Оглавление
Surya K. De. Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
Medical Advice Disclaimer
Preface
About the Book
About the Author
Common Abbreviations and Acronyms
List of Acronyms of Cancer Organizations
Further Reading
1 An Overview of Cancer. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cancer Statistics
1.3 Differences Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells
1.4 Types of Cancer
1.4.1 Carcinomas
1.4.2 Sarcomas
1.4.3 Leukemias
1.4.4 Lymphomas
1.5 The Role of Genes and Chromosomes
1.6 Genetic Mutations
1.6.1 Acquired Mutations
1.6.2 Germline Mutations
1.7 Genes Connected to Cancer
1.7.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes
1.7.2 Oncogenes
1.7.3 DNA Repair Genes
1.8 Tumors and Metastasis
1.9 Hereditary Cancer Risk
1.10 Cancer Screening and Diagnosis
1.10.1 Colon Cancer
1.10.2 Lung Cancer
1.10.3 Breast/Cervical/Ovarian/Endometrial Cancers
1.10.4 Prostate Cancer
1.10.5 Liver Cancer
1.10.6 Skin Cancer
1.11 Cancer Treatment Options
1.11.1 Surgery
1.11.2 Radiation Therapy
1.11.3 Chemotherapy
1.11.4 Targeted Therapy
1.11.5 Immunotherapy
1.11.6 Hormone Therapy
1.11.7 Stem Cell Transplant
1.11.8 Precision Medicine
References
2 Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hormones
2.3 Immunosuppression and Infectious Agents
2.4 Chronic, Long‐term, DNA‐damaging Inflammation
2.5 Being Overweight/Obese
2.6 Eating to Win
2.6.1 Vegetables
2.6.2 Fruits
2.6.3 Grains
2.6.4 Proteins
2.6.5 Bread
2.6.6 Cereal
2.6.7 Dairy
2.6.8 Snacks
2.6.9 Beverages
2.6.10 Spices
2.7 Role of Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners on Cancer
2.8 Role of Certain Foods and Drinks on Cancer
2.8.1 Processed Meat and Fish
2.8.2 Alcohol
2.9 Role of Smoking or Tobacco Use on Cancer
2.10 Role of Radiation on Cancer
2.11 Role of Sunlight and UV Radiation on Cancer
2.12 Role of Radon on Cancer
2.13 Known Human Carcinogens. 2.13.1 Arsenic, Coal Tar, Coal‐tar Pitch, Diesel, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, and Air Pollutants
2.13.2 Certain Types of Plastic
2.13.3 Acrylamide
2.14 Possible Human Carcinogens
2.15 Guidelines for Early Detection of Cancer
References
Further Reading
3 Bladder Cancer. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer
3.3 Types of Bladder Cancer
3.4 Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
3.5 Diagnosis
3.6 Methods of Treatment
3.6.1 Surgical Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT)
3.6.2 Radiation Therapy
3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy
3.6.4 Chemotherapy
3.6.5 Targeted Therapy
3.6.6 Immunotherapy
3.7 Treatment Regimens
3.8 Risk Factors/Possible Prevention
References
4 Cancers of the Blood. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genes Associated with Blood Cancer
4.3 Types of Blood Cancers
4.4 Blood Cancer Symptoms
4.5 Diagnosis
4.6 Methods of Treatment
4.6.1 Stem Cell Transplantation
4.6.2 Targeted Radiation Therapy
4.6.3 Chemotherapy
4.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy
4.7 List of Drugs for Different Types of Blood Cancers
4.7.1 Drugs for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
4.7.2 Drugs for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
4.7.3 Drugs for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
4.7.4 Drugs for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
4.7.5 Drugs for Hairy Cell Leukemia
4.7.6 Drug(s) for Mast Cell Leukemia
4.7.7 Drug(s) for Meningeal Leukemia
4.7.8 Drugs for Hodgkin Lymphoma
4.7.9 Drugs for Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma
4.7.10 Drugs for Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms
4.8 Leukemia Treatment regimens. 4.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Acute Lymphocytic (Lymphoblastic) Leukemia (ALL)
Linker‐4 Drug Regimens. Induction Therapy
Consolidation Therapy. Treatment A: Cycles 1, 3, 5, and 7
Treatment B: Cycles 2, 4, 6, and 8
Treatment C: Cycle 9
Maintenance Therapy
CNS Prophylaxis
Larson 5‐drug Regimen (CALGB 8811 regimen)
Consolidation Therapy (early intensification weeks 5–12)
Interim Maintenance and CNS Prophylaxis (weeks 13–25)
Late Intensification (weeks 26–33)
Prolonged Maintenance
Hyper‐CVAD ± Rituximab Regimen
CNS Prophylaxis
Clofarabine + Etoposide + Cyclophosphamide
Single‐Agent Regimens. Blinatumomab
Clofarabine
Dasatinib (Philadelphia chromosome‐positive ALL)
Imatinib (for Ph + ALL)
Intuzumab
Nelarabine (for Ph + ALL)
Nilotinib (for Ph + ALL)
Ponatinib (for Ph + ALL)
Liposomal Vincristine Sulfate
4.8.2 Acute Myeloid (or Myelogenous) Leukemia (AML) Treatment Regimens. Induction Therapy. Cytarabine + Daunorubicin 91
Dual‐Drug Liposomal Encapsulation of Cytarabine and Daunorubicin
Cytarabine + Daunorubicin + Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
Cytarabine + Idarubicin [94]
Cytarabine + Clofarabine
Cytarabine + Daunorubicin + Midostaurin
Post‐Remission Therapy Regimens. Cytarabine + Daunorubicin
Dual‐Drug Liposomal Encapsulation of Cytarabine and Daunorubicin
High‐Dose Cytarabine
Cytarabine + Idarubicin
Cytarabine + Midostaurin
Regimens for Relapsed or Refractory Disease. Etoposide + Cytarabine + Mitoxantrone [105]
Cladribine + Cytarabine + Mitoxantrone + Filgrastim [106]
Glasdegib + Cytarabine
Venetoclax + Azacitidine (for isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) mutation)
Venetoclax + Decitabine
