Оглавление
Tarso B. Ledur Kist. Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis. Ultra-High Separation Efficiencies in Capillaries, Microchips, and Slabs
Preface
Acronyms
Symbols and Conventions
Introduction
1 Solvents and Buffer Solutions. 1.1 Water as a Solvent
1.1.1 Temperature and Brownian Motion
1.1.2 Electric Permittivity of Water
1.1.3 Dissolution
1.1.4 Solvation
1.1.5 Dissociation
1.1.6 Ionization
1.1.7 Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity, and LogP
1.1.8 Gibbs Free Energy Change
1.1.9 Acid Ionization Constants
1.1.10 Concentration–pH and pa–pH Diagrams
1.1.11 Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
1.1.12 Buffer Capacity
1.2 Binary Mixtures and Other Solvents
References
2 Fundamentals of Electrophoresis. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Platforms
2.3 Electrophoresis
2.4 Electrophoresis of Single Molecules
2.5 Ionic Limiting Mobility
2.6 Bands, Fronts, Peaks, and Zones
2.6.1 Bands and Peaks
2.6.2 Fronts
2.6.3 Zones
2.7 The Isoelectric Point
2.7.1 Isoelectric Point of Molecules
2.7.2 Isoelectric Point of Nano and Microparticles
2.8 Turbulent and Laminar Flow
2.8.1 The Driving Forces of Fluid Flow
2.8.2 Turbulence
2.8.3 Laminar Flow in Cylindrical Capillaries. 2.8.3.1 Pressure Driven Flow
2.8.3.2 Gravity Driven Flow
2.8.3.3 Capillary Action
2.8.4 Laminar Flow in Microchannels. 2.8.4.1 Pressure Driven Flow
2.8.4.2 Gravity Driven Flow
2.9 Electroosmosis. 2.9.1 EOF in Cylindrical Capillaries
2.9.1.1 Volumetric Flow Rate
2.9.1.2 Combined Pressure Driven Flow and EOF
2.9.2 EOF in Rectangular Microchannels
2.10 Supression of EOF
2.10.1 Protocols for EOF Suppression
2.10.2 Advantages of Suppressing EOF with Covalent Coatings
2.10.3 Measuring Small and Large EOF Velocities
2.11 Joule Effect and Heat Dissipation
2.12 Temperature Profiles
2.13 Molecular Diffusion and Band Broadening
2.14 Sample Stacking and Band Compression
2.15 Separation Modes. 2.15.1 Affinity Electrophoresis
2.15.2 Electrochromatography
2.15.3 End-labeled Free-solution Electrophoresis
2.15.4 Free-Solution Electrophoresis
2.15.5 Isoelectric Focusing
2.15.6 Isotachophoresis
2.15.7 Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography
2.15.8 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
2.15.9 Sieving Electrophoresis
2.15.10 Suitable Separation Modes for Each Class of Analytes
References
3 Open Layout. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Capillary Electrophoresis
3.3 Microchip Electrophoresis
3.4 Slab Electrophoresis
3.5 Performance Indicators for Open Layouts
3.5.1 From Single Bands or Peaks. 3.5.1.1 Number of Theoretical Plates
3.5.1.2 Number of Theoretical Plates per Unit Time Squared
3.5.1.3 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
3.5.2 From Two Neighboring Bands or Peaks
3.5.2.1 Resolution
3.5.2.2 Resolution per Unit Time
3.5.3 From Bands and Peaks
3.5.3.1 Band Capacity
3.5.3.2 Band Capacity per Unit of Time
3.5.3.3 Peak Capacity
3.5.3.4 Peak Capacity per Unit Time
References
4 Toroidal Layout. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis
4.3 Toroidal Microchip Electrophoresis
4.4 Toroidal Slab Electrophoresis
4.5 Folding Geometries
4.6 Microholes and Connections
4.7 Reservoirs
4.8 Active and Passive Modes of Operation
4.8.1 The Gravimetric Method
4.8.2 The Hydrodynamic Method
4.8.3 The Electrokinetic Method
4.8.4 Using Microvalves or Microcaps
4.9 Performance Indicators for Toroidal Layouts
4.9.1 From Single Bands or Peaks
4.9.1.1 Number of Theoretical Plates
4.9.1.2 Number of Plates per Unit Time Squared
4.9.1.3 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
4.9.2 From Two Neighboring Bands or Peaks
4.9.2.1 Resolution
4.9.2.2 Resolution per Unit Time
