Gender and Sexuality

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Stevi Jackson. Gender and Sexuality

CONTENTS

List of Table

Guide

Pages

Gender and Sexuality. Sociological Approaches

Introduction

What Do You Think About Same- Sex Marriage?

TASK: Set up a debate about legalizing same- sex marriage (or banning it if you live in a country that has already passed such laws)

Gender, Sexuality and Sociology

Essentialism in Classical Sociological Thinking

The Structure of the Text

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Part IThe Development of Sociological Thought on Gender and Sexuality

Introduction: The Unfortunate President

1 The Trouble with ‘Nature’ 1.1 ‘One is Not Born But Becomes a Woman’: Identifying ‘Essentialism’

TASK: Identifying essentialism

1.2 Identifying Gender: First Wave Feminism

1.3 Consequences of Sex–Gender Beliefs: The ‘Deviant’ Homosexual

1.4 Defining Gender: The Second Wave

TASK: The history of women’s suffrage and feminist movements

2 Sociological Challenges to Essentialism. 2.1The Feminine Mystiqueand Liberal Feminism

2.2 Radical Feminism and the Concept of ‘Patriarchy’

2.3 Radical Feminist Approaches to Sexuality

2.4 Sexuality and Social Structure: ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality’ and the Politics of Lesbianism

2.5 Gay Liberation and the Beginnings of Sociology of Homosexuality: Challenging ‘Deviance’

2.6 Marxist Feminism, Capitalism and Patriarchy

2.7 Gay Identity and Capitalism

2.8 Women’s ‘Difference’

2.9 Sexuality, Knowledge and Power: The Impact of Foucault

2.10 Significant Absences in Second Wave Feminism and Gay Liberation

Learning Outcomes

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Part IIInequalities and Social Structure

Introduction: Local and Global Structuring of Gender and Sexual Inequalities

3 Gender, Sexuality and Structural Inequality. 3.1 Approaches to Social Structure

3.2 The Gendered and Sexual Landscape of Late Nineteenthand Early Twentieth- Century Western Societies

3.3 Structural Sociology and the Neglect of Women

3.4 Early Critical Approaches

3.5 From ‘Sex Roles’ to ‘Sexual Divisions’

TASK: Oral history exercise on gendered divisions of labour

4 The Idea of Patriarchy. 4.1 Women’s Subordination and Sexual Exclusion in the Early 1970s

4.2 The Influence of Marxism: Capitalism, Patriarchy and Sexual Politics

4.3 Relations of Production: Theorizing Women’s Paid and Unpaid Work

TASK: How much is domestic labour worth?

4.4 Relations of Reproduction: Marxism, Feminism and Motherhood

4.5 Sexuality, Sexual Exploitation and Institutionalized Heterosexuality

4.6 Ideology, Discourse and Culture

4.7 Challenging White Feminism

5 Rethinking Gendered and Sexual Inequalities. 5.1 The Persistence of Material Inequalities into the Twenty- First Century

5.2 New Materialisms

5.3 The Structural Dimensions of Gender and Sexuality

5.4 The Idea of Intersectionality

5.5 Global Modernity, Global Inequality and the Ordering of Gender and Sexuality

TASK: Global inequality and the clothing industry

Learning Outcomes

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Part IIICulture, Ideology and Discourse

Introduction: The End of a ‘Queer’ Era?

6 Gender and Sexuality as Cultural Constructs. 6.1 Identifying Patriarchal Culture

6.2 Religion, Culture and the Sexual

6.3 The Advent of Scientific Essentialism

6.4 Essentialism and Bourgeois Victorian Culture

6.5 From Sexology to Psychology: Freud and Psychoanalysis in the Twentieth Century

6.6 The Persistence of Scientific Essentialism into the Twenty- First Century

7 Critical Perspectives on Knowledge. 7.1 ‘Biology as Ideology’: The Problem with ‘Natural’ Science

7.2 Science as One of Many ‘Knowledges’: From Ideology to Discourse

TASK: Evolutionary psychology as discourse

7.3 The Challenge of the ‘Cultural Turn’ in Social Theory

7.4 Queer Theory: Deconstructing Identity

TASK: Queer culture – when do you do drag?

