Оглавление
Souraya Sidani. Nursing and Health Interventions
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Nursing and Health Interventions. Design, Evaluation, and Implementation
Preface
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Intervention Research
1.1 TREATMENT DECISION‐MAKING
1.2 EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICE
1.3 CLIENT‐CENTERED CARE
1.4 COMPLEXITY OF THE REAL WORLD
1.4.1 Theory of the Health Problem
1.4.2 Development of Multicomponent Interventions
1.4.3 Development of the Theory of Change
1.4.4 Examination of Contextual Factors
1.4.5 Examination of Client Individuality
1.5 CLIENT ENGAGEMENT IN INTERVENTION RESEARCH
1.6 ADVANCES IN INTERVENTION RESEARCH METHODS
1.7 PROCESS FOR DESIGNING, EVALUATING, AND IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Overview of Interventions
2.1 DEFINITION OF INTERVENTIONS
2.1.1 Strategies
2.1.2 Interventions
2.1.3 Programs
2.2 INTERVENTION ELEMENTS
2.2.1 Intervention Goals
2.2.2 Intervention Components
2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVENTIONS
2.3.1 Mode of Delivery
2.3.2 Structure
2.3.3 Dose
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 Understanding Health Problems
3.1 IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HEALTH PROBLEMS
3.2 THEORY OF THE PROBLEM
3.2.1 Definition of the Health Problem
3.2.1.1 Conceptual Definition
Categorization of Health Problems
Domains of Health Problems
3.2.1.2 Operational Definition
Type and Level of Indicators
Severity and Duration of the Health Problem
3.2.1.3 Factors Contributing to the Problem
Identification of Factors
Delineation of Inter‐relationships
3.2.2 Consequences of the Problem
3.2.3 Illustrative Example
3.3 APPROACHES FOR GENERATING THEORY OF THE HEALTH PROBLEM
3.3.1 Theoretical Approach. 3.3.1.1 Overview
Elements of Theory
Types of Relationships
Examples of Theory
Selection of Theory
3.3.1.2 Methods
3.3.1.3 Strengths
3.3.1.4 Limitations
3.3.2 Empirical Approach
3.3.2.1 Literature Review. Overview
Review of Quantitative Studies
Review of Qualitative Studies
Review of Reviews
Qualitative Reviews
Mixed Reviews
Methods
Strengths
Limitations
3.3.2.2 Conduct of Primary Studies. Overview
Methods
Strengths
Limitations
3.3.2.3 Analysis of Available Data. Overview
Methods
Strengths
Limitations
3.3.3 Experiential Approach. 3.3.3.1 Overview
3.3.3.2 Concept Mapping. Overview
Methods
Strengths
Limitations
3.3.3.3 Step 1 of the Integrated Cultural Adaptation Strategy. Overview
Methods
Strengths
Limitations
3.3.3.4 Strengths and Limitations
3.3.4 Combined Approach for Understanding the Problem. 3.3.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2 Methods
3.3.4.3 Strengths
3.3.4.4 Limitations
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Designing Interventions
4.1 PROCESS FOR INTERVENTION DESIGN
4.2 APPROACHES FOR DELINEATING THE INTERVENTION’S ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
4.2.1 Theoretical Approach. 4.2.1.1 Overview
4.2.1.2 Methods
4.2.1.3 Strengths
4.2.1.4 Limitations
4.2.2 Empirical Approach. 4.2.2.1 Overview
4.2.2.2 Methods. General Review Process
Literature Search
Selection of Reports
Data Extraction and Analysis
Traditional Methods
New Methods
4.2.2.3 Strengths
4.2.2.4 Limitations
4.2.3 Experiential approach. 4.2.3.1 Overview
4.2.3.2 Methods
4.2.3.3 Strengths
4.2.3.4 Limitations
4.2.4 Combined Approach. 4.2.4.1 Overview
4.2.4.2 Methods
4.2.4.3 Strengths
4.2.4.4 Limitations
4.3 THEORY OF IMPLEMENTATION. 4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Illustrative Example
4.3.3 Elements of the Theory of Implementation
4.4 THEORY OF CHANGE. 4.4.1 Overview
4.4.2 Illustrative Example
4.4.3 Elements of the Theory of Change
4.5 DESIGNING TAILORED INTERVENTIONS. 4.5.1 Overview
4.5.2 Types of Tailored Interventions
4.5.3 Methods
4.5.3.1 Identification of Variables for Tailoring
4.5.3.2 Identification of Intervention Features for Tailoring
Selection of Different Interventions or Components