4.9.3 From Bands or Peaks. 4.9.3.1 Band Capacity
4.9.3.2 Band Capacity per Unit Time
4.9.3.3 Peak Capacity
4.9.3.4 Peak Capacity per Unit Time
References
5 Confronting Performance Indicators. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Performance Indicators from Experimental Data
5.3 Performance Indicators Predicted from Operational Parameters
References
6 High Voltage Modules and Distributors. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 High Voltages in Open Layouts
6.3 High Voltages in Toroidal Layouts. 6.3.1 The Ideal Toroidal Length
6.3.2 High Voltage Distribution Made by Four Modules
6.3.3 High Voltage Distribution Based on Relays
6.3.4 High Voltage Distribution Based on Sliding Switches
6.3.5 High Voltage Distribution Based on Rotating Switches
References
7 Heat Removal and Temperature Control. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Temperature Gradients are Unavoidable
7.3 Temperature has Multiple Effects
7.4 Electrical Insulators with High Thermal Conductivity
7.5 Cooling Strategies Used in Capillary Electrophoresis
7.5.1 Advantages of a Symmetric Cooling Geometry
7.6 Cooling Strategies Used in Microchip Electrophoresis
7.6.1 Advantages of a Symmetric Cooling Geometry
7.7 Cooling Strategies Used in Slab Electrophoresis
7.7.1 Advantages of a Rational Cooling Strategy
7.8 Shear Rate of the Coolant
7.9 Final Considerations
References
Note
8 Detectors. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fixed Point Detectors
8.3 Spatial Detectors (Scanners and Cameras)
8.4 Derivatization Reactions
8.4.1 Fluorogenic Reactions
8.4.2 Labeling Reactions
8.4.3 Improving Selectivity Through Derivatization
References
9 Applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis. 9.1 Introduction
References
Appendix A Nomenclature
References
Appendix B Species Concentration in Buffer Solutions
B.1 Acids (HnA) B.1.1 Monoprotic Acids ()
B.1.2 Diprotic Acids ()
B.1.3 Triprotic Acids ()
B.1.4 Tetraprotic Acids ()
B.2 Bases (B) B.2.1 Monoprotonated Bases ()
B.2.2 Diprotonated Bases ()
B.2.3 Triprotonated Bases ()
B.2.4 Tetraprotonated Bases ()
References
Appendix C Electrophoresis
C.1 Free-Solution Electrophoretic Mobility
C.1.1 Classical Trajectories
C.2 Mobility Dependence on Temperature
C.3 Transient Regimes
C.3.1 Eletrophoretic Transient Regime ()
C.3.2 Hardware Transient Regime ()
References
Appendix D Electroosmosis. D.1 Slab and Microchips – Cartesian Coordinates
D.2 Capillaries – Cylindrical Coordinates
D.3 Zeta Potential
References
Appendix E Molecular Diffusion. E.1 The Diffusion Equation
E.2 The Propagator
E.3 Application of Propagators to Bands at Rest
E.4 Application of Propagators to Bands in Movement
E.5 Bands and Peaks
References
Appendix F Poiseuille Counter-flow. F.1 Introduction
F.2 Velocity Level Contours
F.3 Temperature Level Contours
F.4 Equalizing and
Reference
Appendix G Cyclic On-column Band Compression. G.1 Introduction
G.2 Effect of Cyclic Band Compression Events on Variance
G.3 Number of Theoretical Plates
G.4 Number of Theoretical Plates per Unit Time
G.5 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
G.6 Resolution
G.7 Resolution per Unit Time
G.8 Band Capacity
G.9 Band Capacity per Unit Time
G.10 Detailed Calculation of and. G.10.1 Peak Variance. G.10.1.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.1.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
G.10.2 Inter-Peak Spacing () G.10.2.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.2.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
G.10.3 Calculation of the Values of
G.10.3.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.3.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
References
Index
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