Реклама. ООО «ЛитРес», ИНН: 7719571260.
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Police In America
Police In America
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
Reviewers of the Second Edition
Reviewers of the First Edition
Digital Resources
Instructor Resource Site
Student Study Site
Interactive eBook Version
About the Author
Part I Foundations for the Study of the Police
1 An Introduction to the Police in America
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: What It Takes to Be a Good Police Officer
Introduction
The Challenge of Policing a Free Society
Police Accountability in a Free Society
Technology on the Job
The Controversies and Difficulties of Policing
The Police Are Expected to Prevent and Solve Crime
Citizens May Not Cooperate With the Police, and May Even Do Them Harm
The Police Pay More Attention to Some Crimes, Some People, and Some Areas Than Others
The Police Have Other Responsibilities
The Police Use Discretion in Dealing With People
The Police Have Authority to Use Force and Arrest Citizens
Measuring Good Policing Is Difficult
The Media Do Not Necessarily Accurately Represent the Police
A Research Question
Ethics and Morals in Policing
Good Policing
Forms of Unethical Conduct
A Question of Ethics
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 The History of the Police in America
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Policing in the Early Days. According to The First One Hundred Years, a publication of the Milwaukee Police Department,
Why Study the History of the Police?
Policing Colonial America
Constables and the Watch
Slave Patrols
The Sheriff
The First American Police Departments: The Political Era of Policing
The Industrial Revolution and the Creation of Cities
The Abolishment of Slavery
The London Metropolitan Police Department as a Role Model
The Creation of the First American Police Departments
Diversity in the Political Era of Policing
The Role of the Police During the Political Era
A Question of Ethics
Criminal Investigations During the Political Era
Technology on the Job
Early 1900s to 1960s: The Reform Era of Policing
Reform as Anti-Politics
The Creation of Federal and State Law Enforcement Agencies
Detectives as the Ultimate Professionals
The Reform Era and (Lack of) Diversity in Police Departments
Then the 1960s Happened
Good Policing
The 1970s to the Present: The Community Problem-Solving Era of Policing
Community and Problem-Oriented Policing
A Research Question
The Community Problem-Solving Era of Today and Beyond
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 The Characteristics and Structure of Police Organizations
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Police Salaries and the Possible Consequences
Characteristics of Police Organizations
Police Agencies as Bureaucracies
A Division of Labor
A Hierarchy of Authority
Rules
Impersonal Relationships
Selection and Promotion Based on Competence
The Drawbacks of Bureaucracy
Police Agencies as Quasi-Military Organizations
Police Agencies as Monopolies
Good Policing
Police Agencies as Street-Level Bureaucracies
The Challenges of Managing Police Organizations
The Management of Discretion
Street Cops Versus Management Cops
Constant Resource Constraints and Demand for Services
Ambiguous and Difficult-to-Achieve Goals
The Structure of Police Departments
The Structure of Three Police Departments of Different Sizes
A Research Question
Technology on the Job
Major Operating Units in Police Departments
Patrol
Traffic
Criminal Investigation
Tactical Enforcement
Youth or Juvenile Bureau
Communications
Internal Affairs
Crime Analysis
Types and Levels of Law Enforcement Agencies
Local Police
County Sheriff’s Departments
State Law Enforcement Agencies
Special Jurisdiction Law Enforcement Agencies
A Question of Ethics
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 The Role of the Police
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: “Scoop and Run” in Philadelphia
The Police Enforce the Law
Give Meaning to the Law
Implement the Law
The Controversy of Law Enforcement
Time Spent on Law Enforcement Activities
The Police Control Crime
The Controversy of Crime Control
A Research Question
A Question of Ethics
The Difficulty of Crime Control
Police Lack Control Over Conditions of Crime
Good Policing
The Difficulties of Deterring Criminal Behavior
The Police Deal With Situations Where Force May Need to Be Used
Technology on the Job
The Police Respond to People in Need
The Police Handle Time-Pressing Situations
The Police Enforce the Law, Maintain Order, and Provide Services
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part II Police Work
5 Police Recruitment, Selection, and Training
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: “Are You Ready for Your Next Challenge?”
