Оглавление
Scott D. Sudhoff. Power Magnetic Devices
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Power Magnetic Devices. A Multi‐Objective Design Approach
Author Biography
Preface
About the Companion Site
1 Optimization‐Based Design
1.1 Design Approach
1.2 Mathematical Properties of Objective Functions
1.3 Single‐Objective Optimization Using Newton’s Method
Example 1.3A
1.4 Genetic Algorithms: Review of Biological Genetics
1.5 The Canonical Genetic Algorithm
Example 1.5A
Example 1.5B
1.6 Real‐Coded Genetic Algorithms
Encoding
Crossover
Mutation
Example 1.6A
Scaling
Diversity Control
Elitism
Migration
Death
Local Search
Deterministic Search
Enhanced Real‐Coded Genetic Algorithm
1.7 Multi‐Objective Optimization and the Pareto‐Optimal Front
1.8 Multi‐Objective Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms
Example 1.8A
1.9 Formulation of Fitness Functions for Design Problems
1.10 A Design Example
References
Problems
2 Magnetics and Magnetic Equivalent Circuits
2.1 Ampere’s Law, Magnetomotive Force, and Kirchhoff’s MMF Law for Magnetic Circuits
Example 2.1A
2.2 Magnetic Flux, Gauss’s Law, and Kirchhoff’s Flux Law for Magnetic Circuits
Example 2.2A
2.3 Magnetically Conductive Materials and Ohm’s Law For Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Materials
Ohm’s Law
2.4 Construction of the Magnetic Equivalent Circuit
Example 2.4A
2.5 Translation of Magnetic Circuits to Electric Circuits: Flux Linkage and Inductance
Flux Linkage
Inductance
Faraday’s Law
Example 2.5A
Example 2.5B
2.6 Representing Fringing Flux in Magnetic Circuits
Example 2.6A
2.7 Representing Leakage Flux in Magnetic Circuits
Energy Storage in Magnetically Linear Systems
Slot Leakage Flux Permeance
Exterior Adjacent Conductor Leakage Flux Permeance
Exterior Isolated Conductor Leakage Flux Permeance
Incorporation of Leakage Flux Permeances into UI‐Core Inductor
2.8 Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Magnetic Circuits
Standard Branch
Nodal Analysis
Example 2.8A
Mesh Analysis
Example 2.8B
Comparison of Nodal and Mesh Analysis
Example 2.8C
Nonlinear Analysis of Magnetic Equivalent Circuits
Application to UI‐Core Inductor
Example 2.8D
2.9 Permanent Magnet Materials and Their Magnetic Circuit Representation
Example 2.9A
2.10 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
3 Introduction to Inductor Design
3.1 Common Inductor Architectures
3.2 DC Coil Resistance
Example 3.2A
3.3 DC Inductor Design
Problem Formulation
3.4 Case Study
3.5 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
4 Force and Torque
4.1 Energy Storage in Electromechanical Devices
4.2 Calculation of Field Energy
Example 4.2A
Example 4.2B
4.3 Force from Field Energy
Example 4.3A
Example 4.3B
4.4 Co‐Energy
Example 4.4A
Example 4.4B
4.5 Force from Co‐Energy
Example 4.5A‐1
4.6 Conditions for Conservative Fields
Example 4.6A-1
4.7 Magnetically Linear Systems
4.8 Torque
4.9 Calculating Force Using Magnetic Equivalent Circuits
References
Problems
5 Introduction to Electromagnet Design
5.1 Common Electromagnet Architectures
5.2 Magnetic, Electric, and Force Analysis of an Ei‐Core Electromagnet
Electrical Analysis
Magnetic Analysis
Force Analysis
Example 5.2A
5.3 EI‐Core Electromagnet Design
Problem Formulation
5.4 Case Study
References
Problems
6 Magnetic Core Loss and Material Characterization
6.1 Eddy Current Losses
Example 6.1A
6.2 Hysteresis Loss and the B–H Loop
6.3 Empirical Modeling of Core Loss
The Steinmetz Equation
4.5 The Modified Steinmetz Equation
Example 6.3A
The Series Modified Steinmetz Equation
The Generalized Steinmetz Equation
Example 6.3B
Combined Loss Modeling
Example 6.3C
Temperature Dependence
6.4 Magnetic Material Characterization
Epstein Frame
Single‐ and Double‐Sheet Testers
Toroidal Tester
Considerations When Characterizing Laminated and Tape‐Wound Samples
6.5 Measuring Anhysteretic Behavior
Excitation and Data Collection
Anhysteretic Data
2.8 Impact of Radial Field Variation
Example 6.5A