7.5 Embodied Sociology

7.6 Differences of Race: Intersectionality Theory and the Critique of White Feminist Knowledge

TASK: Identifying intersectionality – lesbian and gay Muslim Westerners

8 The Complexity of Contemporary Culture. 8.1 Everyday Culture: Language and Meaning

8.2 Sexual Objectification in Popular Culture

TASK: Where does desire come from?

8.3 Racialized Gender and Sexualized Race

8.4 Lesbian and Gay Stereotypes

8.5 Masculinities in Crisis?

8.6 Postmodern or Late Modern Culture?

Learning Outcomes

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Part IVSelf, Identity and Agency

Introduction: Living with Multiple Identities

9 The Socialization Paradigm and Its Critics. 9.1 Socialized Selves

9.2 Ethnomethodology: ‘Doing’ Gender and Sexuality

TASK: How can you tell a woman from a man?

9.3 Doing, Being and the Reflexive Self

9.4 Sexual Selves and Sexual Scripts

10 Becoming Gendered and Sexual. 10.1 From Gender Attribution to Gender Identity

10.2 From Gendered Selves to Sexual Selves

TASK: How could sex education be improved?

10.3 Negotiating Gendered and Sexual Identities

11 Sexual Selves in Global Late Modernity. 11.1 Normative Heterosexuality and Alternative Sexualities

TASK: Is it possible to be a straight man trapped in a lesbian’s body?

11.2 Modern Western Transformations of Self and Identity

11.3 Globalized Identities, Global Social Change

Learning Outcomes

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Introduction

12 Power, Politics, Identities and Social Change. 12.1 ’18 Million Cracks’: The Triumph of Liberal Feminism?

12.2 Sometimes, It’s (Still) Hard to be a Woman (and Really Hard to be Non- Heterosexual and/or Non- White): Structural Inequalities, Intersecting Oppressions and Hetero- Orthodoxy

12.3 The Persistence of (Reflexive) Essentialism

Notes and Resources for Further Study

Bibliography

Index. A

B

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D

E

F

G

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Momin Rahman and Stevi Jackson

A full understanding of such controversies is not possible without a thoroughly sociological analysis of the social organization of sexuality and gender and their social meaning. What such a perspective entails is discussed in the next section.

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Many of the major sexological studies published in the late 1800s and early 1900s were regarded as obscene, but this moral climate also meant that the ‘science’ of sexology was used to justify the contemporary social understandings of gender and sexuality. This, above all, meant the classification of a new type of person: the ‘invert’ or ‘homosexual’ as the antithesis of normal, moral, pure, natural masculinity. Many of the most influential works of the time focused on homosexual acts and, together with increased legal regulation, served to confirm homosexuality as a ‘perversion’ of the ‘natural’ order. The modern capitalist reordering of class and gender relations associated with the new middle- class morality also created a climate in which homosexuality was increasingly seen as a social problem and individual pathology, precisely as the ‘inversion’ of respectable heterosexuality. Moreover, this was focused on male homosexuality, with a lack of regulation of and public discussion on lesbianism (Weeks, 1989).

Most historians of feminist movements agree that Britain, France and the United States became the initial centres of second wave feminist activity. This is not to deny the emergence of such concerns across other western societies, or indeed around the world, but it is to identify these countries as significant contexts for the development of feminist theories. Second wave feminist activism is notable for the entirely new development of radical feminism – radical, in part, because of its sociological approach – but this period also saw the re- emergence of earlier first wave traditions, and so most histories of feminism categorize the movement from the 1960s as having three distinct but related strands: liberal or equal rights; socialist or Marxist; and radical.

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