The Relationship Between the Recruitment, Selection, and Training of Police Officers
Diversity Begins With Recruitment and Selection
The Recruitment of Police Officers
Motivations for Being a Police Officer
Recruitment Strategies and Plans
Job Benefits and Recruitment Efforts
Salary
Other Benefits and Policies
Job Requirements and Selection Standards
The Selection of Police Officers
The Permanence of Selection Decisions
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws and Diversity
Affirmative Action
A Question of Ethics
Minimum Qualifications for Police Officers
Education
Criminal Record and Drug Use
Selection Procedures for Police Officers
Written Tests
Oral Interview
Background Investigation
Medical Examination
Physical Fitness Examination
Psychological Examination
Assessment Center
The Outcomes of the Recruitment and Selection of Police Officers: Diversity
The Representation of Women as Police Officers
A Research Question
The Representation of Racial Minorities as Police Officers
The Representation of Gay and Lesbian Police Officers
Police Officer Training
Academy Training
Field Training
Good Policing
In-Service Training
Technology on the Job
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Exhibit 5.2 Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Police Patrol
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: The Reemergence of Foot Patrol
Police Patrol and Call Priority
Allocation of Police Patrol
Call Priority
Technology on the Job
Managing Calls for Service
311
Differential Police Response (DPR)
Preventive Patrol
Outcomes of Preventive Patrol
Apprehension Through Fast Police Response
Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Hot Spot Policing
The Kansas City Hot Spot Patrol Experiment (KCHSPE)
Preventive Patrol Versus Hot Spot Patrol
Other Issues Associated With Hot Spot Patrol
Police Crackdowns
Elements and Operation of a Crackdown
A Research Question
Police Stops of Citizens as a Strategy
A Question of Ethics
Traffic Stops
Stopping, Questioning, and Frisking
Good Policing
One- and Two-Officer Squads
Foot Patrol
Research on Foot Patrol
Offender-Focused Strategies
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 Crime Detection and Investigation
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Familial DNA and the Golden State Killer
Criminal Investigation Defined
Types of Criminal Investigations. Reactive Investigations
Cold Case Investigations
Undercover Investigations
A Question of Ethics
How Are Crimes Solved?
Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations
Forms of Criminal Evidence
Types of Evidence Used to Solve Crimes
Physical Evidence, Biological Evidence, and DNA
Biological Evidence and DNA
A Research Question
Technology on the Job
Information From Witnesses and Victims
Eyewitness Identification
Good Policing
Information From Perpetrators: Interrogations and Confessions
Crime Scene Profiling
Information From the Public
Social Networking and Other Internet Sites
Confidential Informants
Gang Intelligence
Crime Analysis
Electronic Databases and Information Networks
Electronic Devices, Digital Evidence, and Video
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 Police Discretion and Its Control
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Ethics, Policy, and Discretion
Discretion Defined
Discretion About What?
The Anatomy of a Decision
Potential Problems With Police Discretion
Technology on the Job
The Necessity of Discretion
Factors That Influence the Discretion of Police Officers
Officer Characteristics
Suspect Characteristics and Implicit Bias
Race and Implicit Bias
Victim Characteristics
Offense Characteristics
Neighborhood Characteristics
Organizational Culture
Training, Supervision, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Law
Community Preferences and Critical Incidents
A Research Question
How Is Police Discretion Best Controlled?
Organizational Rules and Standard Operating Procedures
GOOD POLICING
Enhancing Professional Judgment Through the Selection of Officers
Police Department Transparency and Accountability
Cultural Values and Ethical Standards of Conduct
A Question of Ethics
A Question of Ethics
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 The Law of Search, Seizure, and Self-Incrimination
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Arizona v. Gant (2009)
Basic Legal Terminology and Concepts. Proof, Standards of Proof, and Probable Cause
Arrest, Custody, Stops, and Encounters
Arrest Warrant
Search
Search Warrant
The Law of Search and Seizure: The Fourth Amendment
Technology on the Job
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
The Search Warrant Requirement and Its Exceptions
Exigent Circumstances
Vehicle Exception
Other Places and Things Exception
Hot-Pursuit Exception
Search Incident to Arrest Exception
Stop and Frisk Exception
Plain View Exception
Consent Search Exception
Good Policing
The Exclusionary Rule
The Impact of the Exclusionary Rule
A Question of Ethics
The Law of Self-Incrimination: The Fifth and Sixth Amendments
The Content and Waiver of Miranda Warnings
The Meaning of an Interrogation and Custody
The Implications of Silence
Juveniles and the Miranda Requirement
Exceptions to the Miranda Warnings
The Impact of Miranda v. Arizona on Suspect Confessions
Research Spotlight
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Part III The Hazards of Police Work
10 Health and Safety Issues in Police Work
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Combatting Post-Traumatic Stress in the Tampa Police Department
What Is Stress?
How Is Stress Measured?
The Causes of Police Stress
Workplace Problems
Shift Work
Good Policing
A Research Question
The Effects of Stress
A Question of Ethics
Suicide
Burnout
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Early Death
What Can Mediate the Effects of Stress?
