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PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EDITORS
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTODUCTION: PANIC NATION
PROLOGUE: WHOSE OPINION CAN WE TRUST?
So how can we tell?
FOOD SCARES
OBESITY
JUNK FOOD
Processed Foods
Fast Foods
Reclaimed Meat
ORGANIC FOOD
THE GREAT CHOLESTEROL MYTH
Landmarks in the development of the cholesterol hypothesis
Cholesterol levels and overall mortality
Cholesterol Levels and Heart Disease
Lowering Cholesterol Levels With Drugs
The cholesterol hypothesis is a complicated mess
SUGAR
Artificial sweeteners
SALT
Human evolution
Thermoregulation in extreme heat
The role of sodium in the body
The effect of salt intake on blood pressure
Can sodium restriction be harmful?
Conclusion
WATER
Water Balance
Fluid Intake
TEA, COFFEE AND CAFFEINE
ALCOHOL
The pros and cons of alcohol
PESTICIDES IN FOOD
The food chain
How much pesticide?
FOOD ADDITIVES: HOW SAFE, HOW VALUABLE?
E numbers
Colours
Preservatives
Antioxidants
Sweeteners
Emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents
Others
Flavours
DIETS
HEALTHY EATING
THE EPIDEMIC OF DIET BOOKS
The other fad diets
DIET AND DISEASE
The High-Fibre Story
Salt and the blood pressure
Does Diet Cause Disease?
SCHOOL DINNERS
YOU ARE NOT WHAT YOU EAT
FOOD ALLERGIES
Intolerance
DETOXIFICATION
FOOD LABELLING
VITAMINS, MINERALS AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTS
Are there benefits from higher levels of intake?
Vitamin E and beta-carotene
Vitamin C
Vitamin D and calcium
Folic acid
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Selenium
Fluoride
Safety of high intakes of vitamins and minerals
Natural versus synthetic vitamins
Other supplements
Fish-oil supplements
Herbal remedies
Functional foods
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
The scientific background
Do GMOs present health hazards?
What, then, are the anti-GM arguments?
The future of GMOs
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES – BSE AND vCJD
The Background
Spongiform encephalopathies in man
BSE – bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Maverick explanations of BSE
The government response to the BSE epidemic
Variant CJD
How did humans get infected?
What is needed now?
Conclusions
HEALTHY LIVING
SUN AND THE SKIN: A VIOLATION OF TRUTH
The sun and the skin
COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE: INTEGRATED WAFFLE?
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HERBAL REMEDIES
EXERCISE
The effect of exercise
THE SMOKESCREEN OF PASSIVE SMOKING
THE AIR WE BREATHE
THE MMR STORY
The MMR debacle
Combination
Defaulters and resisters
The rage of suburbia
MYTH INTERPRETATION
THE HARM THAT PRESSURE GROUPS CAN CAUSE
DDT
Campaigns by Greenpeace
GM crops
Good intentions and good science
THE MISUSE OF NUMBERS
‘Up to’
Baseline bias
Extrapolation
Comparing like with like
Significance of ‘significance’
Circumstantial evidence
Bias
Anecdotal evidence
Tendentious reasoning and the frankly false
Out of thin air
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiological successes
Too many variables
Meta-analysis
Bad science
Unlikely results
FURTHER READING
Copyright
‘All things are poison and nothing is without poison. It is the dose that makes a thing poisonous.’
PARACELSUS, FATHER OF MODERN TOXICOLOGY (1493-1541)
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Variations on a theme emerged. It is not saturated fat, per se, that causes heart disease. It’s the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat that is critical. Or is it the consumption of monounsaturated fats, or a lack of omega-3 fatty acids, or an excess of omega-6? Take your pick. These and a host of other add-on hypotheses have their proponents.
As of today no one can – or will – tell you which type of fat, in what proportions, added to what type of antioxidant, vegetable, monounsaturated fat or omega-3 is the true culprit. Hugely complicated explanations are formulated, but they all fall apart under scrutiny.
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