, but now is remem- bered as a town of the past.

Our road lay along the Platte River for one hun- dred and eighty miles, without a tree or bush to break the horizon of plain or sky, except a few cot-

tonwoods and willows, which stood like solitary senti-

nels guarding the magnificent stream that meanders through the valley.

Each day brought its burden of care and toil, while night offered the balmy sweetness of repose. At Cottonwood Springs there was a settlement of some magnitude, and a military post. There all the wagons that belonged to emigrants were searched by officers and soldiers detailed for that purpose, in order to recover any Government arms that might be clandes- tinely carried away. We continued to pass ranches, at intervals of ten or fifteen miles. These ranch- men were clever, energetic men, who dared to live a frontier life, and often proved themselves to be of the bravest and most generous. Some of them aspired to comfort and even luxury. As a general thing, their

20 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

houses were built one story high, of adobe or sod, and

large enough to accommodate quite a number of guests,

In winter, the ranchmen offer accommodations for travellers and their teams; but in the season in which

we made their acquaintance their hospitality was not so

much required, as the travellers usually slept in their wagons, and their animals were turned loose to find pasture.

Many needful things, however, could be purchased of them, as they invariably kept useful articles for sale. One of these ranchmen, a Mr. Morrow, had, disregarding the prevailing custom, built his house two stories high; and having given attention to its completion, produced a residence in the far West that would have done honor to an Eastern farm of pre- tentious extent.

One hundred and eighty miles from Fort Kearny was the fording of the Platte, where the first Califor- nia emigrants crossed, and in consequence it is called the "Old California Crossing." At that place we overtook seemingly thousands of persons, with their flocks and teams, encamped in the valley; for that being the warmest season, the snow was melting on the mountains, causing the river to be high.

The Platte, though over a thousand miles in length, is a shallow stream, and would be fordable at almost any place, if it were not for the quicksands, which render it extremely dangerous.

It is subject to great variations, however—now fear-

fully rapid and broad, inundating the adjacent val-

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 21

ley, then sinking into an insignificant stream, running through a desert; and, at other times, except the main channel, disappearing in the porous strata of its bed, leaving only here and there a pond inhabited by small fish and tadpoles.

Some of the islands were covered with wild fruits, plums and grapes growing there in abundance, enjoy- ing the security of isolation from the dry country, which is sometimes swept by fire that destroys every species of vegetation that it meets with remorseless fury.

Sufficient water for family use was obtained by digging pits two or three feet into the ground, which soon filled with cold water—a refreshing beverage that is very desirable when on a toilsome journey.

To cross a wide and rapid stream without the aid of a boat or bridge, was a feat requiring some ingenu- ity; and after no little consideration, the men took the wheels from the wagons, and placed the boxes upon the water, and filled them with their own wheels and former loading, which was equal to transforming the wagons into boats or rafts. Though peculiar in appearance, these newly made boats soon floated to the other side, transporting very many persons, of all ages, from the infant at its mother's breast to the bowed form and silvered head of the old, to a wilder and less explored country than the plains they had left.

The day we crossed, the air was very heavy and oppressively hot. When we were upon the river, the sky began suddenly to darken, and, just as we arrived upon the opposite side, a gleam of lightning, like a

22 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

forked tongue of flame, shot from the black cloud that was now rapidly overspreading the heavens. This flash of fire was followed by a frightful peal of thunder, and repeated flashes and peals followed them in quick succession, and dense blackness lowered threateningly over us, almost shutting out the heights beyond, and seeming to encircle us like prisoners in the valley that lay at their base.

The vivid flashes that lit this darkness for an instant

only caused the gloom to seem more fearful, while the heavy rolling of the thunder seemed to rend the heavens above us. Suddenly the cloud burst upon our unprotected heads in rain. But such rain! not the gentle droppings of an afternoon shower, nor the pattering of a commonplace storm, but a sweeping avalanche of water that drenched everything at the first dash, and, continuing to pour, seemed to threaten the earth, and tempt the mighty river to rise and claim it for its own.

The wagons had been uncovered, that they might be transported with convenience; consequently there were no shelters from the storm, and its fury was exhausted upon us; and while it continued to pour, we were compelled to endure its violence, but awaited in resignation the wrath of the elements, and endeav- ored to cherish a hope of a bright to-morrow—in which we were not disappointed, for as the sun rose above the hills, smiling upon the world as if nothing unusual had occurred, and kindly kissed the lingering drops from the blades of grass, we were winding our way among the hills.

CHAPTER II.

JULESBURG—THE EPHEMERAL EXISTENCE OF A CITY—A

STORY OF AN INDIAN CHIEF.

ABOUT twenty miles above the Old California Crossing of the South Platte, the town of Jules- burg stood, upon the south bank of the river. This town took its name from a French pioneer, Jules Benard, who built a cabin of sods close by the river, and lived a hermit's life, subsisting upon the fish he could procure from the river, and game that he was able to shoot upon the hills.

It was said his early years had been darkened by misfortune, when he left his home in the East and sought a solace in isolation.

