Оглавление
Silja Ang-Tschachtli. Bilingual Couples in Conversation
Contents
Abstract
List of transcriptiontranscription conventions
Final pitch movementterminal pitch, stress and tone
Pauses and organisation
Vocal noisesvocal noises
Voice qualityvoice quality, loudness, pitch
Marginal words
Metatranscription
List of terms and abbreviations
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction. 1.1 Bilingual couplebilingualcouples communication
1.2 Aim and research questions
1.3 Limitations
1.4 Outline
2 Language situation in Switzerland. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Multilingualismmultilingualism in Switzerland
2.3 Diglossiadiglossia and the ideology of dialectdialectideology of
2.4 English in Switzerland
3 The communication of bilingual, bicultural couples. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bicultural couples: Background and challengeschallengescultural. 3.2.1 A word on culture and biculturalismbiculturalism
3.2.2 Biculturalbiculturalcouples couples
3.2.3 Cultural challengeschallengescultural
3.2.3.1 Socio-cultural practices, politeness and stereotypesstereotypescultural
3.2.3.2 Religiousnessreligiousness, ideologies, values and gender
3.2.3.3 Expatriate situation
3.2.3.4 Overcoming cultural challenges
3.3 Bilingualbilingualcouples couples: Background and challengeschallengeslinguistic. 3.3.1 A word on bilingualism
3.3.2 Bilingual couples
3.3.3 Linguistic challenges
3.3.3.1 L2 learning and uselanguage acquisitionsecond
3.3.3.2 Linguistic differences and misunderstandingmisunderstandings
3.3.3.3 Overcoming linguistic challenges
4 Corpus and data collection. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interviewees
4.3 Interviewsinterview setting
4.4 Questionnairequestionnaire
4.5 Transcriptiontranscription
4.6 Coding and retrieval
4.7 Analysis
5 “We have a language of our own”: Language choicelanguage choicewith each other and use. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Factors influencing the language choice of bilingual couples. 5.2.1 Proficiencyproficiency and habithabit
5.2.2 Community languagecommunity language
5.2.3 Attitudeattitudes and motivationmotivation
5.2.4 Identity and language emotionality
5.2.5 Gendergender and family situationfamily situation
5.3 The partners’ language uselanguage choicewith each other with each other
5.4 The partners’ language uselanguage choiceat work outside the home
5.5 Developing a bilingual couplecouplebilingualcouples language
5.5.1 Modifying one’s manner of speaking
5.5.2 Effective communication and implicit understanding
5.6 Discussion and summary
6 “German sorta creeps into it”: Language mixing. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Previous work on language mixing. 6.2.1 Factors that influence language mixing
6.2.2 Language mixing in bilingual couples
6.3 The couples’ language mixinglanguage choicewith each other duringlanguage mixing the interviews. 6.3.1 Language mixing in an interview situation
6.3.2 Categorisation of language switcheslanguage mixing and research questions
6.3.2.1 Spontaneousswitchingspontaneous vs. metalinguisticswitchingmetalinguistic switches
6.3.2.2 Code-switchingcode-switching vs. borrowingborrowing
6.3.2.3 Hedgedhedging vs. unhedged switches
6.3.2.4 Switches to Swiss German vs. Standard German
6.3.3 Overview of language switcheslanguage choicewith each other inlanguage mixing the couples’ conversations
6.3.4 Similaritiesassimilation in the partners’ language mixinglanguage mixing
6.3.5 Triggers in the couples’ language mixinglanguage mixing. 6.3.5.1 Overview of triggers
6.3.5.2 Triggers for spontaneousswitchingspontaneous switches
6.3.5.3 Triggers for metalinguistic switchesswitchingmetalinguistic
6.3.6 Language mixing and gendergender
6.3.7 Language mixinglanguage mixing and mother tonguemother tonguefirst language
6.3.8 Language mixing and family situationfamily situation
6.4 The couples’ reports on their language mixinglanguage mixing
6.5 Discussion and summary
7 “This uh foreign girl with a great accent”: Attitudesattitudes and attractionattraction. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Previous work on attitudes and attraction. 7.2.1 Attraction in bilingual, bicultural couplesbiculturalcouples
7.2.2 Attitudesattitudes towards languages, cultures, bilingualism and biculturalismbiculturalism
7.2.3 Attitudesattitudestowards raising bilingual children towards raising bilingual childrenchildrenraising bilingual
