Оглавление
Tara L. Kuther. Infants and Children in Context
Infants and Children in Context
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Boxed Features. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Preface
Contextual Perspective
Applied Emphasis
Current Research
Accessible Writing Style
Organization
Pedagogy
Learning Objectives and Summaries
Critical Thinking
Supplements
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Unit I Foundations of Child and Adolescent Development
1 Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Understanding Development
Periods of Development
Prenatal Period (Conception to Birth)
Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to 2 Years)
Early Childhood (2 to 6 Years)
Middle Childhood (6 to 11 Years)
Adolescence (11 to 18 Years)
Domains of Development
Contexts of Development
Thinking in Context 1.1
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Defining Culture
What Do You Think?
Basic Issues in Developmental Science
Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?
Applying Developmental Science. The Real-World Significance of Developmental Research
What Do You Think?
The Active Child: How Do Children Influence Their Own Development?
Continuities and Discontinuities: In What Ways Is Development Continuous and Discontinuous?
Thinking In Context 1.2
Theories of Child Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theories
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Information Processing Theory
Contextual Theories
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Effects of Exposure to Community Violence
What Do You Think?
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
Dynamic Systems Theory
Thinking in Context 1.3
Research in Human Development
The Scientific Method
Methods of Data Collection
Observational Measures
Self-Report Measures
Physiological Measures
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Methods of Studying the Brain
What Do You Think?
Research Designs
Case Study
Correlational Research
Experimental Research
Developmental Research Designs
Cross-Sectional Research Design
Longitudinal Research Design
Cross-Sequential Research Design
Research Ethics
Thinking in Context 1.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 Biological and Environmental Foundations of Development
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Genetic Foundations of Development
Genetics
Cell Reproduction
Sex Determination
Genes Shared by Twins
Applying Developmental Science. Prenatal Sex Selection
What Do You Think?
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
Dominant–Recessive Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
Polygenic Inheritance
Genomic Imprinting
Thinking in Context 2.1
Chromosomal and Genetic Problems
Genetic Disorders
Dominant–Recessive Disorders
X-Linked Disorders
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Mutation
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Genetic Engineering
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 2.2
Reproductive Choices
Genetic Counseling
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Adoption
Prenatal Diagnosis
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Development of Internationally Adopted Children
What Do You Think?
Prenatal Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Thinking in Context 2.3
Heredity and Environment
Behavioral Genetics
Methods of Behavioral Genetics
Genetic Influences on Personal Characteristics
Gene–Environment Interactions
Range of Reaction
Canalization
Gene–Environment Correlations
Epigenetic Influences on Development
Thinking in Context 2.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Prenatal Development
Conception
Germinal Period (0 to 2 Weeks)
Embryonic Period (3 to 8 Weeks)
Fetal Period (9 Weeks to Birth)
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Pregnancy and the Maternal Brain
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 3.1
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Principles of Teratology
Types of Teratogens
Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs
Alcohol
Cigarette Smoking
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opioids
Applying Developmental Science. Maternal Drug Use While Pregnant
What Do You Think?
Maternal Illness
Environmental Hazards
Maternal Characteristics
Nutrition
Emotional Well-Being
Maternal Age
Paternal Characteristics
Contextual and Cultural Influences on Prenatal Care
Thinking in Context 3.2
Childbirth
Labor
Medication During Delivery
Cesarean Delivery
Natural Childbirth
Home Birth
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Cultural Differences in Childbirth
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 3.3
The Newborn
Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Newborns
The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities
Newborn States of Arousal
Low-Birthweight Infants: Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies
Contextual Risks for Low Birthweight
Characteristics of Low-Birthweight Infants
Lives in Context: Community Context. HIV Infection in Newborns
What Do You Think?
Outcomes of Low-Birthweight Infants
Thinking in Context 3.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Unit II Infancy And Toddlerhood
4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Body Growth
Growth Trends
Patterns of Growth
Nutrition and Growth
Breastfeeding
Malnutrition
Health Threats
Growth Faltering
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Failure to Vaccinate
Applying Developmental Science. Why Don’t Parents Vaccinate?
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 4.1
Brain Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood
The Neuron
Processes of Neural Development
The Cerebral Cortex
Experience and Brain Development
Sleep and Brain Development
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Co-sleeping
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 4.2
Early Learning Capacities
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Imitation
Thinking in Context 4.3
Sensation and Perception During Infancy and Toddlerhood
Methods for Studying Infant Perception
Vision
Face Perception
Object Exploration
Color Vision
Depth Perception
Hearing
Touch
Lives in Context: Family and Peer Context. Neonatal Circumcision
What Do You Think?
Smell and Taste
Intermodal Perception
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Intermodal Perception and Learning
What Do You Think?