Azacitidine + Sorafenib [for FLT3 mutation]
Single‐Agent Regimens for AML. Enasidenib (for IDH‐2 positive AML)
Ivosidenib (IDH1‐mutated relapsed or refractory AML)
Gilteritinib (FLT3‐positive AML)
Azacitidine
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CD33‐positive AML)
Arsenic trioxide (for acute promyelocytic leukemia only)
Clofarabine
Sorafenib (for FLT3 mutated AML)
Decitabine
4.8.3 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment Regimens. Single‐Agent Regimens. Acalabrutinib
Alemtuzumab
Bendamustine
Chlorambucil
Duvelisib
Fludarabine
Ibrutinib
Lenalidomide
Ofatumumab
Rituximab
Venetoclax
Obinutuzumab
Cladribine
Combination Regimens. Bendamustine + Rituximab
Obinutuzumab + Chlorambucil
Ofatumumab + Chlorambucil
Chlorambucil + Prednisone
Chlorambucil + Rituximab
Cyclophosphamide + Fludarabine
Fludarabine + Rituximab
Idelalisib + Rituximab
Ibrutinib + Rituximab
Venetoclax + Rituximab
Venetoclax + Obinutuzumab
CVP
FCR
PCR
4.8.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Treatment Regimens. Single‐Agent Regimens. Bosutinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Nilotinib
Omacetaxine
Ponatinib
Asciminib
Radotinib
Danusertib
Tozasertib
Ruxolitinib + Nilotinib
Lonafarnib + Imatinib
Tipifarnib + Imatinib
Interferon α‐2a + Cytarabine
4.8.5 Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Regimens. Cladribine
Interferon α‐2b
Pentostatin
Moxetumomab pasudotox‐tdfk
Vemurafenib + Rituximab
4.9 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment Regimens. Single‐Agent Regimens. Bendamustine
Brentuximab Vedotin
Everolimus
Gemcitabine
Lenalidomide
Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
Rituximab
Combination Regimens. Doxorubicin + Bleomycin + Vinblastine + Dacarbazine (ABVD)
Brentuximab + Doxorubicin + Vinblastine + Dacarbazine
MOPP
C‐MOPP
Stanford V
EVAP
Carmustine + Cytarabine + Etoposide + Melphalan (Mini‐BEAM)
GVD. Gemcitabine + Vinorelbine + Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil)
Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Prednisone (CVP)
Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin + Vincristine + Prednisone (CHOP) ± Rituximab
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin + Dexamethasone ± Rituximab
Dexamethasone + Cytarabine + Cisplatin (DHAP)
BEACOPP
Escalated BEACOPP
Mitoxantrone + Ifosfamide + Mesna + Etoposide (MINE)
Ifosfamide + Carboplatin + Etoposide
4.10 Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment Regimens
Single‐Agent Regimens. Bendamustine
Belinostat (Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Brentuximab Vedotin
Bortezomib (Mantle Cell Lymphoma/Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Ibrutinib
Lenalidomide
Rituximab
Romidespin (Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Pralatrexate (Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Vorinostat (Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Acalabrutinib (Mantle Cell Lymphoma)
Cyclosporine (Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Zanubrutinib (Mantle Cell Lymphoma)
Copanlisib
Duvelisib
Umbralisib
Axicabtagene Ciloleucel
Tazemetostat
Tisagenlecleucel
Alemtuzumab (Anti‐CD52 Monoclonal Antibody for Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Gemcitabine (for Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphoma)
Selinexor
Combination Regimens
Bendamustine + Obinutuzumab
Bendamustine + Rituximab
Lenalidomide + Rituximab
CVP
CHOP
R‐CHOP
R‐mini‐CHOP
R‐CHOP 14
EPOCH
EPOCH + Rituximab
Ifosfamide + Carboplatin + Etoposide (ICE)
Rituximab + Ifosfamide + Carboplatin + Etoposide (RICE)
Fludarabine + Cyclophosphamide
Fludarabine + Cyclophosphamide + Rituximab (FCR)
DHAP (Salvage Therapy)
DHAP + Rituximab (Salvage Therapy)
ESHAP (Salvage Therapy)
ESHAP + Rituximab (Salvage Therapy)
MINE
MINE + Rituximab
Mini‐BEAM
Gemcitabine + Vonorelbine (GV)
Gemcitabine + Dexamethasone + Cisplatin (GDP)
Gemcitabine + Methylprednisolone + Cisplatin (GEM‐P)
Rituximab + Gemcitabine + Oxaliplatin (R+GEMOX)
Ifosfamide + Etoposide + Cytarabine + Dexamethasone (IVAD)
Polatuzumab Vedotin + Rituximab + Bendamustine
4.11 Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma Treatment Regimens. Belinostat
Gemcitabine
Romidespin
Mogamulizumab‐kpkc
Vorinostat
Bortezomib
Alemtuzumab
Brentuximab Vedotin
Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin
Bexarotene
4.12 Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment Regimens. High‐Dose Methotrexate
High‐Dose Cytarabine
Topotecan
Temozolomide
Ibrutinib
Nivolumab
Rituximab
Thiotepa
Lenalidomide
Lenalidomide + Rituximab
4.13 Multiple Myeloma Treatment Regimen. Single‐Agent Regimens. Bendamustine
Belantamab Mafodotin‐blmf
Bortezomib
Carfilzomib
Darutumumab
Lenalidomide
Ixazomib
Melphalan
Pomalidomide
Combination Regimens
Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Bortezomib + Liposomal Doxorubicin
Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Carfilzomib + Dexamethasone
Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone
Ixazomib + Dexamethasone
Thalidomide + Dexamethasone
Selinexor + Dexamethasone
Panobinostat + Carfilzomib
Lenalidomide + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone (RVD)
Bortezomib + Cyclophosphamide + Dexamethasone (BCD)
Bortezomib + Doxorubicin + Dexamethasone