7.3 Initial attractionattraction between the partners
7.3.1 Swiss partners’ attractionattraction
7.3.2 Anglophone partners’ attractionattraction
7.4 The partners’ attitudesattitudestowards partner's culture towardsattitudestowards L2 each other’s culture and language
7.4.1 Swiss partners’ attitudestowards partner's cultureattitudesattitudestowards L2
7.4.2 Anglophone partners’ attitudestowards partner's cultureattitudesattitudestowards L2
7.5 The couples’ views on being in a bilingual, bicultural relationship
7.6 The couples’ viewsattitudestowards raising bilingual children on raising bilingual childrenchildrenraising bilingual
7.7 Discussion and summary
8 “In Swiss German, I lieb di, that’s strange”: Expressing emotions. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Previous work on expressing emotions. 8.2.1 On the study of emotions
8.2.2 Expressing emotions in a second languagesecond language
8.2.3 Bilingual couples and emotions
8.2.4 Gendergender and emotions
8.2.5 The suprasegmental expression of emotions across languages and cultures
8.3 The couples’ expression of emotions during the interviews. 8.3.1 Methodology and research questions
8.3.2 Frequency and types of emotion expressionsemotion expression
8.3.3 Emotions and suprasegmental featuressuprasegmental features
8.3.4 Emotions and terminal pitch
8.3.5 Emotions and gendergender
8.3.6 Emotions and mother tonguemother tongue
8.4 The couples’ reports on expressing emotions as a bilingual couplebilingualcouples
8.4.1 Expressing negative emotions and arguingarguing
8.4.2 Expressing positive emotions and using terms of endearmentterms of endearment
8.5 Discussion and summary
9 “You’re not gonna say this word!”: Swearing. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Previous work on swearing. 9.2.1 Swearing and linguistic taboostaboo
9.2.2 Swearing in multiple languages
9.2.3 Swearing in different social and cultural groups
9.2.4 Swearing and gendergender
9.2.5 Swearing in bilingual couples
9.3 The couples’ swearing during the interviews. 9.3.1 Swearing in an interview situation
9.3.2 Categorisation of swearwordsswearword and overview
9.3.3 Swearing and gendergender
9.3.4 Swearing and mother tonguemother tongue
9.3.5 Other factors influencing swearing
9.4 The couplesbilingualcouples’ reports on their swearing behaviour. 9.4.1 Frequency of swearing
9.4.2 Language choicelanguage choicefor swearing. Overview
Reasons for L1 first language preference
Reasons for L2 second language preference
9.5 Reactions to partner’s use of swearwordswearwords
9.5.1 Indifference
9.5.2 Amusement
9.5.3 Disappointment
9.5.4 Embarrassment
9.5.5 Personal offenceattitudestowards swearing
9.6 Discussion and summary
10 “Then we’re the only two people laughing in the room”: Laughter and humour. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Previous work on laughter and humour. 10.2.1 Why we laugh: Triggers and social function
10.2.2 The organisation of laughter in interaction
10.2.3 Humour in bilingual and bicultural settingsbiculturalindividuals
10.2.4 Humour in intimate relationships
10.2.5 Humour and gendergender
10.3 Humour and laughter during the interviews. 10.3.1 Frequency of laughter during the interviews
10.3.2 Categorisation and overview of laughter triggers. 10.3.2.1 Overview of laughter triggerlaughter triggers
10.3.2.2 Humorous laughter triggerslaughter triggerhumorous
10.3.2.3 Positive and negative laughter triggerslaughter triggernon-humorous
10.3.2.4 Other laughter triggerslaughter triggernon-humorous
10.3.3 Distribution of trigger types among the couples
10.3.4 Use of laughing and smiling voice voice qualitysmilingqualityvoice qualitylaughing
10.3.5 Topics provoking laughter
10.3.6 Laughter and gendergender
10.3.6.1 Frequency of laughter among the genders
10.3.6.2 The genders’ use of laughing and smiling voice voice qualitylaughingqualityvoice qualitysmiling
10.3.6.3 Humorous laughter triggerslaughter triggerhumorous
10.3.6.4 Positive and negative laughter triggerslaughter triggernon-humorous
10.3.7 Laughter and mother tonguemother tongue
10.3.7.1 Frequency of laughter and use of laughing and smiling voice voice qualitysmilingqualityvoice qualitylaughing
10.3.7.2 Laughter triggerslaughter trigger
10.4 The couples’ reports on humour in bicultural, bilingual relationshiprelationshipsbilingualcouples
10.4.1 Perception of each other’s sense of humoursense of humour