Characterization of μB (B)
Example 6.5B
6.6 Characterizing Behavioral Loss Models. Measuring Power Loss Density
Loss Characterization Assuming Uniform Fields
Example 6.6A
Loss Characterization with Spatially Varying Fields
Example 6.6B
6.7 Time‐Domain Loss Modeling: the Preisach Model
6.8 Time‐Domain Loss Modeling: the Extended Jiles–Atherton Model
Example 6.8A
References
Problems
7 Transformer Design
7.1 Common Transformer Architectures
7.2 T‐Equivalent Circuit Model
7.3 Steady‐State Analysis
Example 7.3A
7.4 Transformer Performance Considerations
Calculation of Lumped Parameters
Regulation
Magnetizing Characteristics
Operating Point Analysis
No Load, Full Load, and Overload Analysis
Inrush Current
7.5 Core‐Type Transformer Configuration
7.6 Core‐Type Transformer MEC
7.7 Core Loss
7.8 Core‐Type Transformer Design
Design Space
Metrics and Constraints
Calculation of Fitness
7.9 Case Study
7.10 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
8 Distributed Windings and Rotating Electric Machinery
8.1 Describing Distributed Windings
Discrete Description of Distributed Windings
Continuous Description of Distributed Windings
Symmetry Conditions on Conductor Distributions
Converting Between Discrete and Continuous Descriptions of Distributed Windings
End Conductors
Common Winding Arrangements
8.2 Winding Functions
Example 8.2A
8.3 Air‐Gap Magneto Motive Force
8.4 Rotating MMF
8.5 Flux Linkage and Inductance
8.6 Slot Effects and Carter’s Coefficient
8.7 Leakage Inductance
8.8 Resistance
8.9 Introduction to Reference Frame Theory
Park’s Transformation
Transformation of a Balanced Set
Transformation of Voltage Equations
Transformation of Flux Linkage Equations
Transformation of Power
8.10 Expressions for Torque
An Energy‐Based Approach to Calculating Torque
A Field Approach to Calculating Torque
References
Problems
9 Introduction to Permanent Magnet AC Machine Design
9.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines
9.2 Operating Characteristics of PMAC Machines
Machine Model in QD Variables
Three‐Phase Bridge Inverter
Voltage Source Operation
Example 9.2A
Current Source Operation
Example 9.2B
9.3 Machine Geometry
9.4 Stator Winding
9.5 Material Parameters
9.6 Stator Currents and Control Philosophy
9.7 Radial Field Analysis
Stator MMF
Radial Field Variation
Air‐Gap MMF Drop
Permanent Magnet MMF
Solution for Radial Flux Density
9.8 Lumped Parameters
9.9 Ferromagnetic Field Analysis
Stator Tooth Flux
Stator Backiron Flux
Stator Core Loss
Rotor Flux
Permanent Magnetic Field Intensity
9.10 Formulation of Design Problem
Design Space
Design Metrics
Design Constraints
Design Fitness
9.11 Case Study
9.12 Extensions
References
Problems
10 Introduction to Thermal Equivalent Circuits
10.1 Heat Energy, Heat Flow, and the Heat Equation
10.2 Thermal Equivalent Circuit of One‐Dimensional Heat Flow
Example 10.2A
Example 10.2B
10.3 Thermal Equivalent Circuit of a Cuboidal Region
10.4 Thermal Equivalent Circuit of a Cylindrical Region
Axial Heat Flow
Radial Heat Flow
10.5 Inhomogeneous Regions
Example 10.5A
10.6 Material Boundaries
Contact Resistance
Convective Heat Transfer
Radiation
10.7 Thermal Equivalent Circuit Networks
Thermal Equivalent Circuit Laws
Standard Branch
Nodal Network Analysis
Graphical Element Representation
10.8 Case Study: Thermal Model of Electromagnet
Thermal Representation of a Rounded Corner
Winding to Core Resistance
Air Gap Thermal Resistance
Thermal Equivalent Circuit Architecture
Electro‐Thermal Analysis
Examples
Example 10.8A
Example 10.8B
References
Problems
11 Alternating Current Conductor Losses
11.1 Skin Effect in Strip Conductors
Example 11.1A
Example 11.1B
11.2 Skin Effect in Cylindrical Conductors
Example 11.2A
11.3 Proximity Effect in a Single Conductor
11.4 Independence of Skin and Proximity Effects
11.5 Proximity Effect in a Group of Conductors
Proximity‐Effect Loss in Terms of Flux Density
Round Conductors
Dynamic Resistance and Multi‐winding Systems