Infant–Context Interactions and Perceptual Development
Thinking in Context 4.4
Motor Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood
Gross Motor Development
Fine Motor Development
Biological and Contextual Determinants of Motor Development
Biological Influences on Motor Development
Contextual Influences on Motor Development
Motor Development as a Dynamic System
Thinking in Context 4.5
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Processes of Development
Sensorimotor Substages
Substage 1: Reflexes (Birth to 1 Month)
Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 Months)
Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4 to 8 Months)
Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8 to 12 Months)
Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 Months)
Substage 6: Mental Representation (18 to 24 Months)
Evaluating Sensorimotor Reasoning
Violation-of-Expectation Tasks
A-Not-B Tasks
Deferred Imitation Tasks
Core Knowledge Theory
Lives in Context: Media and Technology. Baby Videos and Infant Learning
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 5.1
Information Processing Theory
Information Processing System
Attention
Memory
Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Infants’ Thinking
Applying Developmental Science. Baby Signing
What Do You Think?
Culture and Cognitive Development
Thinking in Context 5.2
Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Testing Infant Intelligence
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Poverty and Brain Development
What Do You Think?
Information Processing as Intelligence
Child Care and Mental Development
Thinking in Context 5.3
Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Early Preferences for Speech Sounds
Prelinguistic Communication
First Words
Learning Words: Semantic Growth
Two-Word Utterances
Nature, Nurture, and Language
Learning Approaches
Nativist Approaches
Interactionist Approach to Language Development
Biological Contributions to Language Development
Contextual Contributions to Language Development
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Culture and Language Development
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 5.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Trust Versus Mistrust
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Father–Infant Interactions
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 6.1
Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Infants’ Emotional Experience
Basic Emotions
Self-Conscious Emotions
Emotion Regulation
Social Interaction and Emotional Development
Parental Interaction
Social Referencing
Cultural Influences on Emotional Development
Emotional Display Rules
Stranger Wariness
Applying Developmental Science. Maternal Depression and Emotional Development in Infancy
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 6.2
Temperament in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Styles of Temperament
Context and Goodness of Fit
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Trauma and Emotional Development
What Do You Think?
Cultural Differences in Temperament
Thinking in Context 6.3
Attachment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Bowlby’s Ethological Perspective on Attachment
Infants’ Signals and Adults’ Responses
Phases of Attachment
Secure Base, Separation Anxiety, and Internal Working Models
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and Attachment Classifications
Attachment-Related Outcomes
Influences on Attachment
Stability of Attachment
Lives in Context: Family and Peer Context. Infant Adjustment to Parental Deployment
What Do You Think?
Cultural Variations in Attachment Classifications
Thinking in Context 6.4
The Self in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Self-Awareness
Self-Recognition
Emerging Self-Concept
Self-Control
Thinking in Context 6.5
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Unit III Early Childhood
7 Physical Development in Early Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Growth and Motor Development
Patterns of Growth
Gross Motor Skills
Fine Motor Skills
Thinking in Context 7.1
Brain Development
Normative Processes of Brain Development
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Handedness
What Do You Think?
Atypical Brain Development
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sensory Processing Disorder
Thinking in Context 7.2
Promoting Health in Early Childhood
Nutrition
Applying Developmental Science. Picky Eating
What Do You Think?
Physical Activity
Sleep
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Cultural Influences on Sleep in Early Childhood
What Do You Think?
Screen Use
Thinking in Context 7.3
Threats to Health and Well-Being
Illness
Allergies
Toxins
Unintentional Injury
Child Maltreatment
Effects of Child Maltreatment
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment
Lives in Context: Family and Peer Context. Gene × Environment Interaction and Responses to Adversity
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 7.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Reasoning in Early Childhood
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Preoperational Reasoning
Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning
Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning
Educational Implications of Preoperational Reasoning
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Guided Participation and Scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development
Private Speech
Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Thinking in Context 8.1
Information Processing in Early Childhood
Attention
Working Memory and Executive Function
Memory
Memory for Information
Memory for Scripts
Autobiographical Memory
Applying Developmental Science. Children’s Suggestibility
What Do You Think?
Theory of Mind
False Belief
Context
Metacognition
Thinking in Context 8.2
Language Development in Early Childhood
Vocabulary
Lives in Context: Media and Technology. Television and Children’s Development
What Do You Think?
Grammar
Bilingual Language Learning
Thinking in Context 8.3
Moral Development in Early Childhood
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Heteronomous Morality
Preconventional Reasoning
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Culture and Theory of Mind
What Do You Think?
Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues
Thinking in Context 8.4
Early Childhood Education
Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Brain-Based Learning
What Do You Think?