Ixazomib + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Carfilzomib + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone (CRD)
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Dexamethasone
Isatuximab + Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone
Daratumumab + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Daratumumab + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Elotuzumab + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Bendamustine + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Bendamustine + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Elotuzumab + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Pomalidomide + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Pomalidomide + Carfilzomib + Dexamethasone
Cyclophosphamide + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone
Panobinostat + Bortezomib + Dexamethasone
Pomalidomide + Cyclophosphamide + Dexamethasone
Melphalan + Prednisone + Thalidomide (MPT)
Melphalan + Prednisone + Lenalidomide (MPL)
Vincristine + Doxorubicin + Dexamethasone (VAD)
Bortezomib + Melphalan + Prednisone
Daratumumab + Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone + Thalidomide + Cisplatin + Doxorubicin + Cyclophosphamide + Etoposide + Bortezomib (VTD‐PACE)
Dexamethasone + Cyclophosphamide + Etoposide + Cisplatin (DCEP)
Dexamethasone + Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Doxorubicin (CVAD)
4.14 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
5 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genes Associated with Brain Cancer
5.3 Types of Primary Brain Tumors for Adults
5.3.1 Astrocytoma
5.3.2 Oligodendroglioma
5.3.3 Meningioma
5.4 Types of Brain Cancer for Children
5.4.1 Medulloblastoma
5.4.2 Grade I or II Astrocytoma
5.4.3 Ependymoma
5.4.4 Brainstem Glioma
5.5 Brain Tumor Symptoms
5.6 Diagnosis
5.6.1 Neurological Exam
5.6.2 Imaging Tests
5.6.3 Biopsy
5.7 Methods of Treatment
5.7.1 Surgery
5.7.2 Radiation Therapy
5.7.3 Radiosurgery
5.7.4 Chemotherapy
5.7.5 Targeted Drug Therapy
5.8 Treatment Regimens
Single‐Agent Regimens
Carboplatin
Carmustine
Cyclophosphamide
Etoposide
Irinotecan
Lomustine
Procarbazine
Temozolomide
Systemic Therapy for Intracranial and Spinal Ependymoma
Temozolomide
5.9 Post‐Treatment Rehabilitation
5.10 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
6 Breast Cancer. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Genes Associated with Breast Cancer (Pathophysiology)
6.3 Describing Breast Cancer
6.4 Breast Cancer Symptoms
6.5 Diagnosis
6.5.1 Breast Examination
6.5.2 Imaging Tests
6.5.3 Biopsy
6.6 Methods of Treatment
6.6.1 Surgery
6.6.1.1 Lumpectomy
6.6.1.2 Mastectomy
6.6.1.3 Sentinel Node Biopsy
6.6.1.4 Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
6.6.1.5 Reconstruction
6.6.2 Radiation Therapy
6.6.3 Chemotherapy
6.6.4 Hormone‐Blocking Therapy
6.6.5 Targeted Therapy
6.6.6 Immunotherapy
6.6.7 Abbreviations for a Chemotherapy Combination Used to Treat Breast Cancer. AC
AT
AC ± T with or without Taxol or Taxotere
CAF
CMF
FEC
TAC
6.6.8 Drugs to Prevent Breast Cancer
6.7 Drugs for Breast Cancer in Men
6.8 Treatment Regimens
6.8.1 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2‐Negative Breast Cancer. AC
AC→T (AC followed by Paclitaxel)
AC→T (weekly) (AC followed by weekly Paclitaxel)
AC→Docetaxel (AC followed by Docetaxel)
AC→Docetaxel (AC followed by Docetaxel weekly)
TC
TAC
CAF (FAC)
Cyclophosphamide + Methotrexate + 5‐Fluorouracil (CMF)
Epirubicin + CMF
EC
5‐Fluorouracil + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide (FEC)
FEC + Docetaxel
Capecitabine
Olaparib
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Dose‐Dense Regimens for HER2‐negative Disease. AC→T (Dose‐dense AC followed by Paclitaxel)
Doxorubicin + Paclitaxel + Cyclophosphamide
AC→Docetaxel (Dose‐dense AC followed by Docetaxel)
6.8.2 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer. AC→T + Trastuzumab (AC followed by Paclitaxel + Trastuzumab)
AC→T + Trastuzumab (Dose‐dense AC followed by Paclitaxel + Trastuzumab)
Paclitaxel + Trastuzumab
AC followed by Paclitaxel + Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab
Docetaxel + Trastuzumab + 5‐Fluorouracil + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide
Docetaxel + Pertuzumab + Trastuzumab
TCH
TCH + Pertuzumab
Neratinib
Ado‐trastuzumab Emtansine
6.8.3 Systemic Therapy for ER‐ and/or PR‐Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: HER2‐Negative and Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression. Abemaciclib + Anastrozole
Abemaciclib + Exemestane
Abemaciclib + Fulvestrant
Abemaciclib + Letrozole
Fulvestrant + Anastrozole
Fulvestrant + Letrozole
Palbociclib + Anastrozole
Palbociclib + Exemestane
Palbociclib + Fulvestrant
Palbociclib + Letrozole
Ribociclib + Anastrozole
Ribociclib + Exemestane
Ribociclib + Fulvestrant
Ribociclib + Letrozole
Alpelisib + Fulvestrant
Everolimus + Exemestane
Everolimus + Fulvestrant
Everolimus + Tamoxifen
Abemaciclib
Exemestane
Fulvestrant
Letrozole
Megestrol
Tamoxifen
Toremifene
Estradiol
6.8.4 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2‐Negative Disease. AC
AT
EC
Gemcitabine + Paclitaxel (GT)
Capecitabine + Docetaxel
Capecitabine + Ixabepilone
Capecitabine + Paclitaxel
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel + Bevacizumab