Modification of Intervention
Additional Components
4.5.3.3 Development of Algorithm
4.5.4 Strengths
4.5.5 Limitations
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Intervention Theory
5.1 INTERVENTION THEORY
5.1.1 Experience of the Health Problem
5.1.2 Client Factors
5.1.3 Resources
5.1.4 Contextual Factors
5.1.5 Intervention
5.1.6 Mechanism
5.1.7 Outcomes
5.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERVENTION THEORY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Overview of Intervention Delivery
6.1 VARIATIONS IN INTERVENTION DELIVERY
6.1.1 Variations in Operationalization of Interventions by Researchers
6.1.2 Variations in Delivery of Interventions by Interventionists
6.1.2.1 Adaptations
6.1.2.2 Drifts
6.1.3 Variations in Application of Interventions by Clients
6.2 IMPACT OF VARIATIONS IN INTERVENTION DELIVERY
6.2.1 Impact on Construct Validity
6.2.2 Impact on Internal Validity
6.2.3 Impact on External Validity
6.3 INTERVENTION FIDELITY
6.4 STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE FIDELITY
6.4.1 Strategies to Promote Fidelity
6.4.2 Strategies to Assess Fidelity
6.4.3 Strategies to Monitor Fidelity
6.5 FIDELITY—ADAPTATION DEBATE
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Development of Intervention Manual
7.1 APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING THE INTERVENTION MANUAL
7.2 CONTENT OF AN INTERVENTION MANUAL
7.2.1 Section 1: Overview of the Intervention
7.2.2 Section 2: Required Resources
7.2.3 Section 3: Procedure
7.2.3.1 Standardized Interventions
Introduction
Main Part
Conclusion
7.2.3.2 Tailored Interventions
7.2.4 Section 4: Adaptations
7.2.5 Section 5: Appendices
7.3 USE OF THE INTERVENTION MANUAL
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Selecting, Training, and Addressing the Influence of Interventionists
8.1 ROLE OF INTERVENTIONISTS
8.2 INFLUENCE OF INTERVENTIONISTS
8.2.1 Traditional Perspective On Interventionists' Influence
8.2.2 Evidence of Interventionist Influence
8.2.2.1 Interventionists' Contribution to Outcomes
8.2.2.2 Interventionists' Performance in Intervention Delivery
8.2.2.3 Factors Predicting Interventionists' Performance
8.2.2.4 Factors Predicting Interventionists' Effectiveness
8.3 SELECTION OF INTERVENTIONISTS
8.3.1 Interventionists' Qualities
8.3.1.1 Personal Characteristics
8.3.1.2 Professional Characteristics
8.3.2 Strategies to Ascertain Interventionists' Characteristics
8.3.2.1 Recruitment
8.3.2.2 Formal Interview
8.3.2.3 Interventionist Selection
8.3.2.4 Monitoring Performance
8.4 TRAINING OF INTERVENTIONISTS
8.4.1 Time of Training
8.4.2 Content of Training
8.4.2.1 Initial Training
Didactic Part of Initial Training
Experiential Part of Initial Training
8.4.2.2 Ongoing Training
8.4.3 Methods for Training
8.4.4 Evaluation of Training
8.5 INVESTIGATING INTERVENTIONIST EFFECTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 Assessment of Fidelity
9.1 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF FIDELITY
9.1.1 Terminology
9.1.2 Frameworks of Fidelity
9.1.3 Definition of Fidelity
9.1.3.1 Domains of Fidelity—Interventionist. Adherence
Competence
Differentiation
9.1.3.2 Domains of Fidelity—Client. Responsiveness
Exposure
Receipt or Engagement
Enactment
9.1.4 Simplified Conceptualization of Operational Fidelity
9.2 STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING THEORETICAL FIDELITY
9.2.1 Generation of a Matrix
9.2.2 Content Validation
9.3 STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING OPERATIONAL FIDELITY
9.3.1 Development of Instruments Measuring Adherence
9.3.2 Methods for Assessing Interventionist Adherence
9.3.2.1 Observation of Intervention Delivery
Training of Observers
Conducting Observation
Direct Observation
Indirect Observation
9.3.2.2 Interventionist Self‐report on Adherence
9.3.2.3 Client Report on Adherence
9.3.3 Methods for Assessing Interventionists' Competence
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 Overview of Evaluation of Interventions
