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The Condition of the South
Table of Contents
REPORT OF CARL SCHURZ ON THE STATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA
CONDITION OF THINGS IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE WAR
RETURNING LOYALTY
OATH-TAKING
FEELING TOWARDS THE SOLDIERS AND THE PEOPLE OF THE NORTH
SITUATION OF UNIONISTS
ASPECT OF THE POLITICAL FIELD
WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED
THE NEGRO QUESTION—FIRST ASPECTS
OPTIONS OF THE WHITES
EFFECTS OF SUCH OPINIONS, AND GENERAL TREATMENT OF THE NEGRO
GENERAL IDEAS AND SCHEMES OF WHITES CONCERNING THE FREEDMEN
MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS
Section 3. No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within the limits of the town under any circumstances, and any one thus offending shall be ejected and compelled to find an employer or leave the town within twenty-four hours. The lessor or furnisher of the house leased or kept as above shall pay a fine of ten dollars for each offence. Section 4. No negro or freedman shall reside within the limits of the town of Opelousas who is not in the regular service of some white person or former owner. Section 8. No freedman shall sell, barter or exchange, any articles of merchandise or traffic within the limits of Opelousas without permission in writing from his employer, or the mayor, or president of the board
EDUCATION OF THE FREEDMEN
THE FREEDMAN
PROSPECTIVE—THE REACTIONARY TENDENCY
THE MILITIA
NEGRO INSURRECTIONS AND ANARCHY
THE TRUE PROBLEM.—DIFFICULTIES AND REMEDIES
IMMIGRATION
NEGRO SUFFRAGE
DEPORTATION OF THE FREEDMEN
CONCLUSION
CARL SCHURZ
DOCUMENTS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT OF MAJOR GENERAL CARL SCHURZ
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA,
HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DISTRICT OF CHARLESTON,
VIEWS EXPRESSED BY MAJOR GENERAL STEEDMAN IN CONVERSATION WITH CARL SCHURZ
C. SCHURZ
HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF COLUMBUS,
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF,
STATE OF LOUISIANA, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF,
STATE OF LOUISIANA, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF LOUISIANA,
STATEMENT OF GENERAL THOMAS KILBY SMITH
HEADQUARTERS NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI,
STATEMENT OF MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES R. WOODS, COMMANDING DEPARTMENT OF ALABAMA
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF MISSISSIPPI,
SPEECH OF MR. COOPER
SPEECH OF JUDGE EVANS
REMARKS OF COLONEL PATRIDGE
JNO. T. HOGAN
J.T.H
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF LOUISIANA, OFFICE OF PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL,
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
HEADQUARTERS SUB-DISTRICT OF JACKSON,
HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF NORTHERN ALABAMA,
OFFICE PROVOST MARSHAL,
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU,
HEADQUARTERS POST OF PORT GIBSON,
HEADQUARTERS POST OF PORT GIBSON,
BUREAU REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, AND ABANDONED LANDS, OFFICE ACTING ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR WESTERN DIST. OF MISS.,
OFFICE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER BUREAU REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, AND ABANDONED LANDS FOR STATE OF MISSISSIPPI,
"WAR DEPARTMENT,
"RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR ASSISTANT COMMISSIONERS
"HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF MISSISSIPPI,
MEMORANDUM OF A CONVERSATION BETWEEN WILLIAM KING, ESQ., OF SAVANNAH, AND CARL SCHURZ
C. SCHURZ
OAK FOREST, NEAR TIGERVILLE STATION,
T. GIBSON
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU,
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU,
SECTION 1. Be it therefore ordained by the board of police of the town of Opelousas, That no negro or freedman shall be allowed to come within the limits of the town of Opelousas without special permission from his employers, specifying the object of his visit and the time necessary for the accomplishment of the same. Whoever shall violate this provision shall suffer imprisonment and two days' work on the public streets, or shall pay a fine of two dollars and fifty cents. SECTION 2. Be it further ordained, That every negro freedman who shall be found on the streets of Opelousas after 10 o'clock at night without a written pass or permit from his employer shall be imprisoned and compelled to work five days on the public streets, or pay a fine of five dollars. SECTION 3. No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within the limits of the town under any circumstances, and any one thus offending shall be ejected and compelled to find an employer or leave the town within twenty-four hours. The lessor or furnisher of the house leased or kept as above shall pay a fine of ten dollars for each offence. SECTION 4. No negro or freedman shall reside within the limits of the town of Opelousas who is not in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said freedman; but said employer or former owner may permit said freedman to hire his time by special