Atezolizumab + Albumin‐Bound Paclitaxel
Docetaxel + Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin liposomal + Docetaxel
CEF
CMF
FEC‐75
FEC‐50
Albumin‐bound paclitaxel
Cyclophosphamide
Docetaxel
Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin liposome
Eribulin
Gemcitabine
Ixabepilone
Paclitaxel
Vinorelbine
6.8.5 Systemic Therapy for ER‐ and/or PR‐Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: Regimens for HER2‐Positive Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression. Trastuzumab + Anastrozole
Trastuzumab + Letrozole
Trastuzumab + Tamoxifen
Everolimus + Exemestane
Palbociclib + Letrozole
Palbociclib + Fulvestrant
Ribociclib + Fulvestrant
Abemaciclib + Anastrozole
Abemaciclib + Exemestane
Abemaciclib + Fulvestrant
Abemaciclib + Letrozole
Exemestane + Lapatinib
Letrozole + Lapatinib
Goserelin + Anastrozole + Zoledronic acid
Goserelin + Tamoxifen + Zoledronic acid
Abemaciclib
Anastrozole
Exemestane
Fulvestrant
Letrozole
Megestrol
Tamoxifen
Toremifene
6.8.6 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2‐Positive Disease. Trastuzumab + Capecitabine
Trastuzumab + Gemcitabine
Trastuzumab + Docetaxel
Trastuzumab + Paclitaxel
Trastuzumab + Lapatinib
Trastuzumab + Navelbine
Trastuzumab + Carboplatin
Trastuzumab + Cisplatin
Trastuzumab + Cyclophosphamide
Trastuzumab + Eribulin
Trastuzumab + Vinorelbine
Capecitabine + Lapatinib
Capecitabine + Neratinib
Docetaxel + Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab
Pertuzumab + Trastuzumab + Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin + Trastuzumab
Carboplatin + Docetaxel + Trastuzumab
Tucatinib + Trastuzumab + Capecitabine
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin + Trastuzumab
Margetuximab‐cmkb + Capecitabine
Margetuximab‐cmkb + Eribulin
Margetuximab‐cmkb + Gemcitabine
Margetuximab‐cmkb + Vinorelbine
Ado‐trastuzumab Emtansine
Capecitabine
Entrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Larotrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Olaparib
Pembrolizumab
Sacituzumab govitecan‐hziy
Talazoparib
Trastuzumab
Fam‐Trastuzumab Deruxtecan‐nxki
Ado‐trastuzumab emtansine
6.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
7 Colorectal Cancer. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genes Associated with Colorectal Cancer
7.3 Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
7.4 Stages
7.5 Diagnosis
7.6 Methods of Treatment
7.6.1 Surgery
7.6.2 Radiation Therapy
7.6.3 Chemotherapy
7.6.4 Targeted Therapy
7.6.5 Immunotherapy
7.7 Drugs to Anal Cancer
7.8 Drugs to Prevent Anal Cancer
7.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Colorectal Cancer: Adjuvant/Advanced/Metastatic Disease. Single‐Agent Regimens. Capecitabine
Cetuximab (KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild‐type gene)
5‐Fluorouracil
Irinotecan
Larotrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Entrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
Panitumumab
Regorafenib
Fam‐trastuzumab deruxtecan‐nxki
Dostarlimab‐gxly
7.8.2 Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Disease. Combination Regimens. Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil (weekly schedule low dose)
Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil (weekly schedule high dose)
Capecitabine + Oxaliplatin (XELOX)
Cetuximab + Bevacizumab
Capecitabine + Mitomycin‐C
Encorafenib + Cetuximab (BRAF V600E mutation positive)
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
Trifluridine + Tipiracil (TAS‐102, Lonsurf)
Irinotecan + Bevacizumab
Irinotecan + Cetuximab
Irinotecan + Panitumumab
FOLFOX
Oxaliplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin (FOLFOX4)
Oxaliplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin (FOLFOX6)
Oxaliplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin (m‐FOLFOX6)
Oxaliplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin (FOLFOX7)
mFOLFOX6 + Bevacizumab
mFOLFOX6 + Cetuximab
FOLFOX4 + Panitumumab
Trastuzumab + Lapatinib (HER2‐positive KRAS codon 12/13 wild‐type)
Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab (HER2‐positive, mutations in KRAS, BRAF wild‐type, PIK3CA)
Capecitabine + Oxaliplatin + Bevacizumab
5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Bevacizumab
FOLFOXIRI
FOLFOXIRI
FOLFOXIRI + Bevacizumab
FOLFOXIRI + Cetuximab (mutation of genes in KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild‐type)
FOLFOXIRI + Panitumumab (KRAS codon 61, HRAS, NRAS, and BRAF V600E mutations)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin (FOLFIRI)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Bevacizumab (FOLFIRI + Bevacizumab)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Cetuximab (FOLFIRI + Cetuximab) (mutation of genes in KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild‐type)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Panitumumab (FOLFIRI + Panitumumab) (KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild‐type only)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Ziv‐aflibercept (FOLFIRI + Ziv‐aflibercept)
Irinotecan + 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin + Ramucirumab (FOLFIRI + Ramucirumab)
Cetuximab + Irinotecan + Vemurafenib
Irinotecan + Panitumumab + Vemurafenib
Irinotecan + Capecitabine + Bevacizumab (XELIRI +Bevacizumab)
Binimetinib + Encorafenib + Cetuximab
