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Steven Briggs. Criminology For Dummies
Criminology For Dummies® To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Criminology For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box. Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Defining and Measuring Crime
Entering the World of Crime
Defining the Terms: What Crime Is and How You Measure It
Identifying elements of criminal behavior
Gathering crime statistics
Recognizing the Various Costs of Crime
Noting the financial impact
Respecting the price a victim pays
Considering Categories of Crime
Studying individual crimes
Focusing on organized crime
Spotlighting terrorism
Figuring Out What Makes Someone Commit a Crime
Making a rational decision
Pointing the finger at society
Blaming mental and physical defects
Waging a War against Crime
Policing the streets
Getting the feds involved
Working together in task forces
Bringing Criminals to Justice
Prosecuting crime
Determining punishment
Giving juveniles special attention
What Is Crime?
Understanding the Two Categories of Criminal Activity
Violating natural laws: Acts that are inherently bad
Violating manmade laws: Acts that aren’t inherently bad
HOW THE COMMON LAW DEVELOPED
Identifying Elements of a Criminal Law
Distinguishing civil from criminal law
Defining felonies and misdemeanors
CRIMINAL VERSUS CIVIL LAW IN THE O. J. SIMPSON CASE
Requiring a physical act
Having a guilty mind
Linking Criminal Behavior to Cultural Mores
Understanding that crimes change over time
Recognizing the impact of location
HOW VARIOUS STATES DEFINE THEFT
Realizing that politics play a role
How Crime Is Measured and Why It Matters
Gathering Crime Stats: How Much Crime Is There?
Relying on crime reports
Tallying the number of arrests
Spotlighting unreported crime: Victimization surveys
Accepting the shortcomings of crime statistics
Putting Crime Stats to Use
CONTROVERSY OVER CRIME REDUCTION
Considering the Costs of Crime
Funding the justice system
Measuring the costs to society and victims
Helping Those in the Wake of Crime: Victims
Looking at the Historical Treatment of Victims
Identifying the Impact of Crime on Victims
Physical scars
Emotional effects
Economic loss
Pinpointing Who Is Likely to Be Victimized
Considering personal characteristics
Taking a look at theories of victimization
Expanding Victim Services in the 21st Century
Crime victim compensation
Support of victim advocates
Direct help from private, nonprofit groups
Observing the Laws That Protect Victims’ Rights
Invoking victims’ rights
Enforcing victims’ rights
Identifying Types of Crime
Getting Violent: Crimes of Force
Identifying Types of Violent Crimes
Defining Homicide
Murder
First- and second-degree murder
Felony murder
Capital murder
Manslaughter
Negligent homicide
Assisting a suicide
Attacking or Threatening Someone: Assault and Battery
Vehicular assault
Spousal assault
Child abuse
Forcing Sexual Contact: Rape, Sodomy, and Child Molestation
Rape and sodomy
Child molestation
Looking at who commits child molestation
Considering the reasons why and the effects on victims
Taking Property under the Threat of Violence: Robbery
Kidnapping
U.S. VIOLENT CRIME RATES IN RECENT DECADES
Pinpointing Causes of Violence
Struggling with drugs and alcohol
Feeling the lasting effects of family troubles
ORGANIZED DRUG RIPS
Suffering from mental problems
Being influenced by society
Making a personal choice
Hitting You in the Pocketbook: Property Crimes
Categorizing Types of Theft
Shoplifting
LETTING THE FEAR OF LAWSUITS RUN AMOK
Scamming people out of their money
A NIGERIAN SCAM
Taking personal and credit card information: Identity theft
OVERCOMING IDENTITY THEFT
Stealing autos
Breaking and entering: Burglary
Defining Property Damage
Sending up smoke signals: Committing arson
Leaving your mark: Vandalizing property
Looking at the Causes of Property Crime
Wrestling with addiction
Focusing on substance abuse treatment
Locking up repeat offenders
Making a career choice
Being drawn to bright and shiny objects
Battling kleptomania
Dressing Sharp and Stealing Big: White-Collar Crimes
Identifying Types of White-Collar Crime
Stealing from the boss: Embezzlement
Evading taxes
Selling phony investments: Securities fraud
Dumping waste and endangering employees: Environmental crime
Cheating business and service clients
Cheating consumers: False advertising and price fixing
Mixing politics and crime
COMMITTING WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: WHY DO IT?
