Оглавление
Siegfried Siegesmund. Monument Future
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
PREFACE
Permanent Scientific Committee
Local Scientific Committee
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHARACTERISATION OF DAMAGE PHENOMENA OF STONE AND RELATED BUILDING MATERIALS (PLASTER, RENDERING, MORTAR ETC.)
RISK NUMBER: DOCUMENTATION AND OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE TO MARBLE AND SANDSTONE SCULPTURE
Summary
Introduction Risk Number: Information Content
Defining and calculating the Risk Number R(i) and the Valuation Number B(i)
Function of Data Sheets
Risk number: Evaluation and Comparisons
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
NEW MARBLES FOR THE ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE (1920–40)
Abstract
Introduction
Catalogue of stones and marbles
Rosso Pantheon
Sienite della Balma
Diorite nera di Anzola
Porfido monumentale
Pietra di Zandobbio
Ceppo di Grè/Ceppo Poltragno
Pietra di Chiampo
Pietra di Aurisina
Pietra di Finale
Rosso Amiata
Portasanta di Caldana
Travertino di Rapolano
Verde Alpi
Rosso di Lèvanto
Verde Roja
Marmo di Valle Strona
Marmo di Lasa
Fior di pesco carnico
Calacata and Cipollino
Conclusion
References
CHARACTERIZATION AND DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS OF RUMELIFENERI FORTRESS IN ISTANBUL
Abstract
General Information and Description of the Site
Scope of the Study and Methodology
Test Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
TUFFS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN AND COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE OF OAXACA, MEXICO
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling
Methods
Results
Mapping
Petrophysical and moisture properties
Weathering properties
Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
SUSTAINABLE LIME RESTORATION MORTARS: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY ASSESSMENT
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
COMPARISON OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN ANCIENT AND RESTORATION RENDERS IN THE VEXIN FRANÇAIS AREA (NW OF PARIS)
Abstract
Introduction
Traditional renders in the Vexin Français
Materials and Methods
Results. Historic renders
Laboratory samples
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
STUDY OF DECAY PATTERNS AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE ACHAEMENIAN ROCK-RELIEFS OF NAQSH-E RUSTAM
Abstract
Introduction
Research Method
Preliminary Results and Discussions. a) Mapping
b) Historical documents
c) Laboratory Analysis
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
EFFECT OF FIRE ON THE DURABILITY OF A POROUS CALCARENITE: THE CASE STUDY OF A TOBACCO FACTORY IN TRICASE (LECCE, SOUTHERN ITALY)
Abstract
Introduction
Material
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
VARIATIONS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDSTONE SUBJECTED TO WEATHERING AND CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS
Abstract
Introduction
Sandstone types and specimens
Sandstone consolidation
Material testing
Test results
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
88References
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF BUILDING SANDSTONE: LABORATORY HEATING EXPERIMENTS VS. REAL FIRE EXPOSURE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and testing procedures
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
EXPLORING MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES INHABITING GYPSUM CRUSTS OF WEATHERED NATURAL BUILDING STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
STONE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MONGOLIA – MODEL-LIKE STUDY AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF THE SITE OF IKH KHÖSHÖÖT
Abstract
The Complex
Condition, Damage and Decay Patterns
Characterizing the Decay – Non-Destructive Tests and Investigations
Interpretation of Results
Reflections on Decay Patterns
Summary
References
CHARACTERIZATION AND DETERIORATION ASSESSMENT OF KÖSSEINE GRANITE IN PALACIO SALVO, MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY
Abstract
Introduction
Identifying the granitic façade
Characterization of Kösseine Granite. Petrography
Physical and mechanical properties
110Deterioration assessment
112Discussion and recommendations
Conclusions
References
2000 YEARS OF USE OF PLASTER AS BUILDING AND RESTORATION MATERIAL FOR THE „TAKHT-E SOLEYMAN“ IN WESTERN AZERBAIJAN, IRAN
Abstract
Introduction
Sasanian and Ilkhanid plaster
Traditional production of gypsum mortar
Phase composition of the calcined raw material
117Reactivity of the new gypsum mortar
Static safeguarding of the west iwan
References
EFFECTS OF ZEOLITES AND SWELLABLE CLAY MINERALS ON WATER-RELATED PROPERTIES AND THERMAL DILATATION IN VOLCANIC TUFF ROCKS
Abstract
Introduction
Petrography
Influence of zeolites and swellable clay minerals
Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CARTAGENA WALL AND QUARRY MATERIAL STONE USED FOR ITS RESTORATION
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VOLCANIC TUFFS FROM EUROPE, ASIA AND NORTH-AMERICA
Abstract
Introduction
Materials
Methods
Petrology and Mineralogy
Physical properties
Durability
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
THE CATHEDRAL-RUINS OF ZVARTNOTS AND AVAN (ARMENIA) – A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECAY AND RESTORATION
Abstract
Introduction
Zvartnots Cathedral
138Archaelogical investigations and restoration
Avan Cathedral
Restoration history
Damage forms and deterioration
Methods of investigations
Results. Methods of construction
The mortars
Volcanic building stones
Onsite investigations
Discussion
Conclusions and further investigations
Acknowledgements
References
NOTES OF A BOWING BEHAVIOR ON LIMESTONE
Abstract
Introduction
Material
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
THE FOUR SCULPTED COLUMNS OF THE ST. MARK BASILICA’ CIBORIUM, VENICE: MARBLES, POLYCHROMY, PAST TREATMENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling and experimental
Results and their discussion
Conclusion and future research
Acknowledgements
References
METHODS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF STONE DECAY; IN-SITU AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
PORTABLE XRF STUDY OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH RATE OF MN-RICH ROCK VARNISH
Abstract
Introduction
The pXRF technique
Interpretation of pXRF data
Mn/Fe counts ratio
Direct estimate of Mn areal density
Areal density to thickness conversion
Fe/Fe ratio estimate of Mn layer thickness
Field survey design
Preliminary geographical distribution
Estimated growth rates on the Smithsonian Castle
Conclusions
166Acknowledgements
References
MICRODRILLING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS SYSTEM AND MORTAR PENETROMETER: TWO METHODS FOR EVALUATING IN SITU MORTAR RESISTANCE
Abstract
Introduction
Microdrilling measurement system (DRMS)
Penetrometer
Case studies
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
ULTRASONIC TESTING OF THE DOLOMITE MARBLE STATUE OF SOONG CHING-LING WITH RESPECT TO THE DEPTH OF CRACKS AND DETERIORATION STATE
Abstract
Introduction
Principle and method of ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic wave and natural stone
Crack depth detection
Ultrasonic CT method
Detecting of the statue. Detecting for the depth of the cracks