Early Childhood Education Interventions
Thinking in Context 8.5
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Emerging Sense of Self
Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Thinking in Context 9.1
Emotional Development in Early Childhood
Emotional Understanding
Emotion Regulation
Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial Behavior
Influences on Prosocial Behavior
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Children’s Participation in Household Work
What Do You Think?
Aggression
Thinking in Context 9.2
Families
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parenting
Lives in Context: Family and Peer Context. Physical Punishment
What Do You Think?
Permissive Parenting
Uninvolved Parenting
Authoritative Parenting
Discipline
Culture, Context, and Parenting
Siblings
Thinking in Context 9.3
Gender Stereotypes, Gender Differences, and Gender Development
Gender Role Norms and Gender Stereotypes
Sex Differences
Biological Influences on Gender Role Development
Cognitive Influences on Gender Role Development
Applying Developmental Science. Transgender Children
What Do You Think?
Contextual Influences on Gender Role Development
Parents
Peers
Media
Culture
Reducing Gender Stereotyping
Thinking in Context 9.4
Play and Peer Relationships in Early Childhood
Play and Development
Cognitive and Emotional Development
Lives in Context: Family and Peer Context. Young Children’s Understanding of Peers With Disabilities
What Do You Think?
Social Development and Early Friendships
Sociodramatic Play
Rough-and-Tumble Play
Pretend Playmates
Culture and Play
Thinking in Context 9.5
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Unit IV Middle Childhood
10 Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Growth and Motor Development
Patterns of Growth
Gross Motor Development
Fine Motor Development
Influences on Growth and Motor Development
Thinking in Context 10.1
Brain Development
Normative Brain Development
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Adrenarche
What Do You Think?
Atypical Brain Development
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Thinking in Context 10.2
Physical Activity in Middle Childhood
Benefits of Physical Activity for Children
Lives in Context: Media and Technology. Screen Time and Sleep
What Do You Think?
Physical Education
Recess
Organized Sports
Thinking in Context 10.3
Threats to Health in Middle Childhood
Unintentional Injury
Asthma
Childhood Obesity
Child Sexual Abuse
Applying Developmental Science. Body Image Dissatisfaction
What Do You Think?
Resilience in Middle Childhood
Lives in Context: Community Context. Exposure to War and Terrorism and Children’s Development
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 10.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Concrete Operational Reasoning
Classification
Conservation
Culture and Concrete Operational Reasoning
Implications of Cognitive-Developmental Theory for Education
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. Children’s Understanding of Illness
What Do You Think?
Information Processing Theory
Working Memory and Executive Function
Metacognition and Metamemory
Memory Strategies
Context and Cognition
Implications for Education
Thinking in Context 11.1
Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Individual and Group Differences in IQ
Contextual Influences on IQ
Alternative Views of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Thinking in Context 11.2
Moral Reasoning in Middle Childhood
Moral Reasoning: Piaget’s Theory
Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Distributive Justice Reasoning
Distinguishing Moral and Conventional Rules
Thinking in Context 11.3
Language Development in Middle Childhood
Vocabulary
Grammar
Pragmatics
Bilingual Language Learning
Thinking in Context 11.4
Learning and Schooling in Middle Childhood
Approaches to Education
Teacher-Centered Classroom
Constructivist Classroom
Reading and Mathematics Instruction
Applying Developmental Science. Should Children Get “Left Back”?
What Do You Think?
Transition to First Grade
Access to Digital Technology and Learning
Giftedness
Educating Children With Special Needs
Thinking in Context 11.5
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
12 Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objectives
Chapter Contents
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
Self-Concept
Lives in Context: Biological Influences. Self-Concept and the Brain
What Do You Think?
Self-Esteem
Achievement Motivation
Contextual Influences on Achievement Attributions and Motivation
Parents
Teachers
Cultural Influences
Thinking in Context 12.1
Gender Development
Boys and Girls: Similarities and Differences
Growth
Verbal Skills
Spatial Skills
Mathematics Skills
Emotional Expression
Gender-Related Preferences and Stereotypes
Thinking in Context 12.2
Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood
Friendship
Peer Acceptance, Popularity, and Rejection
Popularity
Peer Rejection
Bullying
Children Who Bully
Victims of Bullying
Intervening in Bullying
Applying Developmental Science. Antibullying Legislation
What Do You Think?
Thinking in Context 12.3
Families in Middle Childhood
Parent–Child Relationships
Siblings
Only Children
Lives in Context: Cultural Context. China’s One-Child Policy
What Do You Think?
Same-Sex Parented Families
Single-Parent Families
Cohabiting Families
Divorced and Divorcing Families
Blended Families
Thinking in Context 12.4
Apply Your Knowledge
Want a better grade?
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Glossary
References