10.1 NOTION OF CAUSALITY
10.1.1 Traditional Perspective
10.1.2 Recent Perspective
10.1.3 Criteria for Inferring Causality
10.2 VALIDITY
10.2.1 Types of Erroneous Inferences
10.2.2 Types of Biases
10.2.3 Types of Validity and Related Bias
10.2.3.1 Construct Validity. Definition
Inaccurate Implementation of the Intervention
Researcher Expectancies
Inaccurate Measurement of Mediators and Ultimate Outcomes
Lack of Congruence
Systematic Bias
Client Reactivity
Reaction to Treatment
Reaction to Assessment
Guessing of Study Hypothesis
Learning
10.2.3.2 Internal Validity. Definition
Characteristics of Clients
Selection Bias
Attrition Bias
Spontaneous Changes in Mediators and Outcomes
Context
Study Treatments
10.2.3.3 Statistical Conclusion Validity. Definition
Inadequate Statistical Power
Inappropriate Use of Statistical Tests
Violation of Assumptions
Repeat Testing
10.2.3.4 External Validity. Definition
Client Characteristics
Context
10.2.3.5 Social Validity. Definition
10.3 PHASES FOR INTERVENTION EVALUATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Examination of Interventions’ Acceptance
11.1 FORMULATION OF INTERVENTION ACCEPTANCE
Personal and health profiles
Beliefs about health problem
Awareness of treatment
Formulation of acceptance in an evaluation study
11.2 CONTRIBUTION OF PERCEIVED ACCEPTANCE TO VALIDITY
11.2.1 Treatment Perceptions and Outcomes
11.2.2 Treatment Perceptions and Enrollment
11.2.3 Treatment Perceptions and Attrition
11.2.4 Treatment Perceptions and Implementation
11.3 EXAMINATION OF ACCEPTABILITY
11.3.1 Conceptualization of Acceptability
11.3.2 Measures of Acceptability
Self‐Report Instruments
Objective Indicators
Selection of Measures
11.3.3 Assessment of Acceptability
Examining Acceptability When Designing or Adapting Interventions
Development of Intervention
Confirmation of Desirability
Examining Acceptability in Descriptive Studies
Examining Acceptability in Evaluative Studies
11.4 EXAMINATION OF PREFERENCES
11.4.1 Conceptualization of Preferences
11.4.2 Measures of Preferences
Direct Method
Indirect Method
11.4.3 Methods for Examining Preferences
11.5 EXAMINATION OF CREDIBILITY. 11.5.1 Conceptualization of Credibility
11.5.2 Measures of Credibility
11.5.3 Methods for Examining Credibility
11.6 EXAMINATION OF EXPECTANCY. 11.6.1 Conceptualization of Expectancy
11.6.2 Measures of Expectancy
11.6.3 Methods for Examining Expectancy
11.7 EXAMINATION OF SATISFACTION WITH TREATMENT
11.7.1 Conceptualization of Satisfaction
11.7.2 Measures of Satisfaction
11.7.3 Methods for Examining Satisfaction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Examination of Feasibility: Intervention and Research Methods
12.1 TERMS REFLECTING PRELIMINARY STUDIES
12.2 FEASIBILITY OF INTERVENTIONS
12.2.1 Definition of Feasibility
12.2.2 Indicators of Feasibility
12.2.2.1 Material Resources
12.2.2.2 Contextual Features
12.2.2.3 Human Resources
12.2.2.4 Intervention Implementation
12.2.3 Research Design
12.3 FEASIBILITY OF RESEARCH METHODS
12.3.1 Definition
12.3.2 Indicators
12.3.2.1 Recruitment
Size of the Sampling Pool
Adequacy and Effectiveness of Recruitment Strategies
Adequacy
Effectiveness
Efficiency of Recruitment Strategies
Enrollment
12.3.2.2 Screening
Screening Procedures
Eligibility Criteria
12.3.2.3 Retention
Adequacy
Effectiveness
Reasons
12.3.2.4 Data Collection
Data Collection Procedures
Data Collection Measures
12.3.2.5 Randomization
12.3.3 Research Design
12.4 INTERPRETATION OF OUTCOME FINDINGS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 Process Evaluation
13.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS EVALUATION
13.2 DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF PROCESS EVALUATION
13.3 METHODS USED IN PROCESS EVALUATION
13.3.1 Fidelity of Intervention Delivery by Interventionists
13.3.2 Competence of Interventionist
13.3.3 Contextual Factors Influencing Intervention Delivery
