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Sir William Edward Maxwell. A Manual of the Malay language
A Manual of the Malay language
Table of Contents
A MANUAL
OF THE. MALAY LANGUAGE
WITH. An Introductory Sketch of the. Sanskrit Element in Malay
BY. WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL, OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW; ASSISTANT RESIDENT, PERAK, MALAY PENINSULA. EIGHTH EDITION. LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. LTD. DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W. 1907
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER
Introduction: Footnotes
MALAY MANUAL
PART I
I. THE ARTICLE
II. SUBSTANTIVES
Number
Gender
Declension
III. ADJECTIVES
IV. PRONOUNS
Examples
Third Person Singular
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are
Examples
The RELATIVE PRONOUN is
Examples
REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS
Examples
V. VERBS
Use of Particles
Auxiliaries
PARADIGMS
VI. ADVERBS
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Miscellaneous
VII. PREPOSITIONS
VIII. CONJUNCTIONS
IX. INTERJECTIONS
X. NUMERALS
Ordinal Numbers
Fractional Numbers
Collective Numbers
Numeral Co-Efficients
XI. PARTICLES
Part I: Footnotes
PART II
COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES
LESSON I. Substantives
Adjectives
Adverbs
Exercise
LESSON II. On the Second Person
Substantives
Adjectives
Verbs
Examples. To a Raja
To a respectable Chinese
To a Malay Headman
To a Malay of superior rank
To a Sayyid or Haji
To Persons of inferior rank
Exercise
LESSON III. Substantives
Adjectives
Verbs
On the Degrees of Comparison
Examples
Exercise
LESSON IV. ON INTENSIVES. Substantives
Adjectives
Verbs
Examples
Exercise
LESSON V. Interrogative Sentences
Substantives
Examples
Exercise
LESSON VI. Formation of Negative Sentences
Examples
Exercise
New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart
LESSON VII. On the Use of Prepositions
Examples
Exercise
LESSON VIII. On the Words Sudah and Habis. Substantives
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Examples
Exercise
LESSON IX. On the Verb Kĕna
Exercise
LESSON X. On the Verbs Buleh, Bahagi, &c
Examples
Exercise
LESSON XI. On the Verbs Langsong, Lalu, &c
Examples
Exercise
LESSON XII. On the Words Sampat and Dan
Exercise
PART III
LESSON XIII
Exercise
LESSON XIV
Exercise
LESSON XV
Exercise
LESSON XVI
Exercise
LESSON XVII
Exercise
LESSON XVIII
Exercise
LESSON XIX
Exercise
LESSON XX
Exercise
LESSON XXI
Exercise
LESSON XXII
Exercise.37
LESSON XXIII
Exercise
LESSON XXIV
Exercise
LESSON XXV
Exercise
LESSON XXVI
Exercise
LESSON XXVII
Exercise
LESSON XXVIII
Exercise
LESSON XXIX
Exercise
LESSON XXX
Exercise
PART IV
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
LESSON XXXI. Phrases of Politeness
Exercise
Exercise
LESSON XXXIII. Housekeeping
Exercise
LESSON XXXIV. Preparations for Departure
Exercise
LESSON XXXV. Ordinary Narrative Style
Exercise
LESSON XXXVI. Buying and Selling
Exercise
LESSON XXXVII. Building
Exercise
LESSON XXXVIII. Sewing
Exercise
LESSON XXXIX. Sickness
Exercise
LESSON XL. To Illustrate the Use of Numeral Co-Efficients.7
Exercise
APPENDIX TO PART IV
Muhammadan Months
Days of the Week
Periods of Prayer
Malay Phrases for Divisions of Time
Malay Proper Names
Weights and Measures
Goldsmith’s Weight
Capacity
Linear
Square Measure
Money
Tin Coinage
Silver Coins used in Weighing Gold
Coins Formerly in Use
PART V
VOCABULARY
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
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Sir William Edward Maxwell
With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay
.....
At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature. Bacha, to read (from bach, to speak), is Sanskrit, but tulis, to write, is a native word,12 and surat, a writing, is Arabic. Language, therefore, in this instance does not throw much light on the progress made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan stage of their history. Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley and Singapore prove, however, that at some remote period an ancient Indian character was known on the Peninsula,13 though it was probably confined to religious purposes.
Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and described the foreign elements in Malay as “extrinsic and unessential.”14 But several words of the first necessity are Sanskrit. It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the use of the relative pronouns yang (Sansk. yas, ya, yat, who, which) and mana (Sansk. mâna, measure), or of the common auxiliary sudah (Sansk. çuddha,15 pure, acquitted), which denotes the past tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as bawa, to bring (vaha, bearing, carrying); kata, to say (kath, to tell, talk); biasa, accustomed (abhyâsa, reflection); langkah, to step, stride (langh, to stride over); kelahi, to fight (kalaha, quarrel); and niala, to blaze, to burn (jval). Nor is the influence of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted in comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals whole groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root, and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root ju (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words as juwang, to rush against; jungur, prominent, a beak; jungang, prominent (of teeth); juring, sharp, pointed; jurus, to pull, course, direction; juluk, to thrust upwards; julir, a kind of harpoon; julur, to wag, to wriggle; &c.