USCT testing of the head
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
ACOUSTIC EMISSION BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Abstract
Introduction
Description of rock specimens
Methodology for the AE and strain monitoring
Results and Discussion. AE amplitude and strain
AE amplitude and temperature
AE amplitude and RTC
Conclusions
References
ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS – INSIGHTS INTO THE DECAY MECHANISMS OF THERMALLY TREATED MARBLES
Abstract
Introduction
Marble weathering
Marble varieties
Thermal Expansion
Acoustic Emission
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
AUTOMATIC ESTIMATION OF THE P- AND S-WAVE ONSET-TIMES IN WEATHERED SANDSTONES BY SALT CRYSTALLISATION
Abstract
192Introduction
Materials and Methods. Stones
Ultrasounds
Salt crystallisation test
Results and Discussion
195Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
A STUDY ON NONDESTRUCTIVE DIAGNOSIS AND CONSERVATION SCHEME OF KOREAN DINOSAUR EGG FOSSIL SITES IN HWASEONG GOJEONGRI
Abstract
Introduction
199Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
References
MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF STONE STANDING BUDDHA AND STONE CHAMBER OF MIREUKRI TEMPLE SITE IN CHUNGJU, KOREA
Abstract
Introduction
205Research Methods
Results and Discussion
References
DECAY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN PHALLIC STONE MONOLITHS
Abstract
El Infiernito: Historical Background
Decay Phenomena
Rock material and its characterization
Petrophysical properties and weathering behavior
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF NATURAL STONE BY DRILLING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Abstract
Initial situation and objective
Approach
Results
Conclusions
219References
HISTORICAL MAN-MADE CAVES IN JAPAN: VULNERABILITY OF ROCKS AND CULTURAL ASSETS IN THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
Introduction
Research outline
Rock characterization
Salt weathering and rock-water interaction
Lithological and environmental constraints
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DECAY OF THE LIMESTONES USED IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES OF MARDİN, TURKEY
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion. Limestone Decay
Laboratory Studies
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
IN-SITU INVESTIGATION OF STONE CONSOLIDATION EFFECTS WITH IMMERSED ULTRASONIC DOUBLE-PROBE
Abstract
Introduction
Double-probe ultrasonic device
Impact of measurement conditions
Impact of consolidation treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
A NEW SYSTEM FOR FAST ULTRASOUND-TOMOGRAPHY AT MARBLE SCULPTURES
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Measurements
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
FUENTE DE CIBELES OF MADRIDAND DECAY OF MONTESCLAROS MARBLE
Abstract
Introduction
Construction of Fuente de Cibeles
Materials and Methods
Petrographic Microscopy (PM)
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
249Colour
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
WATER CONTENT ESTIMATION USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TOOLS APPLIED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Abstract
Introduction
Materials
Methodology
IR Thermography calibration
Relevance of the calibration law
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
EXPERIMENTAL CONSERVATION AND FIRST INVESTIGATIONS ON THE WEATHERING OF GEGHARD MONASTERY (ARMENIA)
Abstract
Introduction
Geology
Methods of investigation and experimental conservation
Experimental conservation
Results. Materials of construction and rock cut architecture
Onsite investigations
Laboratory investigations
Conclusions. Petrophysical properties
Experimental conservation
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
THE THREE FUNERARY STELAE PROJECT
Abstract
Introduction
The Bartholomew cemetery and its tombs
Preservation and the causes for damage
The objects
Tombstone material and weathering
Methods of investigation: diagnosis and conservation
Results
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF DAMAGING OF TRADITIONAL CLEANING TECHNIQUES OF STONES WITH 3D OPTICAL MICROSCOPY PROFILOMETRY
Abstract
Introduction
Cleaning methods
Material and methods
Experimental Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING: DIGGING DEEPER IN THE TEMPERATURE AND LENGTH EVOLUTION OF NATURAL STONES
Introduction
276Materials and Methods. Bentheim sandstone & Savonnières limestone
Temperature measurements
Combined temperature and length measurements
Results and Discussion. Initial ice crystallization
The total duration of crystallization
Water/ice content during 20 FT cycles
Conclusion
References
THE EVALUATION OF THE MASONRY QUALITY IN HISTORICAL LOAD-BEARING STONEWORK
Abtract
Introduction
Stone Masonry survey (1st level of analysis)
Stone Masonry assessment (2nd level of analysis)
Conclusions
References
KARSTEN TUBE PENETRATION TEST – NEW FINDINGS AND NEW EVALUATION METHOD
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of w-value
Measurement, evaluation and calculation
Obligation of conversion
Previous conversion models
New findings and new approaches
Conclusion
References
EVALUATION ON REUSABILITY AND DAMAGE OF STONE PROPERTIES FOR REPAIR OF WOLNAMSAJI TEMPLE SITE STONE PAGODA FOR GANGJIN KOREA IN 13TH CENTURY
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
295Results and Discussion
298References
LONG-TERM MONITORING OF STONE MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS
CHALLENGES OF INVESTIGATING DECAY IN AN ENCLOSED BEDROCK MONUMENT: FOSSIL GROVE, GLASGOW
Abstract
Introduction
Site and conditions
Addressing site conditions
Salt contamination
Environmental conditions
Risk map of surface condition
Further challenges
Conclusions
References
THE INFLUENCE OF ANGLE OF BALLISTIC IMPACT ON STONE WEATHERING
Abstract
Introduction
Methods. Sample Preperation
Weathering Regime
Mass Monitoring
Ultra-Pulse Velocity Measurements
Equotip Hardness Measurements
Permeability measurements
Results. Mass Change
Ultra-Pulse Velocity Results
Equotip hardness results
Permeability results
Discussion and Summary
Aknowledgements
References
A STUDY ON CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF FORTRESS CULTURAL HERITAGE BY BEHAVIOR MONITORING AND GIS
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Conservation Status
Behavior Characteristics
Processing of GIS Data
Discussion and Conclusion
References
CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY BY IMPROVED AIRTIGHTNESS IN THE KOREAN ANCIENT ROYAL TOMBS FROM THE 6TH CENTURY BAEKJE KINGDOM
Abstract
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results and Discussion. Changes after Installing the Window
Environmental Factor
Conclusion
References
LONG-TERM MONITORING OF PROCESSES AFFECTING STONE MATERIALS APPLIED TO HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY BUILDINGS IN BRAZIL
Abstract
Introduction
Long-term observations involving stone material degradation in Brazil
The cases
Discussions and Conclusions
References
COMPARATIVE, NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MARBLE SCULPTURES GENERAL VON BÜLOW AND VON SCHARNHORST IN BERLIN
Introduction
Monuments of Scharnhorst and Bülow
Decay phenomena and rock status
Experimental methods Ultrasound
Textural analysis