7.8.3 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Regimens for Localized Stage. 5‐Fluorouracil + Mitomycin‐C + Radiation Therapy
Capecitabine + Mitomycin‐C + Radiation Therapy
5‐Fluorouracil + Cisplatin + Radiation Therapy
Capecitabine + Oxaliplatin + Radiation therapy
7.8.4 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Metastatic Stage. 5‐Fluorouracil + Cisplatin
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel
mFOLFOX6
FOLCIS (5‐Fluorouracil Continuous Infusion/Leucovorin/Cisplatin)
DCF
Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
7.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
8 Cervical Cancer. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Causes of Cervical Cancer
8.3 Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
8.4 Diagnosis
8.5 Methods of Treatment
8.5.1 Surgery
8.5.2 Radiation Therapy
8.5.3 Chemotherapy
8.5.4 Targeted Therapy
8.5.5 Immunotherapy
8.6 Vaccines to Prevent Cervical Cancer
8.7 Treatment Regimens: Systemic Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer. Single‐Agent Regimens. Bevacizumab
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Docetaxel
Gemcitabine
Irinotecan
Paclitaxel
Albumin‐bound Paclitaxel
Pembrolizumab
Pemetrexed
Topotecan
Vinorelbine
Cisplatin + Radiation Therapy
Combination Regimens. Cisplatin + 5‐ Fluorouracil
Cisplatin + Irinotecan
Cisplatin + Paclitaxel
Cisplatin + Topotecan
Cisplatin + Pemetrexed
Cisplatin + Vinorelbine
Carboplatin + Docetaxel
Paclitaxel + Topotecan
5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin
Cisplatin + Paclitaxel + Bevacizumab
Paclitaxel + Topotecan + Bevacizumab
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Bevacizumab
8.8 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
9 Kidney Cancer. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genes Associated with Kidney Cancer
9.3 Types of Kidney Cancer
9.4 Kidney Cancer Symptoms
9.5 Diagnosis
9.5.1 Urine Tests
9.5.2 Blood Tests
9.5.3 Biopsy
9.5.4 Intravenous Pyelogram
9.5.5 Ultrasound
9.5.6 Computed Tomography Scan
9.5.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
9.5.8 Renal Arteriogram
9.6 Kidney Cancer Stages
9.7 Methods of Treatment
9.7.1 Simple Nephrectomy
9.7.2 Partial Nephrectomy
9.7.3 Radical Nephrectomy
9.7.4 Radiofrequency Ablation
9.7.5 Arterial Embolization
9.7.6 Cryotherapy
9.7.7 Radiation Therapy
9.7.8 Chemotherapy
9.7.9 Targeted Drug Therapy
9.7.10 Immunotherapy
9.7.11 Complementary or Alternative Treatment
9.7.12 Drugs for Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer
9.7.13 Drugs for Wilms' Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Cancers
9.8 Treatment Regimens
Metastatic/ Relapse or Stage IV Therapy
Axitinib
Cabozantinib
Everolimus
Nivolumab
Aldesleukin (IL‐2)
Interferon α‐2a
Temsirolimus
Pazopanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Bevacizumab
9.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
10 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gene Associated with Liver Cancer and Role of Hepatitis Infection
10.3 Liver Cancer Symptoms
10.4 Diagnosis
10.5 Methods of Treatment
10.5.1 Surgery
10.5.2 Liver Transplant
10.5.3 Ablation Therapies
10.5.4 Embolization
10.5.5 Radiation Therapy
10.5.6 Chemotherapy
10.5.7 Targeted Therapy
10.5.8 Immunotherapy
10.6 Treatment Regimens
10.7 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
11 Lung Cancer. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Genes Associated with Lung Cancer
11.3 Types of Lung Cancer
11.4 Symptoms of Lung Cancer
11.5 Diagnosis. 11.5.1 Imaging Tests
11.5.2 Sputum Cytology
11.5.3 Tissue Biopsy
11.6 Methods of Treatment
11.6.1 Surgery
11.6.2 Radiation Therapy
11.6.3 Chemotherapy
11.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy
11.6.5 Immunotherapy
11.6.6 Drugs by Types of Lung Cancer
11.6.6.1 Drugs for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.6.6.2 Drugs for Small Cell Lung Cancer
11.7 Treatment Regimens. 11.7.1 Treatment Regimens for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer. Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Disease. Single‐agent Regimens. Afatinib
Alectinib
Atezolizumab
Brigatinib
Capmatinib
Cetuximab
Ceritinib
Crizotinib
Docetaxel
Dacomitinib
Durvalumab
Entrectinib (for NTRK gene fusion positive tumors)
Erlotinib (for EGFR mutation positive tumors)
Etoposide
Gefitinib
Gemcitabine
Irinotecan
Lorlatinib
Larotrectinib (for NTRK gene fusion positive tumors)
Nivolumab
Paclitaxel
Nab‐paclitaxel
Osimertinib (EGFR T790M mutation‐positive tumors)
Pemetrexed
Pembrolizumab
Pralsetinib (RET fusion‐positive tumors)
Selpercatinib (RET fusion‐positive tumors)
Sunitinib
Topotecan
Vinorelbine
Cemiplimab
Sotorasib (KRAS G12C mutation‐positive tumors)
Combination Regimens. Docetaxel + Cisplatin
Etoposide + Cisplatin
Gemcitabine + Cisplatin
Cisplatin + Paclitaxel
Cisplatin + Pemetrexed
Cisplatin + Vinblastine
Cisplatin + Vinorelbine
Docetaxel + Carboplatin
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Carboplatin + Albumin‐Bound Paclitaxel (Nab‐Paclitaxel)
Carboplatin + Vinorelbine
Docetaxel + Ramucirumab
Dabrafenib + Trametinib
Erlotinib + Ramucirumab
Ipilimumab + Nivolumab
Cisplatin + Cetuximab + Vinorelbine
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Bevacizumab
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Pembrolizumab
