Оглавление
Stephen M. Rowland. Structural Analysis and Synthesis
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Structural Analysis and Synthesis. A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Attitudes of Lines and Planes. Objectives
Definitions
Problem 1.1
Problem 1.2
Problem 1.3
Structural Elements
Symbols for Common Structural Elements
Structural Grain
Problem 1.4
Problem 1.5
Problem 1.6
2 Outcrop Patterns and Structure Contours. Objectives
Problem 2.1
Structure Contours
The Three‐Point Problem
Step‐by‐Step Solution
Problem 2.2
Drawing a Topographic Profile
Drawing Cross Sections of Structure Contour Maps
Determining Outcrop Patterns with Structure Contours
Problem 2.3
Gently Bent Layers
Problem 2.4
Determining Exact Attitudes from Outcrop Patterns
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness in Flat Terrain
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness on Slopes
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness by Orthographic Projection
3 Stereographic Projection. Objective
Plotting a Plane
Problem 3.1
Plotting a Line
Problem 3.2
Plotting the Pole to a Plane
Problem 3.3
Line of Intersection of Two Planes
Problem 3.4
Angles of Lines within a Plane
Problem 3.5
Determining True Dip from Strike and Apparent Dip
Problem 3.6
Determining Strike and Dip from Two Apparent Dips
Problem 3.7
Problem 3.8
Problem 3.9
Problem 3.10
Problem 3.11
Problem 3.12
Problem 3.13
4 Folds and Cross Sections. Objectives
Glossary of Fold Terms. Parts of a Fold
Classification by Shape
Classification by Orientation
Problem 4.1
Fold Classification Based on Dip Isogons
Outcrop Patterns of Folds
Problem 4.2
Problem 4.3
Cross or Structure Sections of Folded Layers
Problem 4.4
The Arc Method
Problem 4.5
Down‐Plunge Projection
Problem 4.6
5 Stereographic Analysis of Folded Rocks. Objectives
Beta (β) Diagrams
Pi (π) Diagrams
Pole Plotter
Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Using Fold Trace
Constructing the Profile of a Fold Exposed in Flat Terrain
Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Without a Fold Trace
Simple Equal‐Area Diagrams of Fold Orientation
Contour Diagrams
Problem 5.1
Determining the Fold Style and Interlimb Angle from Contoured Pi Diagrams
Problem 5.2
Problem 5.3
Problem 5.4
6 Rotations and Determining Original Directions in Folded Rocks. Objectives
Rotation of Lines
Problem 6.1
The Two‐Tilt Problem
Problem 6.2
Problem 6.3
Problem 6.4
Cones: The Drill‐Hole Problem
Problem 6.5
Unfolding Folds
Problem 6.6
7 Foliations, Parasitic Folds,and Superposed Folds. Objectives
Foliations
Axial Planar, Fanning, and Transecting Foliations
Problem 7.1
Bedding/Cleavage Relations in Folds
Problem 7.2
Parasitic Folds
Problem 7.3
Multiple Deformations
Multiple Foliations
Problem 7.4
Problem 7.5
Superposed Folds
Problem 7.6
8 Strain Measurements in Ductile Rocks. Objectives
Longitudinal Strain
Shear Strain
Problem 8.1
The Strain Ellipse
Strain Fields
The Coaxial Total Strain Ellipse
Measuring Strain in Deformed Objects
Problem 8.2
Strain in Folds
Problem 8.3
Deformed Fossils as Strain Indicators
Problem 8.4
Mohr Circle for Sheared Fossils
Problem 8.5
Mohr Circle for Boudinage
Problem 8.6
9 Advanced Strain Measurements. Objectives
Fry Method
Problem 9.1
Rf/φ Method
Problem 9.2
10 Brittle Failure. Objective
Equipment Required for this Chapter
Quantifying Two‐Dimensional Stress
Problem 10.1
The Mohr Diagram
Problem 10.2
The Mohr Circle of Stress
Problem 10.3
Rules for Going Between Mohr Space and Real Space