Results Comparative investigations Field measurements in transmission
Ultrasonic tomography 12 years later
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
A NEW PORTABLE TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE THE COMPATIBILITY OF PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS APPLIED ON MONUMENTAL STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Protective treatment
Contact Bag method
Contact Sponge method
Dry cup method
Validation of the Contact Bag (CB) method on Lecce limestone
CB at 24 h for different lithotypes
Compatibility evaluation on different types of stones
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
LONG-TERM INVESTIGATIONS AND MONITORING OF THE SALT LOADED CRYPT OF ST. MARIA IM KAPITOL, COLOGNE
Abstract
Introduction
Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol
Salt weathering in the crypt
Measures preventing salt damages
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
REVIVING ‘ASTERIXE’: A UNIQUE LONG-TERM ARCHIVE FOR BUILT HERITAGE RESEARCH
Abstract
‘Asterixe’: unique design
History of the ‘Asterixe’
Ihrlersteiner Green Sandstone ‘Asterixe’
Reviving ‘Asterixe’: preliminary activity
Learning from the ‘Asterixe’
References
KOELGA MARBLE AS BUILDING VENEER AT THE TOWN HALL OF WERMELSKIRCHEN (GERMANY): WEATHERING DYNAMICS, BOWING POTENTIAL AND RISK ASSESSMENT: PART I
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The „Koelga“ Marble
3. Technical Information on the Installation of the Facade
4. Decay Phenomena
Bowing
Results
Thermal Expansion
Determination of flexural strength
KOELGA MARBLE AS BUILDING VENEER AT THE TOWN HALL OF WERMELSKIRCHEN (GERMANY): WEATHERING DYNAMICS, BOWING POTENTIAL AND RISK ASSESSMENT: PART II
On the Structural Evaluation of the Façade
Strain on the decisive facade panels
Examination of cracked panels
Load capacity of the marble – Evaluation of laboratory tests and comparison with the determined loads
Flexural tensile strength
Permissible load at the anchor pins
Flexural tensile strength after artificially generated weathering in the laboratory
Criteria for safe facade panels
Important milestones of the Wermelskirchen façade
References
2-STEP DAP CONSOLIDATION OF MARBLE BUSTS ON THE FACADE OF LUGANO’S CATHEDRAL
Abstract
Introduction
Assessment of the case study
Intervention planning
Experimental part
Results
On site intervention
Conclusions
References
THE IMPACT OF NATURAL CLIMATE HAZARDS IMPACT ON THE RESTORATION OF DRAGOMIRNA CHURCH
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and weathering
Climate conditions survey
Local protective measures
Discussion – Hail stone effects on materials
Conclusions
References
IMPROVED EVALUATION OF KARSTEN WATER UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS: VISUALISATION OF THE SOAKING FRONT BY ABSORPTION OF DYE SOLUTIONS
Abstract
Introduction
Preliminary investigation
Materials and Methodology. Experimental set-up
383Materials
Evaluation
Discussion
Conclusion
References
NEW INSIGHTS ON THE CAUSES OF CONTOUR SCALING IN SWISS SANDSTONES
Abstract
Introduction
The cathedral of Notre Dame in Lausanne
On-site monitoring
Analysis of impedance results
Liquid water distribution and possible onset of scaling damage
Implications and outlook
Acknowledgements
References
SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF DECAY
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF SOLID BRICK CONSTRUCTION UNDER THE IMPACTS OF INCREASED PRECIPITATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Climate projection
Vulnerability Analysis
Performance simulation
Results and Discussion
400Conclusion
References
EFFECT OF WEATHERING TESTS ON MICROFRACTURE PROPERTIES OF THE MASSIVE AND VESICULAR BASALTS
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion. Untreated Basalt Samples
Wetting and Drying Test
Freezing and Thawing Test
Salt Crystallization Test
Conclusions
References
THE IMPLICATION FROM THE NA2SO4 CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIORS ON DAFOSI SANDSTONES DURING SALT-LOADED HYGROTHERMAL AGING CYCLES
Abstract
Introduction
Experiment. Stone samples
Protective materials
Salt-loaded hygrothermal aging (SLHA) cycles
SEM observation
Results and Discussion. Salt crystallization behaviors on bare sandstones
Salt crystallization behaviors on sandstone grains with different sizes
Salt crystallization behaviors on the protected sandstones
Conclusion
References
THE DAMAGING EFFECT OF “ECO-FRIENDLY” DEICING SALTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS
Abstract
Introduction
Materials. Deicing salts
Samples materials
Experimental procedure – salt weathering tests
Quantification of deterioration
Results and Discussion. Effects of the deicing salts
418Summary and conclusions
References
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SUPERSATURATION AND DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF NITRATE SALTS RELEVANT FOR OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
DILATATION BEHAVIOR OF BUILDING STONES REPAIRED WITH A RESTORATION MORTAR
Abstract
Introduction
Materials. Courville limestone
Savonnières limestone
Lithomex (Lith)
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
REAL TIME MONITORING OF MOISTURE AND SALT TRANSPORT AND RELATED MODELLING
Abstract
Introduction
Impedance monitoring
433Potential difference monitoring
Modelling and Simulation
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
MODELLING THE EFFECT OF REPOINTING AND GALLETING ON MOISTURE DYNAMICS IN HISTORIC MASONRY AT THE WARDROBE TOWER, TOWER OF LONDON
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
DETERIORATION MECHANISM OF JAPANESE SANDSTONE DURING THE DRYING AND WETTING CYCLES
Abstract
Introduction
Shimoura-sandstone gravestones of Nanamoto Imperial Army Cemetery
Material and Methods. Material
445Characterization of Shimoura-sandstone
Mechanical Properties
Swelling Properties
Result and Discussion. Characterization of Shimoura sandstone
Mechanical Properties
Swelling Properties
Discussion of Deterioration Mechanism on Shimoura-sandstone Gravestones
Conclusions
References
TESTS ON REPAIR MORTARS FOR SANDSTONES AT BERNE CATHEDRAL
Abstract
Introduction
Test procedures
Field exposure at the cathedral
Results of Laboratory analysis
Observations on site exposed mortars
454Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF CHANGE OF PORE STRUCTURE DUE TO SALT PRECIPITATION DURING EVAPORATION IN BRICK WITH X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods. Materials
Gravimetric experiments
X-ray CT experiments and image processing
Results and Discussion. Gravimetric experiments
X-ray CT experiments
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CANTERA HERMOSA TUFF TO THE PROCESS OF SALT CRYSTALLIZATION, USING WATER WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POLLUTION – PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
References
STRESS-STRAIN-ADAPTED INVOLVEMENT OF CROSS-IRON IN SOFT SANDSTONE MATERIAL
Abstract
Introduction
Stone Material
Damage Mechanisms
Planning of the restoration concept
Test Area
Long-term dynamic fatigue tests
Conclusions
References
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SALTS ON THE DETERIORATION OF A SANDSTONE ROCK-HEWN CAVE-TEMPLE IN NW CHINA THROUGH THE COMBINATION OF IN SITU SALT EXTRACTION AND SALT BEHAVIOUR MODELLING
Abstract
Background
The Site
Aims
Methodology
In situ soluble salt extraction method
