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Susan Jacob. Ethics and Law for School Psychologists
ETHICS AND LAW FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Contents
Guide
Pages
Preface
WHAT’S IN THE BOOK
WHAT’S NOT IN THE BOOK
EIGHTH EDITION REVISIONS
DISCLAIMERS
NEW AUTHORS
CAST OF CHARACTERS
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 ETHICS IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION
QUALITY CONTROL IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY
WHAT AND WHY OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professionalism and Ethics
Ethical Codes versus Ethical Conduct
ETHICS TRAINING AND COMPETENCIES
CODES OF ETHICS
APA and NASP Codes of Ethics
The NASP’s Principles for Professional Ethics
APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
Professional versus Private Behavior
Professional Models for Service Delivery
FOUR BROAD ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
Respect for the Dignity of Persons
Self-Determination and Autonomy
Privacy and Confidentiality
Case 1.1
Fairness, Equity, and Justice
Responsible Caring (Professional Competence and Responsibility)
Case 1.2
Competence
Responsibility
Honesty and Integrity in Professional Relationships
Case 1.3
Responsibility to Schools, Families, Communities, the Profession, and Society
Case 1.4
Summary
ETHICAL AND LEGAL DECISION MAKING 9
What Makes a Situation Ethically Challenging?
Relationship between Ethics and Law
Ethical Challenge of Multiple Clients
How Do We Evaluate Whether a Course of Action Is Ethical or Unethical?
Ethical Decision-Making Model
UNETHICAL CONDUCT
Ethics Committees and Sanctions
Complaints to Ethics Committees
Reasons for Unethical Conduct
Peer Monitoring
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 1
Discussion
Related Activities
Vignettes
Activities
Notes
Chapter 2 LAW AND SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
Exhibit 2.1 The U.S. Constitution: Selected Amendments. Amendment 1. Freedom of Religion, Speech, and the Press; Rights of Assembly and Petition
Amendment 4. Search and Arrest Warrants
Amendment 9. Powers Retained by the People
Amendment 10. Powers Retained by the States and the People
Amendment 14. Civil Rights
The 10th Amendment
The 14th Amendment
Equal Protection Clause
Due Process
The First and Fourth Amendments
Freedom of Speech and Assembly
Case 2.1
Privacy Rights
Freedom of Religion
STATUTES AND REGULATIONS
Federal Education Legislation
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment
Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Civil Rights Act of 1871
Rules and Regulations
State Education Laws
CASE LAW
SUMMARY
LEGAL TRAINING FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
CREDENTIALING OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Credentialing for School-Based Practice
Credentialing for Private Practice
Nonpractice Credentials
LAWSUITS AGAINST SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Lawsuits against Schools under State Laws
Lawsuits under Federal Law (Section 504, ADA, IDEA, and Section 1983)
Professional Malpractice
Risk Management
Professional Liability Insurance
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 2
Activities
Notes
Chapter 3 PRIVACY, INFORMED CONSENT, CONFIDENTIALITY, AND RECORD KEEPING
PRIVACY
Privacy and Law
Case Law
Statutory Law
Privacy as an Ethical Issue
INFORMED CONSENT TO ESTABLISH A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST–CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
Meaning of Informed Consent
Consent of Minors for Psychological Services
Consent of Minors as a Legal Issue
Consent of Minors as an Ethical Issue
Minors and Capacity to Consent: A Research Perspective
Informed Consent versus Notice
Case 3.1
Telepsychology Services: Informed Consent
CONFIDENTIALITY
Confidentiality and Direct Services to the Student
Duty to Protect
Case 3.2
Collaboration and Confidentiality
Case 3.3
Confidentiality and Teacher Consultation
NONDISCLOSURE LAWS AND PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION
Nondisclosure Laws
Exhibit 3.1 Risks of Disclosing Confidential Communications
Legal Risk
Risk to Right to Attend School and Academic Standing
Social Risk (Risk to Reputation, Loss of Social Standing)
Case 3.4
Evidentiary Privilege
Case 3.5
Case 3.6
Subpoenas and Court Orders
RECORD KEEPING IN THE SCHOOLS
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Education Records Defined
Case 3.7
Right to Inspect and Review Records