The Failure Envelope
Problem 10.4
Problem 10.5
Problem 10.6
Problem 10.7
The Importance of Pore Pressure
Problem 10.8
Problem 10.9
11 Analysis of Fracture Systems. Objectives
Data Collection
Rose Diagram
Length vs Strike Graphs
Interpreting Joint Strike Diagrams
Contouring Joint Density
Problem 11.1
Accounting for Dip in Joints
12 Faults. Objectives
Measuring Slip
Problem 12.1
Problem 12.2
Rotational (Scissor) Faulting
Problem 12.3
Map Patterns of Faults
Normal Faults
Reverse and Thrust Faults
Strike‐Slip Faults
Timing of Faults
Problem 12.4
13 Dynamic and Kinematic Analysis of Faults. Objectives
Dynamic Analysis
Three Principal Stresses
Problem 13.1
Fault Attitudes and Orientation of the Stress Ellipsoid
Complications Due to Pre‐existing Planes of Weakness
Problem 13.2
Problem 13.3
Problem 13.4
Non‐Uniform Stress Fields
Problem 13.5
Problem 13.6
Problem 13.7
Kinematic Analysis
Quantifying the Direction of Shortening or Extension
Problem 13.8
Kinematic Compatibility
Problem 13.9 Testing a geologist's hypothesis
14 Structural Synthesis. Objective
Structural Synthesis
Some Suggestions for Writing Style
Common Errors in Geologic Reports
15 Deformation Mechanisms in Mylonites. Objectives
Deformation Mechanisms
Fracture Processes (Cataclasis)
Diffusive Mass Transfer
Intracrystalline Plastic Deformation/ Crystal Plasticity
Twinning
Dislocation Glide and Climb
Recrystallization
Problem 15.1
Problem 15.2
Problem 15.3
Fault Rocks
Problem 15.4
Problem 15.5
Kinematic Indicators
S‐C Fabrics
Asymmetric Porphyroclasts
Oblique Grain Shapes in Recrystallized Quartz Aggregates
Antithetic Shears
Problem 15.6
Strain and Offset in Shear Zones
Problem 15.7
Problem 15.8
Problem 15.9
Potential Sources of Error
Note
16 Construction of Balanced Cross Sections. Objectives
Thrust‐Belt “Rules”
Recognizing Ramps and Flats
Problem 16.1
Relations Between Folds and Thrusts
Fault‐Bend Folds
Fault‐Propagation Folds
Requirements of a Balanced Cross Section
Problem 16.2
Constructing a Restored Cross Section
Constructing a Balanced Cross Section
Problem 16.3
Problem 16.4
Problem 16.5
Problem 16.6
17 Introduction to Plate Tectonics. Objectives
Fundamental Principles
Plate Boundaries
Triple Junctions
EXAMPLE 1
Solution
EXAMPLE 2
Solution
Problem 17.1
Problem 17.2
Focal‐Mechanism Solutions (“Beach‐Ball” Diagrams)
Problem 17.3
EXAMPLE 3
Solution
Problem 17.4
Problem 17.5
Earth Magnetism
Problem 17.6
Paleomagnetism
Magnetic Stripes on the Ocean Floor
EXAMPLE 4
Solution
Apparent Polar Wander
Problem 17.7
Problem 17.8 The “Plate Game”
18 Virtual Field Trip. Objective
Newfoundland Folds Field Trip
Writing the Technical Report
Ramapo Fault Field Trip
Writing the Technical Report
References
Further Reading. Chapter 1: Attitudes of Lines and Planes
Chapter 2: Outcrop Patterns and Structure Contours
Chapter 3: Stereographic Projection
Chapter 4: Folds and Cross Sections
Chapter 5: Stereographic Analysis of Folded Rocks
Chapter 6: Rotations and Determining Original Directions in Folded Rocks
Chapter 7: Foliations, Parasitic Folds, and Superposed Folds
Chapter 8: Strain Measurements in Ductile Rocks
Chapter 9: Advanced Strain Measurements
Chapter 10: Brittle Failure
Chapter 11: Analysis of Fracture Systems
Chapter 12: Faults
Chapter 13: Dynamic and Kinematic Analysis of Faults
Chapter 14: Structural Synthesis
Chapter 15: Deformation Mechanisms in Mylonites
Chapter 16: Construction of Balanced Cross Sections
Chapter 17: Introduction to Plate Tectonics
Index
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