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Stanley Isaac Levy. The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
Table of Contents
PREFACE
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION. By Sir William Crookes, O.M., F.E.S
PART I. OCCURRENCE OF THE RARE EARTHS
CHAPTER I. THE NATURE OF THE MINERALS AND THEIR MODE OF OCCURRENCE
Alphabetical List of Minerals containing Titanium, Zirconium, Thorium, or Elements of the Cerium and Yttrium Groups
Aenigmatite
Aeschynite
Allanite (Orthite)
Alvite (Anderbergite)
Anatase (Octahedrite)
Ancylite
Annerödite
Arfvedsonite
Arizonite
Arrhenite
Astrophyllite
Auerbachite
Auerlite
Baddeleyite
Bagrationite
Bastnäsite (Harmatite)
Beckelite
Benitoite
Blomstrandine
Blomstrandite
Bodenite
Britholite
Bröggerite
Brookite
Calciothorite
Cappelenite
Caryocerite (Karyocerite)
Castelnaudite
Cataplejite (Kataplejite)
Cerite
Chalcolamprite
Churchite
Cleveite
Cordylite
Cossyrite
Cyrtolite
Davidite
Delorenzite
Derbylite
Dysanalyte (Perovskite)
Elpidite
Endeiolite
Erdmannite (Michaelsonite)
Erikite
Eucolyte
Eucrasite
Eudialite
Euxenite
Fergusonite
Florencite
Fluocerite
Freyalite
Gadolinite
Geikielite
Gorceixite
Guarinite
Hainite
Hellandite
Hiortdahlite
Hjelmite (Hielmite)
Homilite
Hussakite (Xenotime)
Hydrotitanite
Ilmenite
Ilmenorutile
Johnstrupite
Kainosite (Cenosite)
Keilhauite (Yttrotitanite)
Kischtimite
Knopite
Kochelite
Koppite
Lanthanite
Lavenite
Leucosphenite
Lewisite
Loranskite
Lorenzenite
Mackintoshite
Malacone
Mauzeliite
Melanocerite
Microlite
Molengraafite
Monazite
Mosandrite
Muromontite
Naegite
Narsarsukite
Neptunite
Nivenite
Nohlite
Oerstedite
Orangite
Parisite
Perovskite
Pilbarite
Pitchblende
Plumboniobite
Polycrase
Priorite
Pseudobrookite
Pyrochlore
Pyrophanite
Retzian
Rhabdophane (Scovillite)
Rhönite
Rinkite
Risörite
Rogersite
Rosenbuschite
Rowlandite
Rutile
Samarskite
Schorlomite
Senaite
Sipylite
Steenstrupine
Strüverite
Tachyaphaltite
Tengerite
Thalenite
Thorianite
Thorite
Thorogummite
Thortveitite
Titanite (Sphene, Grothite)
Titanium Olivine
Tritomite
Tscheffkinite
Tysonite
Uhligite
Uraninite
Vietinghofite
Warwickite
Weibyite
Wiikite
Wöhlerite
Xenotime
Yttrialite (Green Gadolinite)
Yttrocerite
Yttrocrasite
Yttrofluorite
Yttrogarnet
Yttrogummite
Yttrotantalite
Zircon
Zirkelite
CHAPTER II. THE SILICATES
(a) Silicates of the Yttrium and Cerium Metals. Cerite
Gadolinite (Ytterbite)
Allanite
Hellandite
Thalénite
Thortveitite
(b) Silicates of Thorium and Zirconium. Thorite
Zircon
Naegite
(c) Complex Silicates. Eudialyte (Eucolyte)
Beckelite
CHAPTER III. THE TITANO-SILICATES AND TITANATES
(a) The Titano-Silicates. Yttrotitanite or Keilhauite
Titanite or Sphene
(b) The Titanates. Yttrocrasite
Delorenzite
Ilmenite or Menaccanite (Specular Iron Ore, Titaniferous Ironstone, etc.)