Right to Confidentiality of Records
Right to Request Amendment of Records
Complaints
Summary
Parental Access to Test Protocols
Right to Inspect and Review Protocols
Parent Request for Copies of Test Protocols
Case 3.8
Privacy of Sensitive Health Information in Schools: New and Complex Challenges
Exhibit 3.2 Protecting Confidential Student Health Information
Storage and Disposal of Psychological Records
DIGITAL RECORD KEEPING, DIGITAL COMMUNICATION, AND TELEPSYCHOLOGY SERVICES
Case 3.9
District Cloud Storage of Student Education Records
Digital Storage, Communication, and Teleservices by Individual Practitioners
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 3
Discussion
Vignettes
Notes
Chapter 4 ETHICAL-LEGAL ISSUES IN THE EDUCATION OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER IDEA
EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Right-to-Education Case Law
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (P.A.R.C.) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Mills
Early Legislation
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT
State Plans and Single-Agency Responsibility
State Plans
Single-Agency Responsibility
Private School Placement by the State Educational Agency or Local Educational Agency
Unilateral Placement by Parents
The Zero Reject Principle
Child Find
Severity of the Disability
Exception to the Zero Reject Principle
Children Eligible for Services
Exhibit 4.1 Disability Categories Under IDEA—Part B. Definitions of Disability Terms
Case 4.1
Intellectual Disability
Specific Learning Disability
Emotional Disturbance
Other Health Impairment
IDEA Classification versus Medical, Psychiatric, or Other Diagnostic Systems
Early Intervening Services
Evaluation Procedures
Problem of Misclassification
Exhibit 4.2 Cases Concerning Misclassification of Ethnically, Racially, and Linguistically Diverse Children. Hobson v. Hansen (1967, 1969)
Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
Guadalupe Organization, Inc. v. Tempe Elementary School District No. 3 (1972)
Larry P. v. Riles (1984)
Parents in Action in Special Education (P.A.S.E.) v. Hannon (1980)
Conduct of Evaluation
Student Evaluations and Eligibility Determination
Placements
Individualized Education Program
The Meeting
The Team
Development of the Individualized Educational Program
Content of the Individualized Educational Program
Implementation of the Individualized Educational Program
Least Restrictive Environment
The Meaning of Appropriate Education
Case 4.2
Extended School Year
Assistive Technology
Freedom from Harassment
Case 4.3
Summary
Scope of Required Related Services
Case 4.4
Coordination of IDEA, Medicaid, and Private Health Insurance
Procedural Safeguards
Consent and Notice
Transfer of Parent Rights at Age of Majority
Surrogate Parents
Complaints, Resolution Meetings, Mediation, and Due Process Hearings
Right to Private Action
Recovery of Attorney Fees
Abrogation of State Sovereign Immunity
INFANTS AND TODDLERS WITH DISABILITIES
Statewide System
Child Find
Eligible Children
Evaluation and Assessment
Individualized Family Service Plan
Early Intervention Services
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 4
Activities
Notes
Chapter 5 SECTION 504 AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
SECTION 504
Historical Framework
Overview of Section 504
Preventing Discrimination in Access to Programs and Services
Exhibit 5.1 Definition of Disability as Amended by the ADAA
Protection from Disability Harassment
Section 504/ADA Definition of Disability
Physical and Mental Health Impairments
Communicable Diseases
Evaluation of Students to Determine Eligibility for Accommodations
Free Appropriate Public Education
Accommodation Plan
Nature of the Required Accommodations
Monitoring the Impact of 504 Accommodations
Procedural Safeguards Under Section 504
AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
Whistle-Blower Protection
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 5
Vignette
Notes
Chapter 6 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT
TESTING VERSUS ASSESSMENT
Exhibit 6.1 Excerpts from IDEA Regulations on Evaluation Procedures
PREASSESSMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Parental Involvement and Consent
Responsibilities to the Student
ASSESSMENT PLANNING
Case 6.1
Five Ethical-Legal Concerns
Multifaceted
Comprehensive
Fair
Valid
Useful
Evaluating Tests and Testing Practices
Reliability
Validity
Adequacy of Test Norms
INFORMATION GATHERING