He was described as a kind, honorable old man. When increasing travel on the road to the mountains and Pacific coast enabled him to dispose of his sup- plies of game and furs, he dealt honorably by emi-

grants, winning their confidence and esteem, and finally

held a position of trust with the overland stage com- pany.

The dreadful mode of his death being the conse- quence of his refusing to league himself with crime and cruelty, renders it proper that his fate be held in remembrance by posterity.

A desperado, named Slade, who afterward distin- guished himself as a bandit in the Rocky Mountains,

23

24 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

and was executed by a vigilance committee in Vir- ginia City, Montana, in 1863, made a haunt for crime in the vicinity of Jules' home. His house soon became a scene of robbery and theft, and against such out- rages Jules protested, positively refusing to become a party or accomplice in it. For this courageous resist- ance the old man lost his life.

With a fiendish barbarity that no Indian can outdo, Slade, with a party of his comrades, went to the her- mit's house in the night, and, finding him unsuspect- ing and unarmed, bound him with strong cords, and commenced to mutilate his body—first cutting off his nose, then his fingers, toes, and ears—and continued to disjoint him until death mercifully rescued him from their demon hands.

The town that bore his name has been destined, like

its founder, to suffer great changes. In February, 1865, it was burned by Indians, commanded by a noted warrior called Little Dog. An effort was made by our soldiers, who were stationed in a camp near Julesburg, to repulse the enemy and protect the place, but they were unsuccessful, and twenty-five soldiers were killed. Fort Sedgwick was soon afterward erected near its ruins, and the subsequent year a town was built four miles to the east, near the Nebraska line, and named Julesburg. The growth of this town, however, was not flourishing, for the Great Pacific Railroad caused another town to be suggested, which was also called Julesburg. This town was destined to become quite a prodigy in growth and wickedness.

Within the short space of six weeks it sprang into

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 25

existence, and covered an area of three hundred acres. Of twelve hundred houses, nine hundred were saloons. Over the streets, that had scarcely ceased to be paths in the wilderness, Government trains passed, bound for distant frontier forts. Railway employes, with long lines of wagons containing implements and neces- saries for the great work going on farther west; ox- trains, en route for the gold regions, transporting mer- chandise; drivers flourishing long whips, and shouting with all the force of their powerful lungs—kept up a varying procession; and the vile exhilarant called whisky was freely used, and aided much in causing the wild excitement.

Denver, when in its greatest excitement, did not equal the progress of this place. A person unac- customed to western phenomena cannot realize the confusion that prevailed.

The majority of the nine hundred saloons were devoted to gambling, and most of the known games on the earth were played there. Every device by which money could be lost or squandered was rife, and recklessness and prodigality reigned.

There was no law, not even a respectable vigilance committee; and being out of the pale of recognized

authority, except the military, which seemed to ear and

tremble, terrible encounters with bowie-knives and other formidable weapons were frequent, and all the men carried firearms to defend themselves in case of an attack. Fancied insults were often atoned for with blood, and tragedies were daily events. Fortunes

26 THE CAPTURE AND ESCAPE;

were lost at a single sitting at the gambling table; temptation led men away, in the flush of sudden suc- cess, to renewed recklessness, while despair seized others and hurried them to crime.

In the midst of these frightful excesses a corrupt power was born, and added despotism to confusion. A band of desperate-minded men proclaimed them- selves law-abiding citizens, and proceeded to form a code of laws for the benefit of the city government, and organized a bogus court to dispense justice, or, properly, injustice.

A grievous tax was levied, and, in many instances, collected by coercion, and a license was required on all business and labor, no exceptions being made in favor of even the few poor laboring women, some of whom, alas! were, by this unreasonable taxation, driven to desperation.

Drugged liquors were given to teamsters and others

whose wages were sufficiently tempting to excite the cupidity of some of these desperadoes; they were then

arrested for drunkenness or some other crime, and hur-

ried to prison, and there robbed of their hard-earned money, and, in some cases, beaten and threatened with

violence if they revealed the facts, or even entered the town after being released from prison.

But, notwithstanding, men generally followed the inclinations of their own hearts, and the boldest took, as it were, their lives in their hands, and bravely dared

consequences.

A theatre was established, where a motley audience,

OR, LIFE AMONG THE SIOUX. 27

dressed in every conceivable fashion, and of every grade

of character but the pure, came together nightly to wit-

ness melodramas no less startling than their own lives.

If ever the preaching of the gospel might claim a field rife in iniquity, since the days when the great Baptist cried from the wilderness of Judea, "Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand,'' surely this was one. Missionaries are sent over the stormy seas to learn the languages of dusky nations that sit in dark- ness, that they may be able to proclaim to them the glad tidings of salvation; but those of our own nation, speaking our own language, and having the smothered seed of Christian knowledge in their hearts through the dim recollection of early teachings, rush to ruin, without heeding the loving warning, "Repent ye, why will ye die? '' Yet be it said for the Western prairies, as a general thing, their towns are not churchless.

The questionable advancement of Julesburg was of short duration. Like its predecessors, it has sunk into insignificance. As the Union Pacific Railroad pro- gressed, other towns sprang into existence farther West-

and divided its prosperity, until the inhabitants, seeing