CHAPTER IV. THE TANTALO-COLUMBATES
(a) Tantalo-Columbates containing no Titanium Dioxide. Samarskite, Yttro-ilmenite or Eytlandite (Urano-tantalite)
Plumboniobite
Yttrotantalite
Fergusonite, Tyrite, or Bragite
Sipylite
(b) Tantalo-Columbates containing Titanium Dioxide. Æschynite
The Isodimorphous Series Euxenite, Polycrase, Blomstrandine, and Priorite
Euxenite
Risörite
Wiikite
CHAPTER V. THE OXIDES AND CARBONATES
(a) The Oxides. Uraninite or Pitchblende
Thorianite
Baddeleyite
Rutile
Anatase (Octahedrite)
Brookite
(b) The Carbonates. Lanthanite, Hydrocerite
Parisite (Synchisite), and Cordylite
CHAPTER VI. THE PHOSPHATES AND HALIDES
(a) The Phosphates. Monazite, Phosphocerite
Xenotime
(b) The Halides. Yttrocerite
Yttrofluorite
CHAPTER VII. THE MONAZITE SANDS
The North American Deposits[119]
(a) The Carolina Deposits
(b) The Idaho Deposits
The Brazilian Deposits
CHAPTER VIII. RADIOACTIVITY OF THE MINERALS
PART II. THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER IX. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE CERIUM AND YTTRIUM GROUPS
The Metals
Hydroxides
Oxides
Sulphides
Carbides
Halogen Salts
Halogen Oxy-salts
Sulphates
Nitrates
Phosphates
Chromates
Carbonates
Oxalates
Formates
The Rare Earth Elements, and the Periodic Classification
CHAPTER X. GENERAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
Extraction of the Rare Earths from Minerals
Preliminary examination of the earth mixture
The Spectrum Examination
The Absorption Spectra
The Emission Spectra: Spark Spectra
The Arc Spectra
The Cathode Luminescence Spectra
The Magnetic Susceptibility
The Equivalent Weight Determination
CHAPTER XI. THE CERIUM GROUP—CERIUM
Cerium, Ce = 140·25
The Cerous Compounds
The Ceric Compounds
Atomic Weight of Cerium
Detection and Estimation of Cerium
CHAPTER XII. CERIUM GROUP (continued)
Lanthanum, Praseodymium, Neodymium, and Samarium
Separation
Lanthanum, La = 139·0
Atomic Weight
Detection
Praseodymium, Pr = 140·6
Atomic Weight
Detection
Neodymium, Nd = 144·3
Atomic Weight
Detection
Samarium, Sa = 150·4
Atomic Weight
Detection
CHAPTER XIII. THE TERBIUM GROUP
Separation
Europium, Eu = 152·0
Atomic Weight
Detection
Gadolinium, Gd = 157·3
Atomic Weight
Detection
Terbium, Tb = 159·2
Atomic Weight
Detection
CHAPTER XIV. THE ERBIUM AND YTTERBIUM GROUPS—YTTRIUM AND SCANDIUM
Separation
The Erbium Group
Dysprosium, Dy = 162·5
Atomic Weight
Detection
Holmium, Ho = 163·5
Erbium, Er = 167·7
Atomic Weight
Detection
Thulium, Tm = 168·5
Atomic Weight
Detection
Ytterbium (Neoytterbium, Aldebaranium), Yb = 172·0. Lutecium (Cassiopeium), Lu = 174·0
Atomic Weights
Spectra
Celtium
Yttrium, Yt = 89·0
Atomic Weight
Detection
Scandium, Sc = 44·1
Atomic Weight
Detection
CHAPTER XV. THE GROUP IVA ELEMENTS—TITANIUM
Titanium, Ti = 48·1
Compounds of Divalent Titanium
Compounds of Trivalent Titanium.[447]
Compounds of Tetravalent Titanium
Atomic Weight of Titanium
Detection
CHAPTER XVI. THE GROUP IVA ELEMENTS (continued)—ZIRCONIUM AND THORIUM
Zirconium, Zr = 90·6
Atomic Weight of Zirconium
Detection and Estimation
Thorium, Th = 232·4
Atomic Weight of Thorium
Detection of Thorium
PART III. THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER XVII. THE INCANDESCENT MANTLE INDUSTRY—HISTORICAL AND GENERAL INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER XVIII. THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MONAZITE
Decomposition of the Monazite
Separation of Thorium
Purification of the Thorium Compounds
Preparation of Thorium Nitrate from Mantle-ash
Extraction of Cerium Nitrate
Analysis of a Monazite or Monazite Sand for Thorium
CHAPTER XIX. THE MANUFACTURE OF MANTLES FROM COTTON AND RAMIE
Washing
Impregnation
The Mantle Head
Burning off and Shaping
Collodinisation
CHAPTER XX. ARTIFICIAL SILK—ITS PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE MANTLE INDUSTRY
Chardonnet Process
The Pauly or Cuprammonium Process
The Viscose Process
The Acetate Process
The Manufacture of Mantles from Artificial Silk
Impregnation
‘Fixing.’
The Final Stages
CHAPTER XXI. OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL USES OF THE CERIUM AND YTTRIUM ELEMENTS, ZIRCONIUM AND THORIUM
The Cerium Group. Pyrophoric Alloys
Other Alloys
Applications of the Cerium Compounds
The Nernst Lamp
Industrial Applications of Zirconium
The Technical Uses of Zirconia
CHAPTER XXII. THE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF TITANIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Employment of the Element in Metallurgy
Application to Arc-lamp Electrodes
Titanium Compounds in Dyeing and Colouring
Other Uses of Titanium Compounds
Estimation of the Element
INDEX