Invasion of Privacy
Assessment Conditions
Test Security
ASSESSMENT INTERPRETATION
Classification
Case 6.2
Report Writing and Sharing Findings
Report Writing
Sharing Findings with the Parent and Student
Case 6.3
NONDISCRIMINATORY ASSESSMENT
Culture and Acculturation
Test Bias
Bias in Clinical Application
Fairness of Consequences
Closing Comments on Nondiscriminatory Assessment
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE AND AUTONOMY
Competence
Professional Autonomy
COMPUTER-ASSISTED AND REMOTE PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 6
Vignettes
Activities
Notes
Chapter 7 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN SCHOOL-BASED INTERVENTIONS
MULTITIERED SYSTEMS OF ACADEMIC AND BEHAVIORAL SUPPORT
Classroom Interventions
Parent Involvement, Consent, and Child Find Obligations within a Multitiered Model
Selecting Classroom Interventions
Documenting Interventions and Monitoring Progress
Special Considerations Associated with the Use of Behavioral Interventions
THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST–CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
Counseling: Ethical and Legal Issues
Self-Referrals for Counseling
Planning Counseling and Other Therapeutic Interventions
Interventions with Culturally Diverse Clientele
Outcome Monitoring
DUTY TO PROTECT
Child Abuse
Threat to Self
Case 7.1
Case 7.2
Threat to Others
Substance Abuse
Students Who Disclose Criminal Acts
Pregnancy, Birth Control, and Sexually Transmitted Disease
Pregnancy
Case 7.3
Birth Control Information
Sexually Transmitted Disease
Summary
COMPETENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY
Competence
Case 7.4
Case 7.5
Responsibility
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS
Case 7.6
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 7
Discussion
Vignettes
Activities
Notes
Chapter 8 INDIRECT SERVICES I: ETHICALLEGAL ISSUES IN WORKING WITH TEACHERS AND PARENTS
CONSULTATION WITH TEACHERS
Integrity in Consultative Relationships with Teachers
Respect for the Dignity of Persons (Welfare of Consultee and Student)
Autonomy and Self-Determination
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Fairness and Nondiscrimination
Case 8.1
Responsible Caring
Professional Responsibility in Teacher Consultation
Competence
SPECIAL ISSUES IN WORKING WITH PARENTS
Respect for the Dignity of Persons
Autonomy and Self-Determination
Managing the Conflicting Interests of Parent, Child, and School
Case 8.2
Case 8.3
Privacy and Confidentiality
Professional Competence and Responsibility
Integrity in Relationships with Parents
Case 8.4
Diversity Issues
Case 8.5
Interpreter Services
Undocumented Families
Homeless Children and Youth
Multicultural Competencies for Parent Engagement
Responsibility to Families, Community, and Society
TELECONSULTATION
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 8
Vignettes
Activities
Notes
Chapter 9 INDIRECT SERVICES II: SPECIAL TOPICS IN SYSTEMS-LEVEL CONSULTATION
LARGE-SCALE ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS
State- and Districtwide Academic Achievement Testing
Minimum Competency Testing
Districtwide- or Grade-Level Screening to Identify Students “at Risk” for Harm to Self or Others
INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS, POLICIES, AND PRACTICES
Grade Retention
Delayed School Entry
Instructional Grouping and Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality
Tracking and Within-Classroom Instructional Grouping
Disproportionality in Special Education
Instructional Programs for English Learners
Instructional Programs for Gifted and Talented Students
SCHOOL DISCIPLINE
Corporal Punishment
Case Law
Statutory Law
Suspension and Expulsion
Suspension and Expulsion of Students with Disabilities
Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support Systems
DISCRIMINATION, HARASSMENT, AND BULLYING
Discrimination and Harassment: LGBTQ+ Students
Lawsuits Based on the 14th Amendment
Case 9.1
Federal Antidiscrimination Law
OCR Interprets Title IX to Include LGBTQ+ Students
Discrimination and Harassment: Race and Religion
Case 9.2
Bullying
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 9
Vignettes
Notes
Chapter 10 RESEARCH IN THE SCHOOLS: ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES
COMPETENCE, RESPONSIBILITY, AND WELFARE OF PARTICIPANTS
Professional Competence and Responsibility
Welfare of the Participant
INFORMED CONSENT AND PRIVACY
Case 10.1
Consent Must Be Knowingly Given
Who Gives Consent?
