Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases
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This book describes fluorocarbons gases’ preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time. The impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and global and the development to mitigate those effects have been specially emphasized.  The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920’s, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon® for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life. In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987. CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinated gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products. Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases  presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.

Оглавление

Sina Ebnesajjad. Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases. Applications in Refrigeration and Other Industries

Preface

1. Introduction

1.1 Terminology

1.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons

1.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment

1.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand

1.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers

1.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers

1.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings

1.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals

References

2. Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds

2.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals

2.2 Fluorocarbons

2.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons

2.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers

2.4.1 Fluoropolymers

2.4.2 Fluoroelastomers

2.5 Fluorinated Coatings

2.6 Summary

References

3. Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions

3.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons

3.2 Fluorine Sources

3.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds

3.4 Hydrofluoric Acid

3.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid

3.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds

3.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons

References

4. Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids

4.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

4.1.1 Refrigeration Applications

4.1.1.1 Chillers

4.1.1.2 Cold Storage Warehouses

4.1.1.3 Commercial Ice Machines

4.1.1.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers

4.1.1.5 Ice Skating Rinks

4.1.1.6 Industrial Process Air Conditioning

4.1.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration

4.1.1.8 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning

4.1.1.9 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems

4.1.1.10 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps

4.1.1.11 Residential Dehumidifiers

4.1.1.12 Refrigerated Transport

4.1.1.13 Retail Food Refrigeration

4.1.1.14 Vending Machines

4.1.1.15 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration

4.1.1.16 Water Coolers

4.2 Oil in Refrigerants

4.2.1 Oil Return

4.3 Monomers and Intermediates

4.4 Foam Blowing

4.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents

4.4.2 Foaming Process

4.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams

4.5 Aerosol Propellants

4.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents

4.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing

4.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents

4.8 Carrier Fluids/Lubricant Deposition

4.9 Heat Transfer

4.10 Etchants

4.10.1 What is Etching?

4.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants

4.11 Medical Applications

4.11.1 Enfluorane

4.11.2 Isoflurane

4.11.3 Desflurane

4.11.4 Sevoflurane

4.11.5 Methoxyflurane

4.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs

4.12.1 Introduction

4.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications

4.14 Summary

References

5. Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work?

5.1 Refrigeration Cycle

5.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle

5.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

5.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

5.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant

5.3 Refrigerant Blends

5.4 Comparison of Refrigerator and Air Conditioning Systems

References

6. Preparation of Fluorocarbons

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classification of Fluorocarbons

