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The Congressional Budget Office. The Economics of Climate Change: a Primer
The Economics of Climate Change: a Primer
Table of Contents
Preface
Summary and Introduction
Common Resources: Addressing a Market Failure
Balancing Competing Uses
Policy Options
International Coordination
The Scientific and Historical Context
The Greenhouse Effect, the Carbon Cycle, and the Global Climate
Figure 1. The Atmospheric Energy Budget and the Greenhouse Effect
Figure 2. Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
Figure 3. The Carbon Cycle
Historical Emissions and Climate Change
Figure 4. Uncertainty in Projections of Regional Population and Economic Growth
Figure 5. Uncertainty in Projections of Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emissions Intensity
What the Future May Hold
Figure 6. Range of Uncertainty in Economic and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Projections
Figure 7. Historical and Projected Climate Change
Potential Responses
Types of Uncertainty
The Economics of Climate Change
Common Resources and Property Rights
An Example: Common Fishing Resources
A Second Example: Common Air Resources
The Atmosphere and Climate
Economic Trade-Offs
Balancing Competing Uses of the Atmosphere
Integrated Assessments of Costs and Benefits
Coping with Uncertainty
Box 1. Discounting and the Distant Future
Box 2. An Example of Integrated Assessment
Sensitivity to Assumptions
Evaluating the Integrated Assessment Method
Distributional Issues
Issues Among Generations
Concerns Within and Among Countries
Trade-Offs Among Policy Options
Taxes and Permits: Similarities and Differences
The Distributional Effects of Regulation
Regulations Impose Costs
Consumers Bear Most of the Direct Costs in the Long Run
Regulations and Taxes Have Substantial Distributional Effects
Distributional Effects Depend on How the Government Regulates Emissions
Alternative Uses of Revenues
Regulation and Innovation
Ancillary Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Restrictions
International Coordination of Climate Policy
International Policy Considerations
Regulatory Approaches
Compliance
International Institutions to Address Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol
Subsequent Negotiations
Implementation Costs
Actions by the United States
Alternative Approaches
Economic Models and Climate Policy
Types of Models
Treatment of Expectations
Technological Change
Integrated Assessment
Footnotes
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