permission in writing, which permission shall not extend over twenty-four hours at any one time. Any one violating the provisions of this, section shall be imprisoned and forced to work for two days on the public streets. SECTION 5. No public meetings or congregations of negroes or freedmen shall be allowed within the limits of the town of Opelousas under any circumstances or for any purpose without the permission of the mayor or president of the board. This prohibition is not intended, however, to prevent the freedmen from attending the usual church services conducted by established ministers of religion. Every freedman violating this law shall be imprisoned and made to work five days on the public streets. SECTION 6. No negro, or freedman shall be permitted to preach, exhort, or otherwise declaim to congregations of colored people without a special permission from the mayor or president of the board of police under the penalty of a fine of ten dollars or twenty days' work on the public streets. SECTION 7. No freedman who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms, or any kind of weapons, within the limits of the town of Opelousas without the special permission of his employer, in writing, and approved by the mayor or president of the board of police. Any one thus offending shall forfeit his weapons and shall be imprisoned and made to work for five days on the public streets or pay a fine of five dollars in lieu of said work. SECTION 8. No freedman shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic within the limits of Opelousas without permission in writing from his employer or the mayor or president of the board, under the penalty of the forfeiture of said articles and imprisonment and one day's labor, or a fine of one dollar in lieu of said work. SECTION 9. Any freedman found drunk within the limits of the town shall be imprisoned and made to labor five days on the public streets, or pay five dollars in lieu of said labor. SECTION 10. Any freedman not residing in Opelousas who shall be found within the corporate limits after the hour of 3 p.m. on Sunday without a special permission from his employer or the mayor shall be arrested and imprisoned and made to work two days on the public streets, or pay two dollars in lieu of said work. SECTION 11. All the foregoing provisions apply to freedmen and freedwomen, or both sexes. SECTION 12. It shall be the special duty of the mayor or president of the board to see that all the provisions of this ordinance are faithfully executed. SECTION 13. Be it further ordained, That this ordinance to take effect from and after its first publication
SECTION 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, That no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without a special permit in writing from his employer. Whoever shall violate this provision shall pay a fine of two dollars and fifty cents, or in default thereof shall be forced to work four days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as provided hereinafter. SECTION 2. Be it further ordained, That every negro who shall be found absent from the residence of his employer after 10 o'clock at night, without a written permit from his employer, shall pay a fine of five dollars, or in default thereof, shall be compelled to work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 3. Be it further ordained, That no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. Any negro violating this provision shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any person who shall rent, or give the use of any house to any negro, in violation of this section, shall pay a fine of five dollars for each offence. SECTION 4. Be it further ordained, That every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro. But said employer or former owner may permit said negro to hire his own time by special permission in writing, which permission shall not extend over seven days at any one time. Any negro violating the provisions of this section shall be fined five dollars for each offence, or in default of the payment thereof shall be forced to work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 5. Be it further ordained, That no public meetings or congregations of negroes shall be allowed within said parish after sunset; but such public meetings and congregations may be held between the hours of sunrise and sunset, by the special permission in writing of the captain of patrol, within whose beat such meetings shall take place. This prohibition, however, is not intended to prevent negroes from attending the usual church services, conducted by white ministers and priests. Every negro violating the provisions of this section shall pay a fine of five dollars, or in default thereof shall be compelled to work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 6. Be it further ordained, That no negro shall be permitted to preach, exhort, or otherwise declaim to congregations of colored people, without a special permission in writing from the president of the police jury. Any negro violating the provisions of this section shall pay a fine of ten dollars, or in default thereof shall be forced to work ten days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 