Оглавление
Siddharth Patwardhan. Green Nanomaterials
Contents
Preface
References
Acknowledgements
Author biographies
Section I. Green chemistry principles
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 1. Green chemistry and engineering. 1.1 Principles of green chemistry and engineering. 1.1.1 Overview
1.1.2 Drivers for green approaches
1.1.3 Estimating environmental impact
1.2 Ways to improve sustainability
1.3 Green chemistry and nanomaterials
References
Section II. Nanomaterials
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 2. Nanomaterials: what are they and why do we want them? 2.1 Fundamentals of the nanoscale
2.2 Tangible and historical examples of nanomaterials
2.3 Special properties offered by the nanoscale
2.3.1 Optical: surface plasmon resonance
2.3.2 Optical: quantum dots fluorescence
2.3.3 Electron spin and nanomagnetism
2.4 Applications
2.4.1 Nanomedicine
2.4.1.1 Generic biomedical nanoparticle
2.4.1.2 Imaging
2.4.1.3 Therapeutics
2.4.1.4 Theragnostics
2.4.1.5 Nanosensors in healthcare and medicine
2.4.2 Nanodevice technologies. 2.4.2.1 Lab-on-a-chip diagnostics
2.4.2.2 Data storage technologies
2.4.2.3 Nanoelectronics/spintronics
2.4.3 Consumer products
2.4.3.1 Titania and zinc oxide
2.4.3.2 Silica
2.4.3.3 Silver nanoparticles
2.5 Nanomaterial biocompatibility and toxicity
2.6 Summary: key lessons from nanomaterials, nanoproperties and applications. Summary of content
Key lessons
References
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 3. Characterisation of nanomaterials. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microscopy. 3.2.1 Optical microscopy
3.2.2 Electron microscopy
3.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy
3.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy
3.2.5 Atomic force microscopy
3.3 Spectroscopy applied to nanomaterials
3.3.1 Mass spectrometry
3.3.2 Infra-red spectroscopy
3.3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.4 Diffraction and scattering techniques
3.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
3.4.2 Dynamic light scattering
3.4.3 Small angle scattering
3.5 Porosimetry
3.6 Summary: key lessons for characterisation of nanomaterials
References
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 4. Conventional methods to prepare nanomaterials. 4.1 Top-down and bottom-up methods
4.2 Top-down methods
4.3 Bottom-up methods
4.4 Nucleation and growth theory
4.4.1 Homogeneous nucleation
4.4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation
4.4.3 Growth
4.4.3.1 Additives restricting growth
4.5 Conventional bottom-up methods
4.5.1 Vapour-phase method
4.5.2 Solution processing
4.5.3 Spray conversion
4.5.4 Sol–gel method
4.6 Emerging bottom-up methods
4.6.1 Principles and overview
4.6.2 Soft lithography
4.6.3 Dip-pen nanolithography
4.6.4 Layer-by-layer self-assembly
4.6.5 Solution synthesis of nanoparticles
4.6.6 Templated synthesis
4.7 Summary: key lessons about conventional routes to nanomaterials
References
Section III. From biominerals to green nanomaterials
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 5. Green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.1 Sustainability of nanomaterials production