Freedom from Coercion
Components of the Informed Consent Agreement
Informed Consent vs. Notice with Opt-Out
MINIMAL RISK RESEARCH IN SCHOOLS
STRESS, HARM, AND DENIAL OF BENEFICIAL TREATMENT
CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION
Case 10.2
POST-DATA-COLLECTION RESPONSIBILITIES
CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA
EQUITY IN RESEARCH
Recruitment of Participants
Research Methodology
Post-Data Collection
International Considerations and Resources
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 10
Discussion
Vignettes
Activities
Notes
Chapter 11 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN SUPERVISION
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR SUPERVISION
PROFESSIONAL DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AND INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING PLAN
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND SUPERVISION
Respect for the Dignity of Persons (Welfare of the Client and Supervisee)
Case 11.1
Case 11.2
Autonomy and Self-Determination
Privacy and Confidentiality
Fairness, Nondiscrimination, and Diversity Issues
Case 11.3
Responsible Caring in Supervision
Case 11.4
Integrity in Supervisor–Supervisee Professional Relationships
Case 11.5
TELESUPERVISION
LIABILITY ISSUES
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
STUDY AND DISCUSSION. Questions for Chapter 11
Discussion
Notes
Chapter 12 ETHICS, LAW, AND ADVOCACY
ADVOCACY AND THE CHALLENGE OF ADMINISTRATIVE PRESSURE
Case 12.1
Case 12.2
MANAGING ADMINISTRATIVE PRESSURE TO PRACTICE UNETHICALLY
ADVOCACY AND A COMPLEX LEGAL LANDSCAPE
STRATEGIES FOR BECOMING AN EFFECTIVE ADVOCATE
Appendix A PRINCIPLES FOR PROFESSIONAL ETHICS* PURPOSE
USING THE NASP ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
DEFINITION OF TERMS AS USED IN THE PRINCIPLES FOR PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
BROAD THEME I. RESPECTING THE DIGNITY AND RIGHTS OF ALL PERSONS
GUIDING PRINCIPLE I.1 AUTONOMY AND SELF-DETERMINATION
Standard I.1.1 When Consent Is/Is Not Required
Standard I.1.2 Consent to Establish a School Psychologist–Client Relationship
Standard I.1.3 Seeking Informed Consent
Standard I.1.4 Assent
Standard I.1.5 Right to Refuse or Withdraw Consent
GUIDING PRINCIPLE I.2 PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
Standard I.2.1 Sensitive Information
Standard I.2.2 Boundaries of Confidentiality
Standard I.2.3 Consent for Disclosure of Information
Standard I.2.4 Need to Know
Standard I.2.5 Privacy Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression
Standard I.2.6 Privacy of Health Information
GUIDING PRINCIPLE I.3 FAIRNESS, EQUITY, AND JUSTICE
Standard I.3.1 Discrimination
Standard I.3.2 Correcting Discriminatory Practices
BROAD THEME II. PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY
GUIDING PRINCIPLE II.1 COMPETENCE
Standard II.1.1 Practice in Area of Competence
Standard II.1.2 Personal Problems
Standard II.1.3 Continuing Professional Development
GUIDING PRINCIPLE II.2 ACCEPTING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTIONS
Standard II.2.1 Accuracy of Documents
Standard II.2.2 Progress Monitoring
Standard II.2.3 Appropriateness of Recommendations
Standard II.2.4 Responsibility for Graduate Students’ Work
GUIDING PRINCIPLE II.3 RESPONSIBLE ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION PRACTICES
Standard II.3.1 Considerations Prior to Disability Determination
Standard II.3.2 Assessment Techniques
Standard II.3.3 Instrument Selection
Standard II.3.4 Normative Data
Standard II.3.5 Digital Administration and Scoring
Standard II.3.6 Variety of Sources of Data
Standard II.3.7 Comprehensive Assessment
Standard II.3.8 Validity and Fairness
Standard II.3.9 Interpreters
Standard II.3.10 Recommendations Based on Existing Records
Standard II.3.11 Interpretation of Results
Standard II.3.12 Intervention Selection
Standard II.3.13 Parental Involvement in Intervention Planning
Standard II.3.14 Student Assent for Assistance
GUIDING PRINCIPLE II.4 RESPONSIBLE SCHOOL-BASED RECORD KEEPING
Standard II.4.1 Notification of Rights and Responsibilities Regarding Records
Standard II.4.2 Comprehensive Records