7. Be it further ordained, That no negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish, without the special written permission of his employers, approved and indorsed by the nearest or most convenient chief of patrol. Anyone violating the provisions of this section shall forfeit his weapons and pay a fine of five dollars, or in default of the payment of said fine, shall be forced to work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 8. Be it further ordained, That no negro shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic within said parish without the special written permission of his employer, specifying the articles of sale, barter or traffic. Anyone thus offending shall pay a fine of one dollar for each offence, and suffer the forfeiture of said articles, or in default of the payment of said fine shall work one day on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 9. Be it further ordained, That any negro found drunk within the said parish shall pay a fine of five dollars, or in default thereof shall work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. SECTION 10. Be it further ordained, That all the foregoing provisions shall apply to negroes of both sexes. SECTION 11. Be it further ordained, That it shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall be immediately handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol. SECTION 12. Be it further ordained, That the aforesaid penalties shall be summarily enforced, and that it shall be the duty of the captains and chiefs of patrol to see that the aforesaid ordinances are promptly executed. SECTION 13. Be it further ordained, That all sums collected from the aforesaid fines shall be immediately handed over to the parish treasurer. SECTION 14. Be it further ordained, That the corporeal punishment provided for in the foregoing sections shall consist in confining the body of the offender within a barrel placed over his or her shoulders, in the manner practiced in the army, such confinement not to continue longer than twelve hours, and for such time within the aforesaid limit as shall be fixed by the captain or chief of patrol who inflicts the penalty. SECTION 15. Be it further ordained, That these ordinances shall not interfere with any municipal or military regulations inconsistent with them within the limits of said parish. SECTION 16. Be it further ordained, That these ordinances shall take effect five days after their publication in the Opelousas Courier
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
BUREAU REFUGEES, FREEDMEN AND ABANDONED LANDS, OFFICE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR STATE OF MISSISSIPPI,
SAMUEL THOMAS,
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU, STATE OF MISSISSIPPI,
OFFICE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER BUREAU REFUGEES, FREEDMEN AND ABANDONED LANDS FOR STATE OF MISSISSIPPI,
W.L. BRANDON
HEADQUARTERS NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI,
HEADQUARTERS NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI,
HEADQUARTERS NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI,
W.A. GORDON, A.A.G
W.A. GORDON, A.A.G
OFFICE ACTING ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FREEDMEN'S BUREAU. FOR NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI,
LETTER OF GENERAL GRANT CONCERNING AFFAIRS AT THE SOUTH
HEADQUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES,
Carl Schurz
OK Publishing, 2020
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The status of this class of Unionists in the political field corresponds with what I have said above. In this respect I have observed practical results more closely in Mississippi than in any other State. I had already left South Carolina and Georgia when the elections for the State conventions took place. Of Alabama, I saw only Mobile after the election. In Louisiana, a convention, a legislature, and a State government had already been elected, during and under the influence of the war, and I left before the nominating party conventions were held; but I was in Mississippi immediately after the adjournment of the State convention, and while the canvass preparatory to the election of the legislature and of the State and county officers was going on. Events have since sufficiently developed themselves in the other States to permit us to judge how far Mississippi can be regarded as a representative of the rest. Besides, I found the general spirit animating the people to be essentially the same in all the States above mentioned.
The election for the State convention in Mississippi was, according to the accounts I have received, not preceded by a very vigorous and searching canvass of the views and principles of the candidates. As I stated before, the vote was very far from being full, and in most cases the members were elected not upon strictly defined party issues, but upon their individual merits as to character, intelligence, and standing in society. Only in a few places the contest between rival candidates was somewhat animated. It was probably the same in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.
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