The Challenges of Investigating White-Collar Crime
Measuring the costs (in time and money)
Facing a dearth of financial investigators
WHY SAYING “IT’S A CIVIL MATTER” ISN’T NECESSARILY A COP-OUT
Prosecuting and Punishing White-Collar Crime
Equating good suits with good verdicts
Testing the limits of corporate liability
REGULATING BUSINESSES
Making punishments fit the crimes
CAN A CORPORATION COMMIT MURDER?
A Group Effort: Organized Crime and Gangs
Grasping the Basics of Organized Crime
Obsessing over the Italian Mafia
Tracing the growth and decline of the Sicilian mob
Recognizing the Mafia’s impact on public policy
FIGHTING A NARROW VIEW OF ORGANIZED CRIME
Identifying Other Ethnic-Based Organized Crime Groups
Looking at What Organized Crime Groups Do
Selling narcotics
Marketing counterfeit and pirated products
Committing fraud
Loan sharking
Extorting money
Committing violence to support the “business”
Laundering money
Fighting Organized Crime
Overcoming jurisdictional boundaries: Task forces
Proving conspiracy
Setting up wiretaps
Relying on informants
TALKING IN CRIME CODE
Going undercover
Taking back the money: Forfeiture
Getting an Inside Scoop on Criminal Gangs
Youth and street gangs
SOME SIZEABLE U.S. STREET GANGS
Connecting with organized crime
Carving up territory
Using violence
Getting females involved
Motorcycle gangs
Recognizing an OMG member
Living the biker life
Prison gangs
Tackling a Worldwide Problem: The Narcotics Trade
The Global Workings of Dealing Drugs
Making drugs illegal
Growing plants for the drug trade
Cocaine
Heroin
Marijuana
Mixing chemicals for the drug trade
Methamphetamine
CONSIDERING MARIJUANA LEGALIZATION
Fentanyl
New psychoactive substances
OTHER ABUSED DRUGS
Moving dope to your neighborhood
From the field (or lab) to the U.S. border
From the U.S. border to your city
From your city to your street corner
COMMON NICKNAMES FOR DRUGS
Treating Drug Users
Examining types of treatment
Using drug courts
Shifting treatment goals
Working to Prevent Drug Abuse
Educating in school
Testing for drugs
Monitoring prescription drugs
Front-Page News: Terrorism
Structuring Terrorist Threats
Striking as an organization
Acting alone
Recognizing Types of Terrorist Threats in the U.S
Right-wing threats
Neo-Nazis and white supremacists
Anti-government and militia types
Anti-abortionists
Left-wing threats
Anarchists and Antifa
Single issue groups, animal rights, and the environment
Religious threats
Al Qaeda
Islamic State
Acting Out of Hate: Distinguishing Hate Crimes
Fighting Back against Terrorism
Reducing terrorist motivation
Eliminating operational capability: Defunding terrorists
Joining forces to combat terrorism
Figuring Out Who Commits Crimes and Why
What Factors Lead to Crime?
Noting Personal Characteristics That Many Criminals Share
Age: Is crime a young person’s game?
Gender: Why do men take first place in crime?
Income: Does less money in your pocket lead to more crime?
Race: Does skin color influence criminality, or is racism to blame?
“DEFUNDING THE POLICE” AND THE “FERGUSON EFFECT”
Looking closely at racial profiling
Using cameras to build trust
Examining cultural challenges
Education: Do higher degrees equal lower crime rates?
Religious affiliation: Are there benefits of practicing a faith?
Looking at the Impact of Societal Conditions on Crime
Pop culture: Is violence inspired through entertainment and games?