Physical Hazards of Police Work
Deaths on the Job: Accidents and Homicides
Injuries on the Job: Accidents and Assaults
So Is Police Work Dangerous?
Risks of Police Work
Arresting Suspects and Using Force
Technology on the Job
Foot Pursuits
Vehicle Accidents and Vehicle Pursuits
Police Vehicle Accidents
Police Vehicle Pursuits
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Police Use of Force
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: De-escalation Versus Use of Force
Reasonable Force and Use of Force Guidelines
Variations and Limitations of the Continuum of Force
The Twenty-One-Foot Rule and Its Limitations
Good Policing
Deviations in Use of Force: Unnecessary Force Versus Brutality
Types of Force
Bodily Force
Deadly Force
A Question of Ethics
Suicide by Cop
A Research Question
Force Less Likely to Be Lethal
Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray
Technology on the Job
Tasers
The Causes of Police Use of Force
Officer Characteristics and Use of Force
Officer Assignment, Arrests, and Use of Force
Police Culture
The Control of Police Use of Force
De-escalation Techniques
Early Intervention Systems
Police Body-Worn Cameras
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Police Misconduct and Corruption
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Denver’s Citizen/Police Complaint Mediation Program
The Importance of Understanding Police Misconduct and Corruption
Police Corruption
A Question of Ethics
Police Misconduct
Police Integrity
The Nature and Extent of Police Misconduct and Corruption
Self-Report Surveys
A Question of Ethics
Citizen Complaints
Lawsuits Against the Police
Media Reports
Decertification Statistics
Causes of Police Misconduct and Corruption
Job and Organizational Characteristics
Power, Authority, and Discretion
Low-Visibility Work Environment
The Code of Silence and the Police Culture
The Control of Police Misconduct and Corruption
Controlling Police Discretion and Authority
Cracking the Code of Silence
Rules and Policies
Good Policing
A Proper Citizen Complaint Process
Proper Investigations of Misconduct
Ethics Training
Decertification of Officers and the National Decertification Index
Early Intervention Systems
Technology on the Job
A Research Question
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part IV Police Strategies and the Future of the Police in America
13 Community and Problem-Oriented Policing
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Problem-Oriented Policing in Chula Vista1
The Rise of Community Policing
Improve the Racial Composition of Police Departments
Community Relations Bureaus
Team Policing
Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing
Technology on the Job
Community Policing: The Details
A Theory of Community Policing: Broken Windows
The Relationship Between Disorder, Crime, and the Police
The Relationship Between Crime, the Fear of Crime, and the Police
The Relationship Between Citizens’ Attitudes Toward the Police and Other Outcomes
Can the Police Affect Citizens’ Attitudes Toward the Police?
A Question of Ethics
Do Attitudes Toward the Police Affect Coproduction?
A Research Question
Do Attitudes Toward the Police Affect Law-Abiding Behaviors?
Good Policing
Overall Effectiveness of Community Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing: The Details
The SARA Model of Problem Solving
Overall Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Policing
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 Evidence-Based and Intelligence-Led Policing
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: Smart Policing in the Chicago Police Department
Smart Policing
Data-Driven and Evidence-Based Policing
Other Bases for Policy Decisions
Should Policy Decisions Be Based on Research Findings?
CompStat
Good Policing
A Research Question
Predictive Policing
Crime Analysis
Geospatial Crime Analytics
A Question of Ethics
The Impact of Geospatial Crime Analysis
Intelligence-Led Policing
Technology on the Job
Limitations of Intelligence-Led Policing
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
SAGE News Clip
Descriptions of Images and Figures
15 Terrorism, Technology, Accountability, and the Future of American Policing
Objectives
Fact or Fiction
Police Spotlight: The Significance of September 11 for Law Enforcement
History as a Guide to the Future
Crisis and Change in Police History
A Question of Ethics
New Demands on the Police
Terrorism: Definitions and Variations
A Research Question
Technology
Accountability
The New Police
Militarization
The New Technology of Crime Detection and Accountability
The Technology of Accountability
Good Policing
The Crime-Fighting Technology of Identification
The Crime Fighting Technology of “Seeing”
The Crime Fighting Technology of Computer and Internet Applications
Technologies for Information Management and Access
The Implications of Technology
Main Points
Important Terms
Questions for Discussion and Review
Fact or Fiction Answers
Media Library
Career Video
Criminal Justice in Practice
SAGE News Clip
Appendix The Bill of Rights, United States Constitution
Glossary
Endnotes. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Index
Back to image
Instructors: Your time is valuable. We’re here for you!
.....
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
.....