Оглавление
Tama Leaver. Instagram
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Digital Media and Society Series
Instagram. Visual Social Media Cultures
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Scroll Down: What’s Below?
Over to You: Instagram the Instagram Book!
CHAPTER ONE Platform
From Burbn to Instagram
Facebook Purchase
Third-Party Instagram Apps and API Changes
Finstagrams, Rinstagrams and Multiple Accounts
The Algorithmic Timeline
Communities, Boundaries and Content Moderation
Stories and Snapchat
GIF Stickers
Music Stickers
A Business Model
The Departure of Instagram Founders Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger
Political Interference in the US
Molly Russell’s Suicide and Self-Harm Images on Instagram
Instagram by Facebook
Conclusion
CHAPTER TWO Aesthetics. Introduction: The Visuality of Instagram
Instagram’s Foundational Visualities
Instagram’s Visual Identity
Instagram’s Evolving Aesthetics of Normalization. Square Times
The Aesthetics of Filters
Telling Instagram Stories and the New Aesthetics of Normalization
Instagram’s Platform Vernaculars and Practices
Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE Ecologies
The Visual, Mobile and Locative before Instagram
The Instagram Ecology
Situating Instagram
The Experience of Instagram Time
The Broader Instagram Ecology
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR Economies
Reappropriating Instagram
Influencers on Instagram
Primacy of Instagram Selfies
Finstagrams
Visual Genres of Influencer Advertising on Instagram
Other Commercial and Advertorial Innovations. Cross-platform Traffic
Instablogging
Corporate Takeovers
Private Commercial Accounts
Techniques of Relatability
Pro Bono Work
‘Behind-the-Scenes’ Posts
The Downside of Commercial Attention. Imposters, Bots and Scam Accounts
The Instagram Purge
Optimizing Attention on Instagram. Instapods
‘Witching Hour’
Other ‘Marketing’ Folklore
Recent Guidelines and Ethics Regarding Instagram Commerce
Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE Cultures
Subcultures on Instagram. Art and Photographers
Emergent Teen Uses
Social Awareness
Politicians
Grief Tributes
Instagram ‘in Real Life’ Museums
Foods
Homes
Cannibalizing Place
Conclusion
CHAPTER SIX Lifespans
Ultrasounds
Sharenting
Parental and Child Influencers
Co-Creation
Mourning, Death and Selfies at #funerals
Instagram Data after Death
Conclusion
CHAPTER SEVEN From the Instagram of Everything to the Everything of Instagram
Instagram Materialities
Instagram in Popular Culture
Virtual Influencers
Templatability of Instagram ‘Rinse and Repeat’
‘Fake it till you make it’
Instagram vs. Reality
From the Everything of Instagram …
Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures
Appendix: Instagram Timeline
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Отрывок из книги
Nancy Baym, Personal Connections in the Digital Age, 2nd edition
Mercedes Bunz and Graham Meikle, The Internet of Things
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While Instagram employs a mix of algorithmic filtering, hashtag bans (some permanent, some temporary), account removal and limiting content from search and explore, the policing of hashtags has received the most attention, but is also the easiest to do since this is where content has been explicitly labelled by the user posting it. Yet hashtag banning is far from perfect; when thin inspiration tags #thinspo and #thinspiration were blocked, for example, thinly veiled alternative spellings would quickly emerge such as #thynspiration or #thinspoooo (Cobb 2017). Also, when images are ambiguous (possibly about eating disorders, possibly not), often users will use many hashtags, disrupting the potential of a hashtag to clearly provide context and situate a post. So, a post might include #diet, #healthy, #gymlife and many other tags before also including #thinspo and #bonespo, confusing easy (and automated) banning and classification of images (Cobb 2017, p. 109). At the time of writing this chapter, for example, #bonespo returned a health warning before directing users to (a) Get Support, (b) See Posts Anyway or (c) cancel the search (see figure 1.2). And while #bonespo returns the health warning screen, the tag #bonespoo (with one extra o), which was suggested when searching for #bonespo, does not have a warning screen. However, top #bonespoo posts clearly include pro-ED content from accounts which have in their description the request ‘Don’t report, just block’, showing these users have an active awareness of Instagram’s policing of these images, and are trying to circumvent being deleted. Similarly, while hashtags for pro-ED are being banned and policed, other Instagram mechanisms actively achieve the opposite, using alternate signals to effectively assist users looking for pro-ED content (Gerrard 2018; Olszanowski 2014).
While Instagram has always publicly been a family friendly environment, the platform has a long history of being used to distribute all sorts of pornography and other adult material (Shah 2015). While many posts have been removed, accounts closed and hashtags banned (some permanently, others temporarily), Instagram has never been able to completely remove adult material from the platform. Indeed, the eggplant emoji hashtag # has the dubious honour of being the first known emoji hashtag to be (temporarily) banned from Instagram searches, in large part due to the use of the hashtag to playfully indicate male genitals (Highfield 2018). In many ways, the increased privacy that direct messages and self-deleting stories offer may also provide new avenues for the sharing of nudity, pornography and other material that is simply not publicly visible and thus never flagged by users who see this as problematic. Instagram’s algorithms similarly appear to do a much better job at automatically detecting nudity and pornography and removing it than other banned content (either directly, or triggering review by moderators) but even then the algorithms can be foiled by low resolution images and other visual elements that distort the digital footprint of nudity to fool an algorithm, but which is still clearly and obviously nudity to (human) viewers.
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