A bad economy: Does recession lead to crime?
Your Zip code: Do regional differences affect crime rates?
GUN CONTROL AS CRIME CONTROL?
Studying the Impact of Atmospheric Changes
Regarding Crime as a Rational Decision: Rational Choice Theory
Taking a Quick Tour through Classical Theory
Calculating the Benefits and Drawbacks of Crime
Analyzing risks and rewards
Choosing the type and place of crime
Factoring in personality and skills
Meeting the offender’s needs
Creating Rational Deterrents to Crime
Running the risk of being caught (and punished)
Increasing the severity of punishment
Aiming for speedy punishment
PUNISHMENTS THROUGHOUT U.S. HISTORY
Preventing the rewards
Examining the Limits of Rational Choice Theory
Considering humans who behave irrationally
Seeing how crime often pays
Dealing with the values gap
Looking at Society’s Role in Crime
Introducing Social Disorganization Theory
Studying Strain Theory
Anomie theory
General strain theory
Institutional anomie theory
Subculture theories
Lower-class reaction theory
Differential opportunity theory
Considering Social Learning Theories
Differential association theory
Techniques of neutralization theory
Delving into Social Control Theories
Containment theory
Social bond theory
Can Your Mind or Body Make You a Criminal?
Biological Positivism: Trying to Link Appearance to Crime
Wrestling with the Influence of Genetics
Figuring out how parents influence criminal behavior
Creating criminals through evolution
Blaming the Brain
Eating a poor diet
Grappling with the wrong brain chemistry
Having a low IQ
THE MYTH OF THE TWINKIE DEFENSE
Struggling with Mental Illness
Dealing with a Personality Disorder
Focusing on antisocial personality disorder
Distinguishing psychopaths
DEFINING ANTISOCIAL
Critical Criminology: Theories off the Beaten Path
Considering Someone a Criminal: Labeling Theory
Changing someone’s self-image
Erasing the criminal label
Finding the theory’s weakness
Exploring Feminist Theory
Examining Leftist Realism: A Response to Law and Order
MARXISM
THE CHALLENGES OF HAVING CIVILIANS OVERSEE POLICE INTERNAL AFFAIRS
Making Peace with Peacemaking Theory
Seeking Healing through Restorative Justice
Encouraging justice within a community
Debating treatment versus incarceration
Fighting Crime
Battling Crime at the Local Level
Keeping the Streets Clean: The Players at the Local Level
Distinguishing sheriffs from police chiefs
Driving the streets: Patrol officers
Focusing on neighborhoods: Community officers
Supervising patrol officers: Sergeants
Investigating crimes: Detectives
Police officers with special assignments
Counting on civilian employees
Greater than the sum of their parts: Task forces
Bringing in citizen cops: Reserves
Thinking about Theories of Policing
Policing at the community level
Making way for community policing
Understanding the challenges
Keeping in mind the positives
Following the broken windows theory
Adopting intelligence-led policing
Noticing how intelligence can help
Taking a look at the challenges
Tackling Crime at the Federal Level
Sorting through the Alphabet Soup of Federal Agencies
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The FBI’s responsibilities
A special agent’s job
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
FEDS ON THE SCREEN
Secret Service
U.S. Marshals Service
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Other federal law enforcement agencies
JOB HUNTING AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL
Coordinating Federal and Local Efforts
Working with local law enforcement
Federal funding: Tapping federal resources to maximize effect
Solving Crimes: The Process
Responding to a Crime Scene
Interviewing witnesses
Interrogating suspects
Gathering physical evidence
MIRANDA RIGHTS
Writing a report
Using Special Crime-Fighting Tools and Techniques
Conducting crime scene investigations
THE CSI EFFECT
Applying for search warrants
Analyzing computers, cellphones, and other electronic evidence
Administering lie detector tests
Looking for fingerprints
Testing DNA
Using DNA as evidence
Compiling DNA samples
Comparing handwriting
Studying blood stain patterns
Collecting cell tower evidence
Reconstructing an accident
Prosecuting and Punishing Crime