Carboplatin + Nab‐Paclitaxel + Pembrolizumab
Cisplatin + Gemcitabine + Bevacizumab
Cisplatin + Gemcitabine + Necitumumab
Cisplatin + Etoposide + Docetaxel
Cisplatin + Pemetrexed + Pembrolizumab
Carboplatin + Pemetrexed + Bevacizumab
Carboplatin + Pemetrexed + Pembrolizumab
Atezolizumab + Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab + Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
11.7.2 Treatment Regimens for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Single‐agent Regimens. Docetaxel
Etoposide
Gemcitabine
Irinotecan
Lurbinectedin
Nivolumab
Paclitaxel
Pembrolizumab
Topotecan
Vinorelbine
Ifosfamide
Temozolomide
Combination Regimens. Cisplatin + Etoposide
Carboplatin + Etoposide
Carboplatin + Irinotecan
Cisplatin + Irinotecan
Topotecan + Cisplatin
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin + Vincristine
Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin + Etoposide
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Etoposide
Atezolizumab + Carboplatin + Etoposide
Durvalumab + Carboplatin + Etoposide
11.8 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
12 Melanoma (Skin Cancer) 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Genes Associated with Melanoma
12.3 Types of Melanoma
12.3.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma
12.3.2 Nodular Melanoma
12.3.3 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
12.3.4 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
12.4 Stages of Malignant Melanoma
12.5 Symptoms of Melanoma Cancer
12.6 Diagnosis
12.6.1 Asymmetric
12.6.2 Border
12.6.3 Color
12.6.4 Diameter
12.6.5 Evolving
12.7 Methods of Treatment
12.7.1 Surgery
12.7.2 Radiation
12.7.3 Chemotherapy
12.7.4 Targeted Therapy
12.7.5 Immunotherapy
12.7.6 Photodynamic Therapy
12.8 Drugs for Other Types of Skin Cancer
12.8.1 Drugs for Basal Cell Carcinoma
12.8.2 Drugs for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
12.8.3 Drugs for Merkel Cell Carcinoma
12.8.4 Drugs for Kaposi Sarcoma
12.9 Treatment Regimens
Adjuvant Therapy. Single‐agent Regimens. Interferon alfa‐2b
Ipilimumab
Nivolumab
Peg‐interferon alfa‐2b
Pembrolizumab
Combination Regimens. Dabrafenib + Trametinib
Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. Single‐agent Regimens
Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. Combination Regimens. Cobimetinib + Vemurafenib
Dabrafenib + Trametinib
Encorafenib + Binimetinib
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
Temozolomide + Thalidomide
Interferon alfa‐2b + Dacarbazine
Atezolizumab + Cobimetinib + Vemurafenib
Dacarbazine + Carmustine + Cisplatin
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel
12.10 Melanoma Risk Factors
12.11 Possible Prevention
12.11.1 Sun Protection Tips
12.11.2 What about Vitamin D?
References
13 Mesothelioma. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Genes Associated with Mesothelioma
13.3 Types of Mesothelioma Cancers
13.4 Mesothelioma Cancer Symptoms
13.4.1 Symptoms for Pleural Mesothelioma
13.4.2 Symptoms for Peritoneal Mesothelioma
13.4.3 Symptoms for Pericardial Mesothelioma
13.4.4 Symptoms for Testicular Mesothelioma
13.5 Diagnosis
13.6 Methods of Treatment
13.6.1 Surgery
13.6.2 Radiation Therapy
13.6.3 Chemotherapy
13.6.4 Targeted Therapy
13.6.5 Immunotherapy
13.7 Treatment Regimens. Single‐agent Regimens for Systemic Therapy. Gemcitabine
Nivolumab
Pemetrexed
Pembrolizumab
Vinorelbine
Combination Regimens. Doxorubicin + Cisplatin
Gemcitabine + Cisplatin
Pemetrexed + Cisplatin
Pemetrexed + Carboplatin
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin
Gemcitabine + Vinorelbine
Gemcitabine + Pemetrexed + Gemcitabine
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
CAP
13.8 Possible Prevention
13.9 Occupational Exposure Prevention. 13.9.1 Employer Responsibilities
13.9.2 Employee Responsibilities
13.10 Household Exposure Prevention
References
14 Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer. 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Genes Associated with Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer
14.3 Symptoms of Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer
14.4 Diagnosis
14.5 Methods of Treatment
14.5.1 Surgery
14.5.2 Radiation Therapy
14.5.3 Chemotherapy
14.5.4 Hormone Therapy
14.5.5 Targeted Therapy
14.6 Drugs for Vaginal Cancer
14.7 Drugs to Prevent Vaginal Cancer
14.8 Drugs to Treat Vulvar Cancer
14.9 Drugs to Prevent Vulvar Cancer
14.10 Treatment Regimens
Single‐agent Regimens. Altretamine
Bevacizumab
Capecitabine
Liposomal doxorubicin
Docetaxel
Etoposide
Gemcitabine
Ixabepilone
Paclitaxel
Nanoparticle albumin‐bound paclitaxel
Pemetrexed
Topotecan
Vinorelbine
Olaparib
Niraparib
Rucaparib
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Doxorubicin
Cyclophosphamide
Ifosfamide
Melphalan
Irinotecan
Oxaliplatin
Pazopanib
Hormonal Therapy. Anastrozole
Exemestane
Letrozole
Leuprolide Acetate
Megestrol Acetate
Tamoxifen
Combination Regimens. Carboplatin + Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatin + Cyclophosphamide
Paclitaxel + Cisplatin
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Docetaxel + Carboplatin
Carboplatin + Liposomal Doxorubicin
Carboplatin + Ifosfamide
Gemcitabine + Liposomal Doxorubicin
Gemcitabine + Cisplatin
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin
Pemetrexed + Carboplatin
Olaparib + Bevacizumab
Carboplatin + Bevacizumab
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin + Bevacizumab
VAC
VeIP
JEB
VIP (Etoposide + Ifosfamide + Cisplatin)
Cisplatin + Ifosfamide
Paclitaxel + Ifosfamide
Oxaliplatin + Capecitabine
Oxaliplatin + Capecitabine + Bevacizumab
Gemcitabine + Carboplatin + Bevacizumab
Topotecan + Sorafenib
14.10.1 Treatment Regimens for Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer. BEP
14.11 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
15 Pancreatic Cancer. 15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genes Associated with Pancreatic Cancer
15.3 Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
15.4 Diagnosis
15.5 Methods of Treatment
15.5.1 Surgery
15.5.2 Radiation Therapy
15.5.3 Chemotherapy
15.5.4 Targeted Therapy
15.5.5 Immunotherapy
15.5.6 Drugs for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
15.6 Treatment Regimens for Pancreatic Cancer. Adjuvant Therapy. Single‐agent Regimens. 5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin
Gemcitabine
Combination Regimens. Gemcitabine + Capecitabine
FOLFIRINOX
Systemic Therapy for Locally Advanced/Recurrent/Metastatic Disease. Single‐agent Regimens. Capecitabine
Gemcitabine
Olaparib
5‐fluorouracil
Entrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Larotrectinib (NTRK gene fusion‐positive)
Pembrolizumab
Combination Regimens. Capecitabine + Gemcitabine
Capecitabine + Erlotinib
Gemcitabine + Erlotinib
Gemcitabine + Oxaliplatin
Gemcitabine + Albumin‐bound Paclitaxel
Liposomal Irinotecan + Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil
FOLFIRINOX
Gemcitabine + Cisplatin
15.7 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions
References
16 Prostate Cancer. 16.1 Introduction
16.2 Genes Associated with Prostate Cancer
16.3 Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
16.4 Diagnosis
16.5 Methods of Treatment
16.5.1 Surgery
16.5.2 Radiation Therapy
16.5.3 Cryotherapy
16.5.4 Chemotherapy
16.5.5 Targeted Therapy
16.5.6 Immunotherapy
16.5.7 Hormone Therapy
16.6 Treatment Regimens. Single‐agent Regimens. Goserelin
Histrelin
Apalutamide
Bicalutamide
Aminoglutethimide
Darolutamide
Enzalutamide
Degarelix
Docetaxel
Estramustine
Flutamide
Leuprolide
Nilutamide
Prednisone
Olaparib
Rucaparib
Triptorelin
Paclitaxel
Sipuleucel‐T
Relugolix
Combination Regimens. Abiraterone + Prednisone
Cabizataxel + Prednisone
Docetaxel + Prednisone
Mitoxantrone + Prednisone
Estramustine + Etoposide
Estramustine + Vinblastine
Paclitaxel + Estramustine
Docetaxel + Estramustine
Docetaxel + Leuprolide
Flutamide + Goserelin
Flutamide + Leuprolide
Docetaxel + Prednisone + Bevacizumab
Abiraterone + Methylprednisolone
Etoposide + Carboplatin
Etoposide + Cisplatin
Docetaxel + Carboplatin
16.7 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions
References
17 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer. 17.1 Introduction
17.2 Genes Associated with Stomach Cancer
17.3 Symptoms of Stomach Cancer
17.4 Stages of Stomach Cancer
17.5 Diagnosis
17.6 Methods of Treatment
17.6.1 Surgery
17.6.2 Endoluminal Stent Placement
17.6.3 Endoluminal Laser Therapy
17.6.4 Gastrojejunostomy
17.7 Radiation Therapy
17.8 Chemotherapy
17.9 Targeted Medications
17.10 Immunotherapy
17.11 Treatment Regimens for Stomach Cancer
Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Regimens
Oxaliplatin + Capecitabine
Cisplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Cisplatin + Capecitabine
Paclitaxel + 5‐Fluorouracil
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Perioperative Chemoradiotherapy Regimens. FLOT
Oxaliplatin + Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Cisplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Capecitabine + Oxaliplatin
5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin
Epirubicin + Cisplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Postoperative Chemoradiotherapy Regimens. Oxaliplatin + Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Oxaliplatin + Capecitabine
Nivolumab
Capecitabine
Leucovorin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Systemic Therapy Regimens for Unresectable/Locally Advanced/Recurrent/Metastatic Disease Stage. Single‐agent Regimens. 5‐Fluorouracil
Docetaxel
Irinotecan
Paclitaxel
Pembrolizumab
Ramucirumab
TAS‐102
5‐Fluorouracil + Leucovorin
Capecitabine
Entrectinib (for NTRK gene fusion‐positive tumors)
Larotrectinib (for NTRK gene fusion‐positive tumors)
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab Deruxtecan
Combination Regimens. Cisplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil
Capecitabine + Cisplatin
Paclitaxel + Cisplatin
Docetaxel + Cisplatin
Irinotecan + Cisplatin
Paclitaxel + Ramucirumab
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Docetaxel + Irinotecan
DCF
ECF
ECX
EOF
EOX
FLO
FOLFOX
Capecitabine + Cisplatin + Trastuzumab
5‐Fluorouracil + Cisplatin + Trastuzumab
Oxaliplatin + Capecitabine
Margetuximab + Pembrolizumab
Regorafenib + Nivolumab
17.12 Risk Factors
17.12.1 Certain Medical Conditions
17.12.2 Smoking
17.12.3 Helicobacter Pylori Infection
17.12.4 Family History
17.12.5 Foods Containing Aflatoxins
17.12.6 Diet
17.12.7 Age
17.12.8 Gender
17.12.9 Previous or Existing Cancers
17.12.10 Some Surgical Procedures
17.13 Possible Preventions
References