Standard II.4.3 Content of School Psychological Education Records
Standard II.4.4 Right to Inspect Records
Standard II.4.5 Test Protocols
Standard II.4.6 Access to Records by School Personnel
Standard II.4.7 Electronic Record Keeping
Standard II.4.8 Sole Possession Records
Standard II.4.9 Retention of Records
GUIDING PRINCIPLE II.5 RESPONSIBLE USE OF MATERIALS
Standard II.5.1 Test Security
Standard II.5.2 Use of Restricted Materials
Standard II.5.3 Intellectual Property
BROAD THEME III. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY IN PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
GUIDING PRINCIPLE III.1 ACCURATE REPRESENTATION
Standard III.1.1 Accurate Presentation of Professional Qualifications
Standard III.1.2 Correcting Misperceptions
Standard III.1.3 Affiliation and Experience
Standard III.1.4 Graduate Programs
Standard III.1.5 Accuracy of Marketing Information
GUIDING PRINCIPLE III.2 FORTHRIGHT EXPLANATION OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES, ROLES, AND PRIORITIES
Standard III.2.1 Explanation of Services to Clients
Standard III.2.2 Role Definition in Collaborative Work
Standard III.2.3 Priority of Child Welfare
Standard III.2.4 Conflicts of Loyalties
GUIDING PRINCIPLE III.3 RESPECTING OTHER PROFESSIONALS
Standard III.3.1 Cooperation with Other Professionals
Standard III.3.2 Referrals to Other Professionals
Standard III.3.3 Altering Reports
GUIDING PRINCIPLE III.4 INTEGRITY IN RELATIONSHIPS
Standard III.4.1 Multiple Relationships and Professional Effectiveness
Standard III.4.2 Multiple Relationships and Limited Alternative Services
Standard III.4.3 Harassment and Exploitation
Standard III.4.4 Sexual Relationships
GUIDING PRINCIPLE III.5 CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Standard III.5.1 Private versus Professional Conduct
Standard III.5.2 Separation of Personal Beliefs
Standard III.5.3 Personal Beliefs and Experiences
Standard III.5.4 NASP Leadership
Standard III.5.5 Disclosure of Financial Interests
Standard III.5.6 Referrals and Remuneration
Standard III.5.7 Remuneration for Data Sharing
Standard III.5.8 Practice in Both Public School and Private Settings
BROAD THEME IV. RESPONSIBILITY TO SCHOOLS, FAMILIES, COMMUNITIES, THE PROFESSION, AND SOCIETY
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IV.1 PROMOTING HEALTHY SCHOOL, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTS
Standard IV.1.1 Effective Participation in Systems
Standard IV.1.2 Promoting Systems Change
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IV.2 RESPECT FOR LAW AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF LAW AND ETHICS
Standard IV.2.1 Understanding Workplace Systems
Standard IV.2.2 Intersection of Law and Ethics
Standard IV.2.3 Conflicts between Law and Ethical Principles
Standard IV.2.4 Participation in Public Discourse
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IV.3 MAINTAINING PUBLIC TRUST BY SELF-MONITORING AND PEER MONITORING
Standard IV.3.1 Application of Principles
Standard IV.3.2 Resolution of Concerns with Colleagues
Standard IV.3.3 Cooperation with the Ethics and Professional Practices Board
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IV.4 CONTRIBUTING TO THE PROFESSION BY MENTORING, TEACHING, AND SUPERVISION
Standard IV.4.1 Graduate Program Directors
Standard IV.4.2 Graduate Student Supervisors
Standard IV.4.3 Supervisor Responsibility
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IV.5 CONTRIBUTING TO THE SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY KNOWLEDGE BASE
Standard IV.5.1 Conducting Research
Standard IV.5.2 Protecting the Rights of Research Participants
Standard IV.5.3 Anonymity of Data
Standard IV.5.4 Accuracy of Data
Standard IV.5.5 Replicability of Data
Standard IV.5.6 Correction of Errors
Standard IV.5.7 Integrity of Publications
Standard IV.5.8 Plagiarism
Standard IV.5.9 Acknowledging Contributors
Standard IV.5.10 Review of Manuscripts and Proposals
Notes
Appendix B ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND CODE OF CONDUCT1
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICABILITY
PREAMBLE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle C: Integrity
Principle D: Justice
Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
ETHICAL STANDARDS. 1 Resolving Ethical Issues. 1.01 Misuse of Psychologists’ Work
1.02 Conflicts between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority
1.03 Conflicts between Ethics and Organizational Demands
1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations
1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations
1.06 Cooperating with Ethics Committees
1.07 Improper Complaints
1.08 Unfair Discrimination against Complainants and Respondents
2 Competence. 2.01 Boundaries of Competence
2.02 Providing Services in Emergencies
2.03 Maintaining Competence
2.04 Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments
2.05 Delegation of Work to Others
2.06 Personal Problems and Conflicts
3 Human Relations. 3.01 Unfair Discrimination
3.02 Sexual Harassment
3.03 Other Harassment
3.04 Avoiding Harm
3.05 Multiple Relationships
3.06 Conflict of Interest
3.07 Third-Party Requests for Services
3.08 Exploitative Relationships
3.09 Cooperation with Other Professionals
3.10 Informed Consent
3.11 Psychological Services Delivered to or through Organizations
3.12 Interruption of Psychological Services
4 Privacy and Confidentiality. 4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality
4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality
4.03 Recording
4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy
4.05 Disclosures
4.06 Consultations
4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes
5 Advertising and Other Public Statements. 5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements
5.02 Statements by Others
5.03 Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs
5.04 Media Presentations
5.05 Testimonials
5.06 In-Person Solicitation
6 Record Keeping and Fees. 6.01 Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records
6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work
6.03 Withholding Records for Nonpayment
6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements
6.05 Barter with Clients/Patients
6.06 Accuracy in Reports to Payors and Funding Sources
6.07 Referrals and Fees
7 Education and Training. 7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs
7.02 Descriptions of Education and Training Programs
7.03 Accuracy in Teaching
7.04 Student Disclosure of Personal Information
7.05 Mandatory Individual or Group Therapy
7.06 Assessing Student and Supervisee Performance
7.07 Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees
8 Research and Publication. 8.01 Institutional Approval
8.02 Informed Consent to Research
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research
8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
8.07 Deception in Research
8.08 Debriefing
8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research
8.10 Reporting Research Results
8.11 Plagiarism
8.12 Publication Credit
8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification
8.15 Reviewers
9 Assessment. 9.01 Bases for Assessments
9.02 Use of Assessments
9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments
9.04 Release of Test Data
9.05 Test Construction
9.06 Interpreting Assessment Results
9.07 Assessment by Unqualified Persons
9.08 Obsolete Tests and Outdated Test Results
9.09 Test Scoring and Interpretation Services
9.10 Explaining Assessment Results
9.11 Maintaining Test Security
10 Therapy. 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy
10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families
10.03 Group Therapy
10.04 Providing Therapy to Those Served by Others
10.05 Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Clients/Patients
10.06 Sexual Intimacies with Relatives or Significant Others of Current Therapy Clients/Patients
10.07 Therapy with Former Sexual Partners
10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients
10.09 Interruption of Therapy
10.10 Terminating Therapy
AMENDMENTS TO THE 2002 “ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND CODE OF CONDUCT” IN 2010 AND 2016
Notes
Appendix C TABLE OF CASES
Appendix D TABLE OF FEDERAL LEGISLATION1
Notes
Appendix E FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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