10.4.2 Challengeschallengeswith regard to humour with regard to bilingual couple humour
10.4.3 Developing joint couple humour
10.4.4 Playful language in bilingual couple talk
10.4.4.1 Inventingneologism and reusing words
10.4.4.2 Mixing and blending languages
10.4.4.3 Imitatingimitation accents
10.5 Discussion and summary
11 Conclusion. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Developing a bilingual couplebilingualcouples language
11.3 The gendergender variable
11.4 The influence of mother tonguemother tongue and culture
11.5 Other factors
11.6 Implications
11.7 Future research
11.8 Strengths and limitations
11.9 Closing remarks
References
Appendices. Appendix I: Complete questionnairequestionnaire
Appendix II: Overview of length of transcriptionrecordingsrecording
Appendix III: Table of number of words and intonation units for each participant
Appendix IV: Detailed table of language switches
Appendix V: Categorisation of swearwordsswearword
Register
accent
modifying
native
non-native
advanced bilingualism
advanced communication
arguing
assimilation
attitudes
covert
towards L2
towards language mixing
towards partner's culture
towards raising bilingual children
towards swearing
attraction
backchannel signals
base language
bicultural
couples
individuals
biculturalism
bilingual
children
couples
elite
individuals
bilingualism
sequential
bilingual language mode
body language
borrowing
challenges
cultural
linguistic
methodological
personal
with regard to humour
children
language choice
language mixing
raising bilingual
cisgender
code-switching
cognate
community language
couple
covert attitudes
covert prestige
cultural background
cultural concept
cultural reframing
cultural script
culture
dialect
ideology of
regional
difficulties
diglossia
dual-lingual
education
level of
elite bilingual
emotion expression
emotion-laden word
emotion-related word
emotion word
environment
attitudes of
different
family
linguistic
natural
professional
sociocultural
euphemism
exhalation
fall
false start
family situation
final rise
first language
first language primacy
gender
habit
halting speech
hedging
hesitation marker
H variety
identity
couple
cultural
discursive construction of
dual
gender
individual
loss of
multiple
national
performance of
ideology
of dialect
of love
of native speakership
imitation
inhalation
interruption
interview setting
intonation contour
truncated
wide
intonation unit
joint story-telling
ladette
language acquisition
bilingual
first
formal
natural
second
language choice
at work
for swearing
influence of gender on
with children
with each other
with friends
language desire
language ideologies
language mixing
language mode
language skills
language teaching
latch
laughable
laughter episode
laughter pulse
laughter trigger
humorous
non-humorous
Lehrplan 21
lengthening
lingua franca
loanblend
loan shift
loanword
loudness
crescendo
diminuendo
loud voice
variation
L variety
LX
marginalization
marked speech
MAXQDA
minced oath
miscommunication
misunderstandings
mixed discourse
mother tongue
motivation
instrumental
integrative
multilingual
multilingualism
native tongue
neologism
network
nickname
nonce borrowing
non-community language
non-native tongue
nonverbal communication
normal rise
offensiveness
one parent, one language strategy
other-completion
otherness
other-repetition
overlap
paralinguistic features
pauses
performing
couplehood
culture
gender
self
pitch
downward
falling
high
low
rising
upward
pitch movement
prestige
proficiency
high
low
prosodic features
pulse of laughter
questionnaire
recording
relationship
long-distance
long-term
relationship length
religiousness
repetition
rhythmic speech
rise
second language
sense of humour
sequential bilingualism
setting
simultaneous bilingualism
simultaneous speech
slapstick
small talk
socialisation
first language
gender
second language
speech
halting
marked
rhythmic
speech rate
fast
slow
stem
stereotypes
cultural
gender
stresses
multiple
nuclear
strong (contrastive)
strong rise
struggle
subscript
suprasegmental features
swearing
metalinguistic
spontaneous
swearword
switch
switching
metalinguistic
spontaneous
taboo
terminal pitch
falling
glissando
level
rising
strong fall
strong rise
terms of endearment
tongue click
transcription
translinguistic wording
trilingual
truncated
intonation contour
word
TTR
type-token ratio
variety
of English
of Swiss German
vocal cues
vocal noises
voice quality
breathy
creaky
husky
laughing
smiling
whispered
work environment
Footnotes