18 Thyroid Cancer. 18.1 Introduction
18.2 Genes Associated with Thyroid Cancer
18.3 Types of Thyroid Cancer
18.3.1 Papillary Thyroid Cancer
18.3.2 Follicular Thyroid Cancer
18.3.3 Medullary Cancer
18.3.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
18.4 Thyroid Cancer Symptoms
18.5 Diagnosis
18.6 Staging of Thyroid Cancer
18.6.1 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patients under the Age of 45
18.6.2 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patient Aged 45 Years and Older
18.6.3 Medullary Thyroid Cancer
18.6.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
18.7 Methods of Treatment
18.7.1 Surgery
18.7.2 Radioactive Iodine Ablation
18.7.3 External Beam Radiation
18.7.4 Thyroid Hormone Therapy
18.7.5 Chemotherapy
18.7.6 Targeted Therapy
18.8 Treatment Regimens. Single‐Agent Regimens. Axitinib
Cabozantinib (for Medullary Thyroid Cancer)
Dabrafenib (BRAF‐positive)
Doxorubicin
Entrectinib (patients with NTRK gene fusion‐positive tumors)
Larotrectinib (patients with NTRK gene fusion‐positive tumors)
Lenvatinib
Pazopanib
Pralsetinib (RET fusion positive)
Selpercatinib (RET fusion positive)
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Vandetanib (for Medullary Thyroid Cancer)
Paclitaxel
Pembrolizumab
Combination Regimens. Cisplatin + Doxorubicin
Docetaxel + Doxorubicin
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
Dabrafenib + Trametinib (patients with BRAF V600E mutation positive)
18.9 Possible Preventions
References
19 Endometrial Cancer. 19.1 Introduction
19.2 Genes Associated with Endometrial Cancer
19.3 Symptoms
19.4 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis
19.4.1 Internal Pelvic Exam
19.4.2 Pap Test (also called Pap Smear)
19.4.3 Endometrial Biopsy
19.4.4 Dilation and Curettage (Also Called D&C)
19.4.5 Transvaginal Ultrasound
19.5 Stages
19.6 Methods of Treatment
19.6.1 Surgery
19.6.1.1 Hysterectomy
19.6.1.2 Salpingo‐oophorectomy
19.6.1.3 Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
19.6.1.4 Para‐aortic Lymphadenectomy
19.6.1.5 Laparoscopic Lymph Node Sampling
19.6.1.6 Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
19.6.2 Radiation Therapy
19.6.2.1 External Radiation Therapy
19.6.2.2 Internal Radiation Therapy
19.6.3 Chemotherapy
19.6.4 Targeted Therapy
19.6.5 Immunotherapy
19.6.6 Hormone Therapy
19.7 Treatment Regimens. Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent, Metastatic, or High‐Risk Endometrial Carcinoma. Single‐Agent Regimens. Bevacizumab
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Docetaxel
Doxorubicin
Liposomal Doxorubicin
Ifosfamide
Megestrol acetate
Paclitaxel
Albumin‐bound Paclitaxel
Pembrolizumab
Temsirolimus
Topotecan
Tamoxifen
Dostarlimab‐gxly (for microsatellite instability–high condition and DNA mismatch repair–deficiency tumors (MSI‐H/dMMR))
Combination Regimens. Doxorubicin + Cyclophosphamide
Doxorubicin + Cisplatin
Cisplatin + Ifosfamide (for carcinosarcoma)
Paclitaxel + Ifosfamide
Carboplatin + Paclitaxel
Carboplatin + Docetaxel
Gemcitabine + Docetaxel
Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
Everolimus + Letrozole
Cisplatin + Doxorubicin + Paclitaxel
CAP
Paclitaxel + Carboplatin + Bevacizumab
19.8 Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer
19.9 Prevention
References
20 Penile Cancer. 20.1 Introduction
20.2 Symptoms of Penile Cancer
20.3 Penile Cancer Diagnosis
20.3.1 Biopsy
20.3.2 Imaging Tests
20.4 Methods of Penile Cancer Treatment
20.4.1 Surgery
20.4.1.1 Circumcision
20.4.1.2 Other Surgical Procedures
20.4.2 Local Treatments (Other than Surgery) for Penile Cancer. 20.4.2.1 Laser Ablation
20.4.2.2 Cryosurgery/Cryotherapy
20.4.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
20.4.3 Radiation Therapy
20.4.4 Chemotherapy
20.4.4.1 Topical Chemotherapy
20.4.4.2 Systemic Chemotherapy
20.5 Treatment Regimens for Penile Cancer. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Paclitaxel + Ifosfamide + Cisplatin (TIP)
VBM
Adjuvant Chemotherapy. DCF
Metastatic/Unresectable/Advanced Disease. BMP
Cisplatin + 5‐fluorouracil
Cisplatin + Irinotecan
Paclitaxel + Cisplatin + 5‐Fluorouracil
TIP
Single‐Agent Regimens. Paclitaxel
Panitumumab
Cetuximab
20.6 Risk Factors of Penile Cancer
20.7 Penile Cancer Prevention
References
21 Testicular Cancer. 21.1 Introduction
21.2 Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
21.3 Diagnosis
21.3.1 Ultrasound
21.3.2 A Physical Exam and Medical History
21.3.3 Blood Tests for Tumor Markers
21.3.3.1 Biopsy
21.3.4 CT Scan and X‐ray
21.4 Methods of Treatment
21.4.1 Surgical Treatment
21.4.2 Radiation Therapy
21.4.3 Chemotherapy
21.5 Treatment Regimens for Testicular Cancer
Regimens for Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors. Carboplatin
Etoposide
Cisplatin + Etoposide
BEP (or PEB)
Pembrolizumab (for MSI‐H/dMMR tumors or TMB‐H tumors)
PVB
VeIP
VIP (salvage therapy)
TIP (Salvage therapy)
Paclitaxel + Gemcitabine
Gemcitabine + Oxaliplatin
Gemcitabine + Paclitaxel + Oxaliplatin
21.6 Risk Factors
21.6.1 An Undescended Testicle
21.6.2 Family History of Testicular Cancer
21.6.3 HIV Infection
21.6.4 Race
21.6.5 Infertility
21.6.6 Certain Activities
21.6.7 Reducing Exposure to Chemical Toxins
21.7 Prevention
21.8 Self‐Exam of Testicular Cancer
References
Index. a
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