Temperature and relative humidity data
ECOS-RUNSALT
Results and Discussion. Salt distribution
Short-term salt behaviour predictions
Impact of salt weathering in summer
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED TREATMENTS AND USE OF STONE IN NEW BUILDINGS
DESALINATION OF POROUS BUILDING MATERIAL BY MEANS OF POULTICES, THE NEW REVISED WTA-GUIDELINE
Abstract
Introduction
Deterioration by salts
Aims of salt reduction by poultices
Mechanisms of salt reduction by means of poultices
486Materials used in poultice mixtures
Investigations
Preliminary investigations
Efficiency control during and after the measure
Application of poultices
Preparatory measures
Poultice application
Removal
Special cases
References
A NEW METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE CONDITION OF FIRED CLAY BRICKS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Abstract
Introduction
Carbonation
Materials and Methods. Materials
Methods
Results. pH measurements
Cross sections
Chemical composition of the leaching from the ground brick powder
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
REFLECTIONS ON NANOLIME CONSOLIDATION
Abstract
Introduction
498Discussion
Conclusions
500References
POTENTIAL DAMAGE MECHANISM IN SWISS MOLASSE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
506References
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT EVALUATION METHODS CONCERNING WATER ABSORPTION
Abstract
Introduction
Test matrix
Experimental methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONSOLIDATING SOLIDS IN THE PORE SPACE BY SEM
Abstract
Introduction
Essential features of consolidants
Methods of evaluation
Assessment of the characteristics of consolidants in pore systems
Summary
References
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF COMMERCIAL AND LABORATORY-DEVELOPED ALKOXYSILANE-BASED PRODUCTS AS CONSOLIDANTS FOR CARBONATE STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion. Drilling resistance
Aesthetics
Water transport characteristics
Overall evaluation and incompatibility risk assessment
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
SILICATES FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF STONE: NANO SILICA VS. ETHYL SILICATE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and test methods
Key test results for TEOS and silica sol
Principle aspects of sequential applications of silica sol and TEOS
Summary
References
10 YEARS OF MARBLE CONSERVATION BY AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE: LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA ON PROTECTION, CONSOLIDATION AND MITIGATION OF BOWING
Abstract
Introduction
Optimization of treatment parameters
Protection
Consolidation
Mitigation of bowing
Other functions
Field applications
Conclusions
References
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW CLEANING PRODUCT FOR HEAVY METALS CONTAINING FACADES
Abstract
Introduction
Initial Situation
Test Project Hotel de Rohan, Paris
The Cleaning poultice
Project Example Musée du Louvre, Paris
Project Example Musée Carnavalet, Paris
Conclusions
References
SWELLING INHIBITORS FOR CLAY MATERIALS: COMPARISON OF INDUSTRIAL AND NATURAL SURFACTANTS
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods. Materials
Sample preparation
Analytical methods
Results and Discussion. Impact of surfactants on crystalline swelling
Pore size distribution
Macroscopic swelling
Conclusions
References
EXPERIMENTAL SILICA NANOPARTICLES PRODUCTS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF SILICATE STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental. Materials
Methods
Results and Discussion. Synthesis of nanosilica
Consolidation treatment
Overall considerations
Conclusion and future research
References
MARBLE BOWING: PREVENTION BY THE APPLICATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE – A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
Marble varieties
Sample treatment
Results. Thermal Expansion
Bowing
Ultrasonic velocities
Conclusions
References
ENDOLITHIC MICROORGANISMS IN CARBONATIC ROCKS AND CONSERVATIONS PROBLEMS
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Methodology and Technical information
Results
Conclusion
References
PLANAR ABRASION METER
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical framework
Operating principle
Testing apparatus
Experimental
Operating protocol
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
STONE PORE IMITATING ARTIFICIAL TEST SYSTEMS: CURRENT PROTOTYPES AND POTENTIAL FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE CARE
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Liquid Calcium Carbonate Precursors from Complex Coacervation
Infiltration of Restoratives and Solvents
578Summary and Outlook
References
GRAPHIC VANDALISM: PRELIMINARY CLEANING TESTS ON STONE MATERIALS BY (YB:YAG) ACTIVE FIBER LASER SYSTEM
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
581Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
A SHORT REVIEW ON ELECTRO-DESALINATION AND ITS APPLICATION FOR CHLORIDES AND NITRATES
Abstract
Introduction
586Electro-desalination
Transference numbers by electromigration
Ionic mobility and resistivity
Obtainable transport rates in practice
Conclusions
References
LIMEWASHES WITH LINSEED OIL: EFFECT ON THE MOISTURE TRANSPORT OF NATURAL STONE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
594Water transport properties. Contact angle with water
Water absorption by capillarity
Drying
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
IMPROVED CONSOLIDATION OF VOLCANIC TUFF ROCKS WITH TEOS
Abstract
Introduction
598Materials and Methods
Petrography and Mineralogy
Results before and after the conservation
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
APPROACH ON DEVELOPING STONE REPLACEMENT MORTARS FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ARMENIA
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and mortar preparation
606Methods of investigation
The Ani Peach Tuff (ANI)
Results
Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
STONE CONSERVATION ISSUES AFTER THE 2019 FIRE AT NOTRE-DAME CATHEDRAL
Abstract
Introduction
Stone remains and supplies
Fire-related damage
Lead pollution
Cleaning tests
Conclusion
References
Cleaning products and techniques
ASSESSMENT OF LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TREATMENTS
TWO CASE STUDIES ON THE USEFULNESS OF SURFACE WATER ABSORPTION AS A MEANINGFUL PROPERTY OF SANDSTONE
Abstract
Introduction
The Droplet Method
Case study – Macquarie Obelisk, Sydney
Case Study – Isle of the Dead
Conclusion
References
CONSERVATION OF A RECENT CONSERVATION BASED ON SILICIC-ACID-ETHER AND SILICA SOL
Building and restoration history
Research and proof of concept before 1997
Conservation in 1997–2002
Revision 2009 and 2013
Research after 2015
Refining the process and application
Results
References
SINGLE-SIDED NMR EXPERIMENTS ON HYDROPHOBIC AND LONG-TERM WEATHERED NATURAL STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Material and methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
TERAHERTZ TIME-DOMAIN IMAGING (THZ-TDI): A NEW NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CONSOLIDATION DEPTH ON STONE
Abstract
Introduction
Material and protocol
Preparation of the samples
Method
Results and Discussion
644Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