5.2 Reasons behind unsustainability
5.3 Evaluation of sustainability for selected methods. 5.3.1 E-factors for solution methods
5.3.2 How green is soft lithography?
5.3.3 Templated synthesis: surely sustainable?
5.4 Adopting green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.5 Biological and biochemical terminology and methods. 5.5.1 Molecular biology component. 5.5.1.1 Amino acids, proteins and enzymes
5.5.1.2 Nucleic acids
5.5.1.3 Other biomolecules
5.5.2 Molecular biological techniques. 5.5.2.1 Protein expression in another host
5.5.2.2 Protein mutagenesis
5.5.2.3 Biopanning
5.6 Summary: key lessons about sustainability nanomaterials production
References
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 6. Biomineralisation: how Nature makes nanomaterials. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Properties and function of biomineral types
6.2.1 Bio-calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite): mechanical/structural support, motion, cutting/grinding
6.2.2 Bio-calcium carbonate: protection, sensor, buoyancy
6.2.3 Bio-silica: mechanical support, transport and protection
6.2.4 Bio-magnetite: sensing, cutting/grinding, iron storage
6.3 Mineral formation controlling strategies in biomineralisation
6.3.1 The universal biomineralisation process
6.4 Roles and types of organic biological components required for biomineralisation
6.4.1 Roles of organic biological components
6.4.1.1 Reagent confinement/concentrating trafficking
6.4.1.2 Nucleating
6.4.1.3 Controlling morphology: templating onto a matrix surface
6.4.1.4 Controlling morphology: crystal growth control (through confinement or epitaxial growth)
6.4.2 Types of organic biological components
6.4.2.1 Lipid membranes: liposomes (figure 6.8)
6.4.2.2 Polysaccharides (figure 6.8)
6.4.2.3 Large assembly fibrous proteins (figure 6.8)
6.4.2.4 Small acidic proteins and macromolecules (anionic) (figure 6.8)
6.4.2.5 Small basic proteins and macromolecules (cationic) (figure 6.8)
6.4.2.6 Cage proteins (figure 6.8)
6.5 Summary: key lessons from biomineralisation for the green synthesis of nanomaterials
References
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 7. Bioinspired ‘green’ synthesis of nanomaterials. 7.1 From biological to bioinspired synthesis
7.2 Mechanistic understanding
7.2.1 Biomineralising biomolecules
7.2.2 Abiotic peptides and proteins from biopanning
7.3 An illustration of exploiting the knowledge of nano–bio interactions
7.4 Additives as the mimics of biomineral forming biomolecules. 7.4.1 The need for additives
7.4.2 The design of additives and custom synthesis
7.5 Compartmentalisation, templating and patterning
7.5.1 Confinement in a simple protein template. 7.5.1.1 Ferritin
7.5.1.2 Further cage protein and virus capsid templates
Internal mineralisation
External mineralisation
7.5.2 Confinement in modified cage protein templates
7.5.3 Biomimetic compartmentalisation
Liposomes
Polymersomes
7.5.4 Localisation and patterning on surfaces
7.6 Scalability of bioinspired syntheses
7.7 Summary: key lessons about the journey towards bioinspired synthesis
References
Section IV. Case studies
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 8. Case study 1: magnetite nanoparticles. 8.1 Magnetite biomineralisation in magnetotactic bacteria
8.2 Magnetosome use in applications: advantages and drawbacks. Advantages
Disadvantages
8.3 Biomolecules and components controlling magnetosome formation. 8.3.1 Magnetosome biomineralisation protein discovery
8.3.1.1 Magnetosome genes: the magnetosome island
8.3.1.2 Magnetosome proteomics
8.3.2 Bio-components for each step of biomineralisation
8.4 Biokleptic use of Mms proteins for magnetite synthesis in vitro
8.5 Understanding Mms proteins in vitro
Iron binding
Self-assembly
8.6 Development and design of additives: emergence of bioinspired magnetite nanoparticle synthesis. 8.6.1 Development from biomineralisation proteins: MmsF
8.6.2 Screening non-biomineralisation proteins: magnetite interacting proteins
8.6.3 Biomimetic magnetosomes
8.7 Summary: key learning, and the future (towards manufacture)
References
IOP Publishing. Green Nanomaterials. From bioinspired synthesis to sustainable manufacturing of inorganic nanomaterials. Siddharth V Patwardhan and Sarah S Staniland. Chapter 9. Case study 2: silica. 9.1 Biosilica occurrence and formation
9.2 Biomolecules controlling biosilica formation
9.3 Learning from biological silica synthesis: in vitro investigation of bioextracts
9.4 Emergence of bioinspired synthesis using synthetic ‘additives’
9.4.1 Which amino acids are important?
9.4.2 Would (homo)polypeptides be sufficient to promote silica formation?
9.4.3 Peptides from biopanning
9.4.4 Do we need peptides or biomolecules?
9.4.5 Can smaller molecules provide similar activities?
9.5 Benefits of bioinspired synthesis
9.6 From lab to market
9.7 Summary: key learning, summary and the future
References