13.3.4 Client Responsiveness
13.3.4.1 Exposure
13.3.4.2 Engagement
Observation
Interventionist Report
Participant Report
13.3.4.3 Enactment
13.3.5 Contextual Factors Affecting Participants' Exposure, Engagement and Enactment of Intervention
13.3.6 Perception of the Intervention by Participants
13.4 ANALYSIS OF PROCESS DATA
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 Outcome Evaluation: Designs
14.1 TRADITIONAL RCT DESIGN
14.1.1 Careful Selection of Clients
14.1.2 Random Assignment
14.1.3 Blinding and Concealment of Treatment Allocation
14.1.4 Manipulation of Treatment Delivery
14.1.5 Outcome Assessment and Analysis
14.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL RCT DESIGN
14.2.1 Careful Selection of Clients
14.2.2 Random Assignment
14.2.3 Blinding and Concealment of Allocation
14.2.4 Manipulation of Treatment Delivery
14.2.5 Outcome Assessment and Analysis
14.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS
14.3.1 Experimental or Randomized Designs
14.3.1.1 Waiting‐List Control Group Design
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.1.2 Crossover Design
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.1.3 Cluster Randomized Trial
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.1.4 Practical Clinical Trials
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.1.5 Adaptive Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.2 Quasi‐Experimental or Nonrandomized Designs
14.3.2.1 Cohort Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.2.2 Regression‐Discontinuity Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.2.3 Observational Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.2.4 Single Group with Repeated Measure Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.3 Mixed Designs
14.3.3.1 Cohort Multiple RCT
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.3.2 Preference Trials
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.3.3.3 Mixed Methods Designs
Features
Advantages/Strengths
Disadvantages/Limitations
14.4 DESIGN SELECTION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15 Outcome Evaluation: Methods
15.1 COMPARISON TREATMENT. 15.1.1 Importance
15.1.2 No‐Treatment Control Condition
15.1.3 Placebo Treatment
15.1.4 Treatment‐as‐Usual
15.1.5 Active Treatment
15.2 SAMPLING. 15.2.1 Importance
15.2.2 Screening
15.2.3 Recruitment
15.2.3.1 Active Recruitment Strategies
15.2.3.2 Passive Recruitment Strategies
15.2.3.3 Recruitment Process
15.2.4 Determination of Sample Size
15.2.5 Retention
15.2.5.1 Attrition
15.2.5.2 Reasons for Attrition
15.2.5.3 Strategies to Identify Factors Associated with Attrition
15.2.5.4 Retention Strategies
15.3 TREATMENT ALLOCATION. 15.3.1 Importance
15.3.2 Random Allocation
15.3.2.1 Randomization Procedures
15.3.2.2 Randomization Schemes
15.3.3 Concealment of Allocation
15.3.4 Nonrandom Allocation
15.4 OUTCOME DATA COLLECTION
15.4.1 Importance
15.4.2 Selection of Outcomes
15.4.3 Selection of Measures
15.4.4 Specification of Outcome Assessment Times
15.5 OUTCOME DATA ANALYSIS. 15.5.1 Importance
15.5.2 Preliminary Steps
15.5.3 Main Analysis Steps
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16 Frameworks and Methods for Implementing Interventions
16.1 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKS
16.1.1 Determinants Frameworks
16.1.2 Process Frameworks
16.1.2.1 Stage 1—Pre‐implementation
16.1.2.2 Stage 2—Implementation
16.1.3 Evaluation Frameworks
16.1.4 Selection of a Framework
16.2 GUIDANCE FOR APPLYING THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
16.2.1 Exploration of Stakeholder Groups’ Views of the Evidence‐Based Intervention
16.2.2 Adaptation of the Evidence‐Based Intervention
16.2.3 Assessment of Facilitators and Barriers
16.2.4 Selection of Implementation Strategies
16.2.5 Implementation
16.3 RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EVALUATING IMPLEMENTATION INITIATIVES
REFERENCES
Index. A
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