AN EVALUATION OF SHELTER COATS FOR THE PROTECTION OF OUTDOOR STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Preparation and field exposure
Test results before exposure
Test results after one year of exposure
Discussion
650Summary
References
INVESTIGATING SURFICIAL ALTERATIONS OF NATURAL STONE, BRICKS, AND PLASTER BY ULTRASONIC SURFACE MEASUREMENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Natural Stone
Bricks
Medieval Plaster
Summary
References
MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS OF GYPSUM BASED MORTARS FOR HISTORIC EXTERIOR MASONRY
Abstract:
Introduction
Methodological Approach
659Structural analysis
Results
Summary
References
WELLS CATHEDRAL, WEST FRONT SCULPTURE – DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF CONSERVATION REPAIR TECHNIQUES
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanisms of decay
The ‘lime method’
Subsequent inspections
Survey and investigations into sculpture (2018)
Summary of findings
Conclusions
References:
PERFORMANCE OF LIME-BASED SACRIFICIAL LAYERS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF POROUS LIMESTONE IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CASE STUDY
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling and analytical methods
Results
Discussion
Future Conservation Tasks
674Conclusions
References
CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS ON HYDROPHOBIC NATURAL STONES
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
HYDRATION-DEHYDRATION DECAY ON SANDSTONE: POSSIBLE REMEDY AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A SPECIFIC ANTI-SWELLING PRODUCT
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
EFFICACY OF TRADITIONAL CONSERVATION METHODS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ROCK-HEWN HERITAGE SITES: LESSONS FROM LALIBELA, ETHIOPIA
Abstract
Introduction
Modern and traditional conservation techniques
Sources of Evidence
Modern conservation vs traditional conservation methods
Traditional methods to prevent water infiltration
Lessons from traditional conservation techniques
References
EVALUATION OF THE DETERIORATION OF A STONE GATE (TORII) AND ITS PROTECTIVE MEASURE
Abstract
Introduction
Needle penetration test
Survey of internal structure by acoustic tomography
Impregnation test of stone consolidants. Stone consolidants and water penetration experiment
Difference in penetration of water and stone consolidants by impregnation method
Freezing and thawing experiments on rocks reinforced with stone consolidants
Conclusions
References
A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND PROSPECT OF GROTTO TEMPLES IN CHINA
Abstract
Introduction
History of grotto temple protection. 1940s: Preliminary investigation of the distribution and situation of grotto temples
1950s: urgent works in difficult situations
1960s to 1970s:
1980s to early 21st century:
From the beginning of the 21st century to now:
703Maintenance status and main issues of Chinese grotto temples
Future work of China’s Grotto Temple Protection
Acknowledgements
References
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON STONE DECAY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
WINTER SHELTERS FOR MARBLE SCULPTURES OF THE SCHLOSSBRÜCKE BERLIN: CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS
Abstract
Introduction
History of the sculptures
Marble weathering
Present condition of the sculptures
Climatic conditions
Numerical simulation of heat and moisture transport
Care and maintenance
Summary
References
BASELINING SANDSTONE HERITAGE FOR CONSERVATION IN A CLIMATE CHANGE(D) FUTURE
Abstract
Introduction
Study Sites
Sandstone Types
Sandstone Sampling
Sandstone Analysis
CEF Experiments
Conclusion
References
CHALLENGES OF CONSERVATION OF SAND-STONE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN TSADA BASIN OF NGARI PREFECTURE, TIBET, CHINA
Abstract
Introduction
Types of sand-stone architectural heritage
Material and Structural Features
Difficulties to conserve less petrified Sand-stone Architectural Heritage in Tsada Basin
Conclusion and perspective
Acknowledgements
THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND IMPACT ON FROST WEATHERING OF NATURAL BUILDING STONES IN GHENT, BELGIUM
Introduction
Materials and Methods. Savonnières limestone
Bentheim Sandstone
MOCCA urban climate data
HAM simulations
Results and Discussion. MOCCA data analysis
HAM simulations
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
SUEVITE, A RARE IMPACT STONE: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION MATERIALS
Abstract
Introduction
Suevite, an extraordinary heritage stone
Types of decay and conservation history
Scaling
Crumbling decay
Cracks in the Kunstsuevit
Development of conservation methods
Conservation material
Mortar materials for restoration
Determination of physical properties
Previous results
Summary and outlook
References
SALT SENSITIVITY OF THE STONES OF THE PORTE DE MARS OF RHEIMS CAUSED BY THE IMPACT OF AN ACID ATMOSPHERE EXPOSURE
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
References
INVESTIGATIONS OF AVERSIVE CONDITIONING OF BIOGENOUS GROWTH ON EXPOSED SANDSTONE OBJECTS
Abstract
Introduction
The Steinerne Album of Großjena
Biogenous growth
Lichen flora at the Steinerne Album
Investigative program
Cleaning measures
Sample Areas “Fox Hunt” relief
Sample panels
Evaluation of results
Summary
References
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT DEPOSITS: POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AREAS OF ORIGIN AND DEGRADATION OF MARBLE MONUMENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling
Instrumental characteristics and analysis procedure
Results
Discussion of the results
Conclusions
References
FUTURE CLIMATE AND STONE DECAY
Abstract
Introduction
Past weathering
Future climate
Future thermal impact on stone
Future humidity and salt damage
Future rainfall
Future Air Pollution
Conclusions
References
DIAGNOSIS OF STONE DETERIORATION IN CRAC DES CHEVALIERS
Abstract
Introduction
Conditions and history of the site
Methods
Results. 1 – Rilem tube test
2 – Deterioration mapping
Conclusions
References
LIVE AND LET DIE? BIOFILMS ON STONE: POSSIBILITIES, LIMITS AND RISKS OF COMBATING
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
773Results and Discussion
Conclusions and outlook
776References
STONE-MORTAR COMPATIBILITY: THERMO-HYGRIC CYCLING INDUCED AGING OF MASONRIES POLLUTED BY SALT
Abstract
Introduction
Materials. The calcarenite of Volubilis
Orleans mortar
Volubilis mortar
Methods
Results. Comparison of the mortars
Aging of NaCl contaminated samples
Discussion
Conclusion
References
STONE CONSERVATION IN CHINA – WITH FOCUSING ON CARBONATE STONE CONSERVATION PRACTICE
Abstract
Introduction
Approaches in stone conservation in China – researches and education
Deterioration of stone monuments and practical conservation intervention
Carbonate stone monuments
Case study 1 – Surface refitting of Huashan Pictographs
Case study 2 – conservation and maintenance concept of the Song’s dolomite marble statue in Shanghai
Conclusion and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
REPORTS ABOUT STONE CONSERVATION: CASE STUDIES AND PROJECTS
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON LIME MORTARS USED FOR STONE MASONRY OF THE GREAT WALL BUILT BY MING DYNASTY IN CHINA
Abstract
Introduction – Great wall built by Ming Dynasty
Construction technique
