Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories

Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories
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Описание книги

This book studies formal semantics in modern type theories (MTTsemantics). Compared with simple type theory, MTTs have much richer type structures and provide powerful means for adequate semantic constructions. This offers a serious alternative to the traditional settheoretical foundation for linguistic semantics and opens up a new avenue for developing formal semantics that is both model-theoretic and proof-theoretic, which was not available before the development of MTTsemantics. This book provides a reader-friendly and precise description of MTTs and offers a comprehensive introduction to MTT-semantics. It develops several case studies, such as adjectival modification and copredication, to exemplify the attractiveness of using MTTs for the study of linguistic meaning. It also examines existing proof assistant technology based on MTT-semantics for the verification of semantic constructions and reasoning in natural language. Several advanced topics are also briefly studied, including dependent event types, an application of dependent typing to event semantics.

Оглавление

Stergios Chatzikyriakidis. Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories

Preface

1. Type Theories and Semantic Studies

1.1. Historical development of type theories

1.2. Foundational semantic languages

1.3. Montague’s model-theoretic semantics

1.3.1. Simple type theory: a formal description

1.3.2. Montague semantics: examples and intensionality

1.4. MTT-semantics: formal semantics in modern type theories

1.4.1. A glance at MTT-semantics

1.4.2. MTTs as foundational semantic languages: historical notes

1.4.3. Merits of MTT-semantics

2. Modern Type Theories

2.1. Judgments and contextual mechanisms

2.2. Type constructors

2.2.1. Π-Types of dependent functions

2.2.2. Σ-types of dependent pairs

2.2.3. Disjoint union types, unit types and finite types

2.3. Universes

2.3.1.Prop and logical propositions

2.3.2. Universes in linguistic semantics

2.3.3. Tarski-style and Russell-style universes

2.4. Subtyping

2.5. Formal presentation of type theories with signatures

3. Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories

3.1. Basic linguistic categories

3.2. Several unique features of MTT-semantics

3.2.1. Common nouns as types

3.2.2. Subtyping in MTT-semantics

3.2.3. Judgmental interpretations and their propositional forms

3.3. Adjectival modification: a case study

3.3.1. Intersective adjectives

3.3.2. Subsective adjectives

3.3.3. Privative adjectives

3.3.4. Non-committal adjectives

4. Advanced Modification

4.1. The data

4.2. Gradable adjectives

4.3. Gradable nouns

4.3.1. Gradable nouns asΣ-types

4.4. Multidimensional adjectives

4.4.1. Multidimensional adjectives: going more fine-grained

4.5. Adverbial modification

4.5.1. Veridicality

4.5.2. Event adverbs: manner, agent-oriented and speech-act adverbs

4.5.3. Domain, evaluative adverbs

4.5.4. Intensional adverbs

4.6. Final remarks on modification: vagueness

5. Copredication and Individuation

5.1. Copredication and individuation: an introduction

5.2. Dot-types for copredication: a brief introduction

5.3. Identity criteria: individuation and CNs as setoids

5.3.1. Inheritance of identity criteria: usual cases of individuation

5.3.2. Generic semantics of numerical quantifiers

5.3.3. Copredication with quantification

5.3.4. Verbs plus adjectives: more on copredication with quantification

5.4. Concluding remarks and related work

6. Reasoning and Verifying NL Semantics in Coq

6.1. Proof assistant technology based on MTTs

6.1.1. Mathematical proofs

6.1.2. Software verification

6.2. A linguist friendly introduction to Coq

6.2.1. Basics of Coq: types, sorts, functions

6.2.2. The proof engine of Coq

6.2.3. Useful proof tactics in Coq

6.2.4. Inductive types and record types

6.3. MTT-semantics in Coq

6.3.1. Adjectival and adverbial modification

6.3.2. Copredication and individuation in Coq

6.3.3. Related work

7. Advanced Topics

7.1. Propositional forms of judgmental interpretations: formal treatment

7.2. Dependent event types

7.3. Dependent categorial grammars

Appendix 1. Simple Type Theory C. A1.1. Inference rules ofC

A1.2. Logical operators inC

Appendix 2. Type Constructors. A2.1. Π-types

A2.2. Σ-types

A2.3. Disjoint union types

A2.4. The unit type and finite types

Appendix 3. Prop and Logical Operators in Impredicative MTTs

A3.1. Prop

A3.2. Logical operators

Appendix 4. And for Coordination

Appendix 5. Formal System LFΔ

A5.1. LFΔ

A5.2. Σ-types in LFΔ

Appendix 6. Rules for Dot-Types

Appendix 7. Coq Codes. A7.1. Some basic ontology and subtyping declarations

A7.2. Simple homonymy by overloading in coercive subtyping

A7.3. Intersective and subsective adjectives

A7.4. Privative adjectives

A7.5. Multidimensional adjectives

A7.6. Gradable adjectives

A7.7. Veridical adverbs

A7.8. Manner adverbs

A7.9. Individuation

References

Index. A

C

D, E

F, G

H, I

J

L

M

N

O, P

S

T

U, V

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Logic Linguistics and Computer Science Set

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For instance, we may interpret the intension of a sentence as a function from possible worlds to truth values, of type s → t. This approach to intensionality has been extensively studied, although it is not regarded as completely satisfactory in some aspects: for example, it suffers from the so-called problem of logical omniscience in that logically equivalent sentences are regarded as having the same meaning, which may be incorrect in an intensional context. In this book, we shall largely ignore the intensionality issue, with some exceptions,12 not because it is not important (it obviously is), but rather that it is orthogonal to most, if not all, of the issues we are going to discuss.

In this section, some simple examples in formal semantics in modern type theories (MTT-semantics) are sketched for illustrations. Then, we shall describe the historical developments and some of the major merits for MTTs to be employed as foundational semantic languages.

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