6.3 Preparation of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

6.3.1 Longevity of Process Catalysts

6.4 Fluorocarbon Replacements of CFCs

6.5 Substitutes for CFCs: HCFC and HFC

6.5.1 Preparation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

6.5.2 Preparation of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

6.6 Preparation of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)

6.7 Preparation Perfluorinated Alkanes

6.8 Summary

References

7. Properties of Fluorocarbons

8. Environmental, Safety, Health and Sustainability

8.1 Montreal Protocol

8.2 Ozone Depletion

8.3 Global Warming

8.3.1 Paris Agreement

8.4 Phase Out of Old Fluorocarbon Gases

8.4.1 Status of Phase Out of HCFCs

8.5 Summary

References

9. Fluorocarbon Blends

9.1 General Blend Characteristics

9.1.1 Azeotropic

9.1.2 Zeotropic Blends

9.2 Low GWP HFO and HFO/HFC Blends

9.3 Flammability of Blends

References

10. Substitute Fluorocarbons and Other Compounds

10.1 SNAP Program (EPA, www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap)

10.2 Guiding Principles of the SNAP Program?

10.3 EPA’s Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives?

10.3.1 Atmospheric Effects

10.3.2 Exposure Assessments

10.3.3 Toxicity Data

10.3.4 Flammability

10.3.5 Other Environmental Impacts

10.4 Alternatives for Refrigeration. 10.4.1 Chillers

10.4.2 Cold Storage Warehouses

10.4.3 Commercial Ice Machines

10.4.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers

10.4.5 Ice Skating Rinks

10.4.6 Industrial Process Refrigeration

10.4.7 Refrigerated Transport

10.4.8 Retail Food Refrigeration

10.4.9 Vending Machines

10.4.10 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration

10.4.11 Water Coolers

10.5 Alternatives for Air Conditioning. 10.5.1 Industrial Process Air Conditioning

10.5.2 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning

10.5.3 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems

10.5.4 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps

10.5.5 Residential Dehumidifiers

11. Future Directions of Fluorocarbons. 11.1 Introduction

11.2 Inception and Evolution of Fluorocarbons

11.3 Classification of Refrigerants

11.3.1 First Generation (Prior to 1930)

11.3.2 Second Generation (1931–1990)

11.3.3 Third Generation (1990–2010)

11.3.4 Fourth Generation (Beyond 2010)

11.3.5 Hydrofluoroolefin Fluorocarbons

11.4 Natural Refrigerants

11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide

11.4.2 Hydrocarbons

11.4.3 Ammonia

11.5 Phase Out of Fluorocarbon Gases

11.6 Future Directions of Refrigerants. 11.6.1 Introduction

11.6.2 Towards the Future

11.6.2.1 Innovation

11.6.2.2 Innovation Accelerating Transition

11.6.2.3 Speed Bumps

11.6.2.4 New Developments

11.7 Conclusions

References

Appendix I. Section 1.1The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Preamble

Article 1: Definitions

Article 2: Controlled Measures

Article 2A: CFCs

Article 2B: Halons

Article 2C: Other fully halogenated CFCs

Article 2D: Carbon tetrachloride

Article 2E: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)

Article 2F: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

Article 2G: Hydrobromofluorocarbons

Article 2H: Methyl bromide

Article 21: Bromochloromethane

Article 2J: Hydrofluorocarbons

Article 3: Calculation of control levels

Article 4: Control of trade with non-Parties

Article 4A: Control of trade with Parties

Article 4B: Licensing

Article 5: Special situation of developing countries

Article 6: Assessment and review of control measures

Article 7: Reporting of data

Article 8: Non-compliance

Article 9: Research, development, public awareness and exchange of information

Article 10: Financial mechanism

Article 10A: Transfer of technology

Article 11: Meetings of the Parties

Article 12: Secretariat

Article 13: Financial provisions

Article 14: Relationship of this Protocol to the Convention

Article 15: Signature

Article 16: Entry into force

Article 17: Parties joining after entry into force

Article 18: Reservations

Article 19: Withdrawal

Article 20: Authentic texts

Annex A: Controlled substances

Annex B: Controlled substances

Annex C: Controlled substances

Annex D:* A list of products** containing controlled substances specified in Annex A

Annex E: Controlled substances

Annex F: Controlled substances

Section 1.2Summary of control measures under the Montreal Protocol

Annex A – Group I: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114 and CFC-115)

Annex A – Group II: Halons (halon-1211, halon-1301 and halon-2402)

Annex B − Group I: Other fully halogenated CFCs (CFC-13, CFC-111, CFC-112, CFC-211, CFC-212, CFC-213, CFC-214 CFC-215, CFC-216, CFC-217)

Annex B − Group II: Carbon tetrachloride

Annex B − Group III: 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)

Annex C − Group I: HCFCs

Annex C – Group I: HCFCs

Annex C − Group II: HBFCs

Annex C − Group III: Bromochloromethane

Annex E − Group I: Methyl bromide

Annex F: Hydrofluorocarbons

Section 1.3 Allowance for production to meet the basic domestic needs of Article 5 parties following the Montreal Adjustments in 2007

Annex A − Group I: CFCs

Annex A − Group II: Halons

Annex B − Group I: Other fully halogenated CFCs

Annex B − Group II: Carbon tetrachloride

Annex B − Group III: 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)

Annex C − Group I: HCFCs

Annex E − Group I: Methyl bromide

Appendix II. OzonAction Kigali Fact Sheet 6. Next Steps: HFC Phase-Down Strategy. Background:

Action 1: Understanding Consumption:

Box 1: Bottom-up model of car air-conditioning

Action 2: Understanding “Core Actions”:

Action 3: Development of future consumption scenarios

Box 2: Scenario Modelling for Car Air-conditioning

Action 4: Consideration of all technical options and timelines

Action 5: Stakeholder input and sort

Action 6: Strategy reviews

Appendix III. PARIS AGREEMENT

PARIS AGREEMENT(Effective November 4, 2016)

Article 1

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

Article 9

Article 10

Article 11

Article 12

Article 13

Article 14

Article 15

Article 16

Article 17

Article 18

Article 19

Article 20

Article 21

Article 22

Article 23

Article 24

Article 25

Article 26

Article 27

Article 28

Article 29

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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3. Benson, S.W., J. Chem. Educ., 42, 502, 1965.

4. Kerr, J.A., Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966.

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