Lime Mortars from Stone Masonry
798Conclusion, discussion and further researches
Acknowledgements
References
CONSOLIDATION OF THE BIOCLASTIC LIMESTONE USING THREE DIFFERENT CARBONATE-FORMING CONSOLIDANTS: IN SITU STUDY
Abstract
Introduction
Test fields
Application of consolidants
802Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF TUFF STONE DETERIORATION
Abstract
Introduction
The control of mineralogical composition and fabric on the weathering behavior
The influence of pore structure on weathering susceptibility
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
810References
MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROVENANCE PRESUMPTION FOR STONE PROPERTIES OF THE KOREAN ANCIENT TOMB IN SEOUL SONGPA DISTRICT
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Classification of Rock Species
Petrology and Mineralogy
Geochemical Characteristics
Discussion and Conclusion
References
THE CRUSADER WALL OF CAESAREA RESURRECTED: A CONSERVATION STONEWORK PROJECT
Abstract
Introduction
Environmental problems
Care and maintenance
Summary
References
EXAMINATION OF HISTORICAL SANDSTONE EPITAPHS AS A SEARCHING FOR A NEW METHOD OF CONSERVATION
Abstract
Introduction
Methods and materials
825Experiments and results. 1. Field studies
2. Mineralogical and petrological examinations
3. Conservatory examinations
Considerations and hypothesis
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CASE STUDY: STONE CONSOLIDATION OF RELIEFS INSIDE THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LAWRENCE, TROGIR – RESULTS AND DOUBTS OF FIELD TREATMENT
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnostics
Test field for evaluation of consolidant effectiveness
Evaluation of consolidation effectiveness
Conclusion
References
HERITAGE IN THE CROSSFIRE
Introduction
Heritage in the Crossfire
Field work
Field site
Measured impacts
Methodology
Results
Core project findings
Training activities and research implementation
Heritage professionals training
Conclusions
References
THE CONSERVATION OF THE LINTELS OF THE CHURCH OF THE ST. SEPULCHRE
Abstract
842Historical background
Description of the lintels
Assessment of damage
843First intervention
Research and Conservation teams
Investigations and results
Experimental methods and results:
Proposal for treatment of the Lintels
The conservation of the Lintels
Decisions, conservation planning and intervention
Lessons learned and never learned
References
CONSERVATION OF DELAMINATED STONE: DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH OF SAINTE-CROIX DE CELLENEUVE (MONTPELLIER, FRANCE)
Abstract
Introduction
848Materials and Methods. Building stones
Degradation patterns
Sampling, on-site investigations and analysis
Treatment tests
Results. Stone characterization. Petrography
Petrophysic and salt analysis
SEM, clay fraction and thermo-hydric dilation
Cohesion of the stone’s surface
850Efficiency of treatments
Results analysis
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
ANALYSIS OF THE SALT CONTENT DURING WATER BATH DESALINATION OF A POLYCHROME LIMESTONE RELIEF
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
A PILOT STUDY TO DEFINE THE RESTORATION FOR 68 SANDSTONE SCULPTURES OF THE CALVARY OF THE ST. PAUL’S CHURCH IN ANTWERP (BELGIUM)
Abstract
Introduction
Identification of the original materials
Restoration history
Condition of the sculptures
Restoration treatment
Conclusion
References
CONSERVATION OF NORTHERN HESSIAN TUFFSTONES – A BUILDING MATERIAL USED FOR THE MONUMENTS IN THE BERGPARK WILHELMSHÖHE
Abstract
Introduction
Geological setting
Local tuffstone as building stone
Stone properties
Weathering
Examination and conservation concepts
Current development and outlook
References
RESTORATION OF THE 172 FACADE SCULPTURES OF THE NEW PALACE, POTSDAM – DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT
Abstract
Introduction
Stone
Restoration history
Damage decay model
Development of the restoration model
Implementation
References
EXEMPLARY CONSERVATION OF THE POLYCHROMY ON THE GOTHIC SANDSTONE SCULPTURES OF THE HALBERSTADT CATHEDRAL USING FACING-TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Facing-materials and consolidants
Methodology and experimental setup
Results
Conclusions
882References
THE MARBLE SCULPTURE COLLECTION IN FRONT OF THE PALACE OF THE NEW CHAMBERS, POTSDAM OUTLINING CURRENT RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN SCULPTURE RESTORATION
Abstract
History of the sculptures
Condition of the sculptures
Development of the conservation concept
Conclusion
888References
WEATHERING OF LIMESTONE AT ANAVARZA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN TURKEY
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussions. Visual observations
Characteristics of sound limestone
Characteristics of standing parts of stone column surfaces
Characteristics of recently excavated stone column surfaces
Characteristics of the excavated soil
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CONSERVATION OF THE CLOISTERS AT NORWICH CATHEDRAL, UK
Abstract
Introduction
Context
Development of Conservation Policy
Practical Application of the Policy
Conclusion
References
THE BURIAL TOMBS OF TELL-BASTA: THE BUILDING MATERIALS AND RESTORATION ATTEMPT
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods. Samples
902Optical and petrographic examinations
Scanning electron microscope
The mineralogical characterization by XRD
Measuring the surface wettability after treatments
Results and Discussions. Stone samples
Plaster samples
The deterioration products
Experimental setup. Consolidation products
Laboratory models
Evaluation of the consolidation process
Morphological examination
Hydrophobicity
Stability against salt weathering
Restoration procedures
Cleaning
Consolidation
Extraction of salts
Injection process
Reconstructing the missing parts
Dismantling and reassembly of the stone floor
Long-term conservation
Conclusion
References
STUDY OF THE LITHOTYPES USED IN THE MOSAICS OF ARTIFICIAL GROTTOES AND NYMPHAEA IN LOMBARDY
Abstract
Introduction
908Census of Lombard artificial grottoes and nymphaea
Identification and spreading of lithotypes
Conclusions
References
INFLUENCE OF HEAT AND MOISTURE ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE SHELTER ON SODIUM AND CALCIUM SULFATE BEHAVIOR
Abstract
Introduction
Outline of kiln no. 18
Survey methods. Degradation factors of the remains
Micro-environmental factors inside and outside the shelter
915Moisture content of the remains
Results and Discussion. Distribution and seasonal transformation of sulfates
Soil moisture content of the remains
Water evaporation from the surface of the remains is caused by the incandescent lamps
918Influence of microclimate change inside the shelter on sulfate behavior
Conclusions
References
NATURAL STONE EXCHANGE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE CASE OF THE ULM MINSTER IN BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG
Abstract
Introduction
The Ulm Minster
Donzdorfer and Lauchheimer sandstones (iron sandstone)
Methods
Results
Stuben sandstone from Waldenbuch
Conclusions
References
THE DISCOVERY, ANALYSIS AND REPLICATION OF A BLUE ROMANESQUE REVIVAL STOPPING MORTAR
Abstract
Stuart Hall
Prussian Blue
William Appleton Potter
Why did the color last as well as it did? Hypothesis
Testing of the Hypothesis
How best to recreate this mortar in 2019?
