Regulating Platforms

Regulating Platforms
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We once thought of cyberspace as a borderless world. As the internet has become increasingly platformized, with a small number of technology giants that dominate the global digital economy, concerns about information monopolies, hateful online content, and the impact on media content creators and creative industries have become more marked. Consequently governments, politicians, and civil society are questioning how digital platforms can or should be regulated. In this up-to-the-minute study, Terry Flew engages with important questions surrounding platform regulation. Starting from the premise that governance is an inherent feature of digital platforms, he argues that the challenge is to develop the best frameworks for balancing external regulatory oversight with the internal governance practices of platform companies. The intersection of media policy, information policy, and economic policy is an important element of policy frameworks, as national authorities increasingly seek to engage with the power of global digital platforms. Lively and accessible, Regulating Platforms is a go-to text for students and scholars of media and communication.

Оглавление

Terry Flew. Regulating Platforms

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Series Title. Digital Media and Society Series

Regulating Platforms

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Figures

Tables

1 The End of the Libertarian Internet. Revisiting the Californian Ideology

The Three Is: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions

Framing the Internet and Digital Platforms

Free Minds and Free Markets

The New Economy

Freedom and Government

The Open Internet and Romanticism

Openness as Public Policy: Safe Harbour and the Communications Decency Act 1996

The Changing Internet Landscape

From Innovation to Monopoly: The End of the Fifth Long Wave

Platformization of the Internet

Digital Platforms as Media Companies?

Digital Platforms and Populist Politics

Renewed Regulatory Activism

Conclusion

Notes

2 The Platformization of Communications Media. The Platformized Internet

What Is a Platform?

The Evolution of Digital Platforms

Types of Digital Platforms and Digital Platform Companies

Platform Economics and Multisided Markets

Platforms and Infrastructures

Conclusion

3 Issues of Concern. Introduction: Beyond the Techlash

Privacy and Security

Data

Algorithms

Disinformation and Fake News

Hate Speech and Online Abuse

Impact on Media and Creative Industries

Information Monopolies

Conclusion

Notes

4 Digital Platforms and Communications Policy. Introduction

Law, Policy, and Regulation: Three Frames of Communications Policy

National Communications Policy in the Twentieth Century

The Three Is of Communication Policy: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests. Institutions and the New Institutionalism

Ideas and Communication Policy

Interests and Public Policy: Pluralist, Elite, and Class Perspectives

The Three Is in Action: Communications Policy in the Age of the Internet

Conclusion

Notes

5 Platform Regulation and Governance. Introduction: The Shifting Shape of Platform Governance

The Governance Revolution

The Platform Governance Triangle

Regulatory Case Studies

NetzDG Law (Germany)

General Data Protection Regulation (European Union)

News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code (Australia)

The Facebook Oversight Board (Global)

The Christchurch Call (New Zealand/International)

Contract for the Web (Global)

Classifying Regulatory Responses to Digital Platform Power

Platform Governance or Platform Regulation?

Conclusion

Notes

6 The Chinese Internet and the Future of Global Internet Governance. Introduction: Liberal Institutionalism and Global Internet Governance

Global Internet Governance under US Leadership

The Internet in China

Early Internet Development in China: Leapfrogging the Information Age

Political Economy of China’s Digital Platform Giants

Distinctive Features of the ‘Chinese Internet’ Model

Fragmented Internet Governance and the Risk of a Global Splinternet

Conclusion

Notes

7 Platform Power and the Future of Internet Policy. Powerful Platforms

The Regulatory Turn and the Return of State Actors

Beyond the Platformized Internet

Enhancing Competition in Digital Markets

Content Regulation and Online Harms

Who Regulates?

Harmful and Illegal Content

Internet Regulation and Media and Communications Policy

Platforms as Intermediaries or as Publishers?

Differentiating Types of Platforms

Conclusion

Notes

Conclusion

Competition, Content, and Data: Three Distinct Points of Platform Regulation

Is Internet Governance Possible?

The Politics of Platform Regulation

Reappraising Regulators

Notes

References

Index

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terry flew

The book also has a second, more normative focus. It asks the question: why now? After a period of over two decades of broad consensus, at least in the western capitalist world, that the best approach to the internet that policymakers could take was to do very little, why did internet governance and regulation surge onto the global agenda in the mid-2010s, and why has it remained there ever since? We are coming to the end of a long period of ‘soft globalism’ and polycentric governance of the internet at the international level, a period during which the prevailing view was that the best decisions were those made by ‘rough consensus’ in multistakeholder forums where governments were a relatively minor player. Why did we see the resurgence of tech nationalism? Why did governments start to ban the platforms of other countries, triggering concerns about a global ‘splinternet’?

.....

Over the course of the 2010s, there was a significant shift in public sentiment towards the regulation of online content. There was growing concern about the role played by digital platforms in the distribution of online content and about how the relationships between content distributors and users were mediated through such platforms. There was the role played by what Ananny and Gillespie have termed ‘public shocks’, that is, online public events that ‘suddenly highlight a platform’s infrastructural qualities and call it to account for its public implications’ (Ananny and Gillespie, 2017, p. 2). There have been many examples of such public shocks; they include the livestreaming of murders, of sexual assaults, of acts of violence, and, in March 2019, of the Christchurch mosque atrocity, in which an Australian-born terrorist murdered fifty people in two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand (this was streamed on Facebook Live). A variety of public scandals involving the misuse of personal data have also plagued the largest platform businesses, most notably Facebook, which saw the Cambridge Analytica scandal in 2018: the data of up to 87 million Facebook users were harvested by political campaigns such as the Brexit referendum in 2016 or Donald Trump’s US presidential campaign in the same year.

The surprise election of Trump in 2016 also drew attention to the pervasiveness of fake news on social media platforms, the potential for electoral manipulation by politically motivated actors, and digital platforms’ lack of accountability for news content accessed from their sites (Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017; Benkler et al., 2018; Caplan, 2017; Flew, 2019). In a lively statement of the societal problems presented by the dominant digital platforms, the actor and comedian Sasha Baron Cohen, in his address to the Anti-Defamation League, described these platforms as ‘the greatest propaganda machine in history’:

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