11.6 Relating Mean‐Squared Field and Leakage Permeance
11.7 Mean‐Squared Field for Select Geometries
Exterior Adjacent Conductors
8.7 Exterior Isolated and Non‐gapped Closed‐Slot Conductors
Open‐Slot Conductors
Gapped Closed‐Slot Conductors
11.8 Conductor Losses in Rotating Machinery
Example 11.8A
Example 11.8B
11.9 Conductor Losses in a UI‐Core Inductor
Example 11.9A
11.10 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
12 Parasitic Capacitance
12.1 Modeling Approach
12.2 Review of Electrostatics
Parallel Plate Capacitance
Curved Plate Capacitance
Insulated Conductor Capacitance
Capacitance between Isolated Conductive Cylinders
12.3 Turn‐to‐Turn Capacitance
Simple Coil
Turn‐to‐Turn Capacitance of an Orthogonally Wound Coil
Turn‐to‐Turn Capacitance in an Orthocyclicly Wound Coil
Dynamic Turn‐to‐Turn Capacitance
Example 12.3A
12.4 Coil‐to‐Core Capacitance
Example 12.4A
12.5 Layer‐to‐Layer Capacitance
Example 12.5A
12.6 Capacitance in Multi‐Winding Systems
12.7 Measuring Capacitance
Example 12.7A
References
Problems
13 Buck Converter Design
13.1 Buck Converter Analysis
Operation
Time‐Domain Analysis
Average‐Value Analysis
Input Filter Ripple
Output Filter Ripple
13.2 Semiconductors
Conduction Loss
Switching Loss
Effective Forward Voltage Drops
Encapsulation
13.3 Heat Sink
Example 13.3A
13.4 Capacitors
13.5 UI‐Core Input Inductor
Example 13.5A
13.6 UI‐Core Output Inductor
Geometry
Magnetic Analysis
UI‐Core Inductor Losses
Thermal Model
Capacitance
13.7 Operating Point Analysis
Operating Point Analysis Algorithm
Encapsulation
13.8 Design Paradigm
13.9 Case Study
13.10 Extensions
References
Problems
14 Three‐Phase Inductor Design
14.1 System Description
Phase‐Leg Operation
Modulation
Control
QD Transformation
Circuit Analysis
Steady‐State Analysis
Time‐Domain Simulation
Example 14.1A
Impact of Saliency
Example 14.1B
Design Approach
14.2 Inductor Geometry
14.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit
Elementary Analysis
Detailed Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Architecture
Interior Fringing
Interior Leakage
Exterior Fringing and Leakage
Face Fringing and Leakage
Permeance Aggregation
Dynamic Resistance
Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Encapsulation
Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Execution
14.4 Magnetic Analysis
Incremental Inductance
Low‐Frequency Core Loss
High‐Frequency Core Loss
Proximity Effect Losses
Encapsulation
14.5 Inductor Design Paradigm
Design Space
Metrics
Constraints
Calculation of Fitness
14.6 Case Study
References
Problems
15 Common‐Mode Inductor Design
15.1 Common‐Mode Voltage and Current
15.2 System Description
15.3 Common‐Mode Equivalent Circuit
DC Source and Capacitors
Common‐Mode Inductor
Power Block Input Network
Power Block
3-Phase Inductor
3-Phase Capacitor and AC System
Simplified Common‐Mode Equivalent Circuit
15.4 Common‐Mode Inductor Specification
Common‐Mode Flux Linkage
Example 15.4A
Worst‐Case Common‐Mode Flux Linkage
Example 15.4B
Proxy Common‐Mode Flux Linkage
Example 15.4C
15.5 UR‐Core Common‐Mode Inductor
Topology
15.6 UR‐Core Common‐Mode Inductor Magnetic Analysis
15.7 Common‐Mode Inductor Design Paradigm
Design Space
Metrics
Constraints
Calculation of Fitness
15.8 Common‐Mode Inductor Case Study
References
Problems
16 Finite Element Analysis
16.1 Maxwell’s and Poisson’s Equations
16.2 Finite Element Analysis Formulation
16.3 Finite Element Analysis Implementation
Example 16.3A
Example 16.3B
16.4 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Appendix A Conductor Data and Wire Gauges
References
Appendix B Selected Ferrimagnetic Core Data
Reference
Appendix C Selected Magnetic Steel Data
Reference
Appendix D Selected Permanent Magnet Data
Reference
Appendix E Phasor Analysis
Appendix F Trigonometric Identities
Index. a
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Books in the IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
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