Conclusion
References
PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF GOSLAR SLATE – THE EXAMPLE OF THE MÖNCHEHAUS IN THE WORLD HERITAGE HISTORIC CITY OF GOSLAR, GERMANY
932Abstract
Introduction
Case study – the slate hanging of the Mönchehaus
Goslar slate – material characteristics and factors of deterioration
Conservation scientific investigation
935Conservation measures
Restoration of the slate hanging
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
ON-SITE TESTS TO ASSESS WET VACUUM CLEANING TECHNOLOGY FOR SALT REDUCTION ON SANDSTONES
Abstract
Material
Vacuum washing technology
Experimental Procedure. Preparation
Loading the samples with salt solution
Desiccation
First washing period
Second washing period
Results. Non-destructive methods before, during and after the vacuum washing process
Depth effect of the salt reduction measures
Rorschach molasse sandstone:
Mühlbach sandstone (Schilf sandstone):
941Stubensandstein:
Burgsandstein:
Conclusions
References
MOISTURE, SALT AND MOULD – CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN A MEDIEVAL MIKVEH
Abstract
Introduction
Building materials
Damage phenomena
Soluble salts
Microbiological growth
Indoor climate
Conservation of plaster and stone
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
DRACHENFELS TRACHYTE – RESEARCH INTO THE PRESERVATION OF COLOGNE CATHEDRAL’S MEDIEVAL RADIATING CHAPELS
Abstract
Introduction
History of the test area
Tool traces and architectural evidences
Stone & Decay Phenomena
Further investigations on rock properties
Methodology
Evaluation of the tests
Conclusions
References
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TOOL USING A JUPITERCOLUMN AS AN EXAMPLE
Introduction
History and significance of the “Große Mainzer Jupitersäule”
Basics of computed tomography
Application of computed tomography at the “Große Mainzer Jupitersäule”
Possibilities and Limitations
Conclusion
References
STONE CONSERVATION IN BAGAN, MYANMAR, AND TRAINING OF CONSERVATION PROFESSIONALS
Abstract
The GBSCP at Nan-hpaya
The World Heritage Site of Bagan
Restoration history of Nan-hpaya
Deterioration factors
Documentation and investigation
Nan-hpaya sandstone
Conservation steps and materials
Training
Summary
References
DIGITALIZATION AND DOCUMENTATION IN STONE CONSERVATION
EVALUATION OF CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR HISTORICAL STONE SURFACES BY USING OPTO-TECHNICAL MONITORING
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
References:
BIM-SIS ADAPTIVE KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STONE DAMAGES IN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
Stone Damages on façades
Data acquisition and processing
The BIM-SIS Project
Documentation
Retrofit planning and restoration of natural stone facades
Maintenance and facility management
Acknowledgements
References
DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL OPEN TOOL FOR THE SEGMENTATION OF 3D POINT CLOUDS OF MASONRY WALLS
Abstract
Introduction
The tool
Automatic Segmentation Plugin (ASP)
Manual Segmentation Plugin (MSP)
985Experimental results
Conclusions and future works
Acknowledgements
References
DATA ACQUISITION, MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION FOR STONE CONSERVATION PROJECTS WITH DIGITAL MAPPING
Documentation – true to scale image rectification and ortho projection. Definition of quality parameters
Evaluation methods
Project structure – mapping project and object hierarchy
Mapping project
Object hierarchy
R&D Project „PROQUATO“
Data import
Drawing modes for 3D mapping
Printing of 2D model views
Laserscanning – 3D data evaluation
3D data processing
3D data evaluation
Summary
References
MICROSTRUCTURAL DAMAGE FROM BULLET IMPACTS IN HERITAGE SANDSTONES
Abstract
Introduction
Sample Selection and Preparation
Microscopy
Neutron Diffraction
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
STIMULATED INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY (SIRT) REVEALING THE HIDDEN DECORATION OF THE VIERGE DU TRUMEAU IN REIMS CATHEDRAL
Abstract
Introduction
History of the sculptures
Context of the study
Stimulated infrared thermography
Experimental setup
First experimental results
Temporal analysis
1004Conclusion
References
3D-STRUCTURED LIGHT SCANNING TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Abstract
3D structured light scanners handheld devices
Found location of tiles
Creation of virtual 3D models of the tiles
Summary
References
ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY AND 3D SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES AS A TOOL TO CONSTRAIN THE WEATHERING STATE OF OBJECTS MADE OF MARBLE
Abstract:
Introduction
Marble decay
Characterization techniques Mapping
3D-Scanning Technologies
Ultrasound tomography
Auto-Calibration of the Setup
Merging, Meshing and Texture Mapping
Documentation of Measuring Positions
Texture Analysis of Object Surfaces
Ultrasound tomography
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY FOR STONE HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Integrity evaluation and monitoring
Displacement analysis
Visualization rendering
Restoration of damaged sculpture
Sand-printing of rampart stone
Discussion and conclusion
1024References
ST WALBURGA – LOCAL VALUE OF POLYCHROME TERRACOTTA FIGURE RESULTS IN CONSERVATION INTERVENTION AND 3D-SCAN GENERATED REPLACEMENT
Abstract
Introduction
Investigations
Decay Phenomena & Causes of damage
Assessment & Concept development
Restoration process
3D-Scan & further processing
References
LIFTING MOUNTAINS: THE TREATMENT OF A 7TH CENTURY CAMBODIAN SANDSTONE KRISHNA SCULPTURE
Introduction
Krishna’s Myth and History
1978–79 Conservation Project
Krishna Revisited
Condition. Structural and Surface Instability
Staining and Accretions
Previous Restoration Materials
Treatment to Date
Deconstruction
Surface Treatment
Reconstruction and Revelation
Next Steps
Conclusion
References
OPEN TOPICS
EXPOSURE OF ROSA ARRONCHES AND SANTA EULÁLIA GRANITES TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS: ICE-DEICING AND ACIDIC SOLUTIONS – ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
Abstract
Introduction
Materials
Methodology and Experimental Tests
Results and Discussion
1045Conclusions
References
PERCEPTIONS OF STONE. SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE HISTORICAL USE OF LEDE STONE, BELGIUM
Abstract
Introduction
Lede stone resources
The need for resources
Criteria
Replacement stones
Conclusion
References
THE POTENTIAL OF NEUTRON IMAGING IN STONE CONSERVATION
Abstract
Introduction
Principle of Neutron Imaging
Image Analysis
Monitoring of Liquid Flow
Studies of Structural Changes
Analysis of Drying Properties
Neutron Scattering Techniques
Facilities and Workshops
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY “ARBEITSGRUPPE STEINKONSERVIERUNG DER DDR” – A HISTORICAL STUDY ON THEIR SCIENTIFIC WORK (1972–90)