Seeking Justice in Court: The Players and Their Roles
Prosecutors: Guardians of Safety
Charging crimes
Helping with investigations
Weighing ethical responsibilities
Fulfilling additional duties
Defense Attorneys: Guardians of Liberty
Hiring a public or private defender
THE PUBLIC LAWYER’S SALARY
Facing ethical dilemmas
Trial Judges: Overseeing the Justice Process
Authorizing cops to search
Keeping cases moving
Presiding over a trial
Sentencing the defendant
Appellate Judges: Setting Legal Precedents
Looking for procedural errors
Wading through the final layers of appeal
Finding the Truth: Pleading Guilty or Going to Trial
Keeping It Local: Municipal Courts
Movin’ On Up: State Court Systems
Affecting the Whole Nation: The Federal Court System
Negotiating a Plea Agreement
Determining the strength of the evidence
Figuring out time in custody
Considering victim compensation
Working out probation conditions
Suppressing Evidence (or Not): The Pretrial Hearing
Determining whether a search was legal
Looking at a defendant’s confession
Facing a Jury (or a Judge): The Process
Choosing trial by jury or by judge
Selecting a jury
Making opening statements
Proving the state’s case
Conducting direct examinations
Displaying physical exhibits
Cross-examining witnesses
Putting on a defense
Deciding whether the defendant should testify
Recognizing common defenses
SELF-DEFENSE OR DEFENSE OF ANOTHER
CHOICE OF EVILS
ALIBI
ENTRAPMENT
INSANITY
Hearing closing arguments
Reaching a verdict
Deliberating in private
Reaching a deadlock
Asking jury questions
NOT GUILTY DOESN’T MEAN “INNOCENT”
Reaching the moment of truth
Punishing the Guilty: Why and How Society Does It
Understanding Theories of Punishment and Incarceration
Seeking retribution, not personal revenge
Deterring future crimes
Protecting society: Incapacitation
Aiming for rehabilitation and restoration
Combining the theories
Placing Defendants in Custody
Going to a local jail
Heading to state prison
General services in state prisons
Additional punishments within state prisons
Facing federal prison
Serving time in Private Prison, Inc
Facing Challenges in the Prison System
Controlling contraband
Dealing with inmate violence
Identifying causes of violence
Getting creative with prison violence
Controlling the violence
Implementing treatment and education programs
Covering the cost of imprisonment
Placing Defendants on Probation
The probation officer’s role
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAROLE AND PROBATION
Probation violations and their effects
Debating the Death Penalty
The crimes you can die for
The rules of a capital case
Penalty phase
Mitigating evidence
Ineligibility categories
Appeals
The execution process
Arguments for or against the death penalty
Philosophical arguments
Utilitarian arguments
Examining the Juvenile Justice System
Looking Back: The Historical Treatment of Juveniles
Why Juveniles Are Treated Differently
Walking through the Juvenile Justice Process
Speaking the language of the juvenile justice system
Introducing the key players
Arresting and detaining a juvenile
Filing a petition — or not
Adjudicating a case
Proceeding to disposition
Facing probation
Treating a Juvenile like an Adult
Eyeing Modern Trends in Juvenile Justice
The Part of Tens
Ten Jobs to Consider in Criminal Justice
Police Officer
Corrections Officer
Forensic Scientist
Computer Forensic Specialist
Crime and Intelligence Analysts
Probation Officer
Juvenile Counselor
Crime Victim Advocate
Legal or Law Enforcement Administrative Assistant
Court Reporter
Ten Notorious, Unsolved Crimes
The JonBenet Ramsey Murder
The Sam Sheppard Case
The Zodiac Killer
The Murder of Robert Blake’s Wife
The Murder of Seattle Prosecutor Tom Wales
The D. B. Cooper Hijacking
The Black Dahlia Murder
The Jack the Ripper Killings
The Disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa
The Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G
Index
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F
G
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J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
About the Author
Dedication
Author’s Acknowledgments
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