Abstract
Introduction
Foundation and existence of the working group in the GDR
Members of the working group
Tasks and goals of the working group
International exchange and cooperation
Binational exchange and the reunification of Germany
Acknowledgements
References
A STUDY FOR ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CALCINATION TEMPERATURE AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL HYDRAULIC LIMES (NHL)
Abstract
Introduction
Analytical methods
1067Raw materials
Calcination
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
DOLOMIA: A SURVEY ON THE HISTORIC AND PRESENT-DAY USE OF DOLOMITE ROCK AS BUILDING MATERIAL IN TYROL, AUSTRIA
Abstract
Introduction
Procedure
Varieties of dolomite rock in Tyrol
1074Outcrops and quarries of dolomite rocks in Tyrol
Historic versus present-day use of dolomite rock as building material
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
CLEANING OF DISCOLOURED OBJECTS MADE OF LOW-FIRED GYPSUM
Abstract
Introduction
Forms of discolouration
Cleaning Materials and Methods
Filler/water retention material Laponite® RD
Attapulgite
Active substances Calcium phytate
Acids for iron mobilisation
Solvents for removal of wax- and oil-like substances
Anjusil® Cleaning Emusion
Evaluation of results
Yellowish discolouration caused by jute, iron and plaster ingredients:
Reddish brown discolouration by iron corrosion
Brown-yellow discolouration by wax and iron
Grey and black discolouration by soot
Summary
References
THE IMPLEMENTATION AND USE OF STANDARDS AS A MEANS TO MEET CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES
Abstract
Background
Promoting the use of standards or commonly applied routines
Implementation of Guidelines for Conservation Management plans
Making the CEN-standards free of charge for professionals within Sweden
Implementing the standards in cooperation projects with other governmental bodies
Conclusions
CONSERVATION STATE ASSESSMENT OF THE GOLIA MONASTERY ENCLOSURE WALL
Abstract
Brief overview on the history, location and environmental conditions
Geological context for the stone resource
Conservation state of the Enclosure Wall
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
RELATED RESEARCH OF THE LOSS COMPENSATION OF THE VOLCANIC TUFFS
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
EXCAVATING AND PRESERVATION OF DINOSAUR TRACKSITES IN OBERNKIRCHEN SANDSTONE
Abstract
Introduction
Study area
Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Lithology
Geological Heritage (Geoheritage)
Methods of quarrying and excavation
Track documentation
Risks of degradation
Conclusions
1106References
CLEANING MONUMENTS: FROM BROOMS TO NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Abstract
Heritage and Cleaning
Matter in the wrong place
Loosening and Transporting
The Sinner Circle
1109Cleaning Machines and Their Myths
Numerical Simulation
Cleaning as a Joint Effort
References
GLOBAL HERITAGE STONE RESOURCE (GHSR) – AN INITIATIVE OF THE IUGS
Abstract
Introduction
Global Heritage Stone Resource
Heritage Stones Subcommission
1116GHSR in Germany
1117References
EXCURSION
NATURWERKSTEINE IN GÖTTINGEN UND UMLAND
1. Einleitung
11222. Naturwerksteine: Historische Nutzung, Globalisierung, Besonderheiten
3. Geologie von Göttingen und Umgegend
3.1 Buntsandstein-Gruppe (Indusium – unteres Anisium, Trias)
3.2 Muschelkalk-Gruppe (Anisium – unteres Ladinium, Trias)
3.3 Keuper-Gruppe (unteres Ladinium – Rhaetium, Trias)
11313.4 Schwarzjura-Gruppe (Lias, Unter-Jura)
3.5 Braunjura-Gruppe (Dogger, Mittel- Jura)
3.6 Kreide
3.7 Känozoikum (ungegliedert)
3.8 Der Leintetal-Graben
4. Die wichtigsten Naturwerksteine der Region
4.1 Bausandstein der Solling-Formation (Mittlerer Buntsandstein)
4.2 Muschelkalk
4.3 Basalte (Miozän)
4.4 Kalktuff (Holozän – rezent)
5. Naturwerksteine der Region von untergeordneter Bedeutung. 5.1 Weitere Bausandsteine des Buntsandstein (nicht zugeordnet)
5.2 Meißner-Formationen (Oberer Muschelkalk, Oberes Anisium-Unterstes Ladinium, Trias)
5.3 Schilfsandstein (Stuttgart-Formation, Mittlerer Keuper, Karnium, Trias)
5.4 Sandsteine und -quarzite der Exter-Formation (Oberer Keuper, Rhaetium, Trias)
5.5 Tertiärquarzite
5.6 Sonstige
STADTEXKURSION GÖTTINGEN. 1. Naturwerksteine in der Stadtgeschichte Göttingens
2. Rundgang. 1. Groner-Tor-Straße 33 (Geschäftshaus Rittermoden am Wall)
2. Stadtvillen im Kreuzungsbereich Groner-Tor-Str./Groner Landstr./Bürgerstr
2a. Groner-Tor-Str. 1 (ehemaliges Baugeschäft C. Rathkamp & Söhne)
2b. Groner Landstraße 1
2c. Bürgerstraße 2
3. Hirtenbrunnen vor dem Wall (Groner Tor am Wall)
11494. Wall mit Futtermauern zwischen Groner-Tor-Straße und Goethe-Allee
5. Goethe-Allee 22–23 (Gebhards Hotel)
6. Berliner Straße 28 (ehemaliges Naturhistorisches Institut)
7. Göttinger Hauptbahnhof
8. Denkmal Göttinger Sieben vor dem Bahnhof
9. Heinrich-von-Stephan-Straße 5 (Postgebäude)
10. Berliner Straße 10–12 (Arkaden am Gericht)
11. Berliner Straße 5 Gerichtsgebäude (Verwaltungsgericht-Disco Savoy)
12. Berliner Straße 2/Ecke Maschmühlenweg (VGH Gebäude)
13. Bartholomäus-Friedhof
14. Platz der Göttinger Sieben 2 und 3 (Theologikum) und 15. Oeconomicum
16. Weender Landstraße 2 (Auditorium Maximum)
17. Weender Straße 92 (Geschäftshaus)
18. Weender Straße 75 (Carré)
19. Weender Straße 65/59 (New Yorker)
20. Quartier am Leinebogen (Robert-Gernhardt-Platz)
21. Stockleffmühle (Große Mühle bzw. Alte Mühle)
22. Waageplatz (Staatsanwaltschaft Göttingen)
23a. Historisches Farnhaus im Alten Botanischen Garten (Zugang über Karspüle)
23b. Durchgang durch den Wall
24. St.-Jacobi-Kirche und Vorplatz
25. Weender Straße 58 (S. Oliver)
26. Weender Straße 47 (Street One)
27. Weender Straße 33 (Kind Hörgeräte & Augenoptik)
28. Naturwerksteine als Wegebefestigung: Das Pflaster der Weender Straße
29. Weender Straße 25 (Cron & Lanz)
30. Weender Straße 23 (Modehaushaus Zero)
31. Weender Straße 19 (C&A)
32. Barfüßer Straße 8–9 (BOSS)
33. Rote Straße 16 (Börner Viertel)
34. Barfüsser Straße 14 (Stempel-Bergen)
35. Barfüsser Straße 1
36. Aula am Wilhelmsplatz
37. Theaterplatz 11 (Deutsches Theater)
38. Theaterplatz 10 (Max-Planck-Gymnasium)
39. Herzberger Landstraße 2 (Casa Musica, Ethnographisches Institut)
40. Albani-Platz 1 (Albanischule)
41. St. Albani Kirche
42. Albanikirchhof 10
43. Rote Straße 30
44. Weender Straße 72 (H&M)
45. Kornmarkt 12–16 (Karstadt Sporthaus)
46. Weender Straße 22–24 (DM Drogeriemarkt)
47. Gänselieselbrunnen
48. Altes Rathaus
50. Groner Straße 27
51. Groner Straße 43–47 (Karstadt)
52. Groner Straße 18/19a (Woolworth, ehemals K-Town)
53. Parkplatz; Zugang über Passage hinter Punkt 50 bzw. von der Düsteren Straße
54. St. Johannis Kirche
55. Eckhaus Gothmar-Straße/Prinzenstraße
56. Groner-Tor-Straße 16
57. Groner-Tor-Straße 32 (Sparkasse)
Danksagung
Literatur
SIEGFRIED SIEGESMUND ON HIS 65TH BIRTHDAY A LAUDATION
SPONSOREN
